Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaqib Younas Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy of Accounting, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Jawad Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Unirazak, Univetsiti Tun Abdul Razak, Malaysia, Manager Finance, Infrastructure Development Authority of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name: Abu Dhabi School of Management, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Title: Financial Inclusion or Financial Vulnerability? The Dual Effects of Digital Payment Platforms on Consumer Behaviour Abstract: The rapid expansion of mobile wallets and digital transaction platforms has transformed financial systems worldwide, reshaping the way consumers interact with money and manage spending. In Pakistan, services such as Easypaisa, JazzCash, and Raast have accelerated financial inclusion and improved efficiency, yet their behavioural consequences remain underexplored. This study aims to examine how the adoption of digital transaction platforms influences consumer spending behaviour, with a particular focus on psychological factors such as impulsivity, budgeting discipline, and mental accounting. To test the determinants of adoption and spending outcomes, was performed using multiple regression and the generalised method of moments was used. The findings reveal that income, education, digital literacy, mobile penetration, and financial inclusion positively influence digital payment adoption, whereas age and cultural orientation act as constraints. Behavioural analysis further indicates that frequent users of digital platforms experience a reduced "pain of paying," which encourages impulsive purchases, weaker adherence to budgeting, and diminished financial control, particularly among younger consumers. These results highlight the dual nature of digital finance: while it enhances inclusion and economic activity, it also increases risks of overspending and financial vulnerability. The study recommends integrating financial literacy into education systems, encouraging fintech providers to embed budgeting and savings tools, and strengthening regulatory oversight to ensure that the benefits of digital transaction platforms are maximised while their behavioural risks are mitigated. Keywords: Digital Finance, Consumer Behaviour, Mobile Wallets, Financial Inclusion Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-12 Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1095/1266 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1095 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:14:y:2025:i:3:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Ailya Hanif Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Nimra Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name:Basharat Batool Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Sundas Shafi Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Hanif Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Title: ICT and Service Exports: An Empirical Investigation for South Asia Abstract: Finance, transportation, communication, wholesaling, and other business services depend on the services industry. Services and their subservices contribute to various economic activities and may also boost economic growth by improving other enterprises. Therefore, service export determinants must be studied. Endogenous growth theory underpins human capital buildup in commerce and also this theory provides ground for technical advancement and learning by doing to boost productivity and trade. Endogenous growth and network externalities theories underpin ICT in trade. Therefore, this study analyzes the impact of ICT on service exports along with human capital and trade openness as an explanatory variables in selected South Asia. Panel data from 2005 to 2020 is collected for selected South Asian nations. Panel cointegration tests confirmed the long run relationship between variables when panel data order was confirmed. Panel fully modified least squares is used for long run estimates and results indicate that ICT and human capital boost South Asian service exports. Governments should improve internet access, cell phone and broadband infrastructure, digital payments, and e-commerce. These countries should also collaborate on SAARC human capital development. Keywords:human capital,ICT,service exports,panel study Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:298-302 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/842/824 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/842 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:298-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Nadia Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Asif Saeed Naji Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Afaq Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Gaffar Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Macroeconomic Determinants of Market Capitalization of PSX 100 Index: An Application of VAR Approach Abstract:This study highlighted the significance of macroeconomic determinants on market capitalization of the PSE 100 Index in Pakistan. Market capitalization obliges as a crucial indicator of economic activities in the country. Independent variables include exchange rate, GDP, inflation, and interest rate, while market capitalization is treated as the dependent variable. Key findings from this research include utilization of VAR methodology to explore the relationships among these variables over the period from 2014 to 2023.Granger causality analysis indicating that most variables influence each other. Hypothesis testing revealing a significant relationship between interest rate and inflation, while relationships with exchange rate and GDP are found to be insignificant regarding their impact on market capitalization. Conclusion that, except for exchange rate and GDP, all variables significantly affect market capitalization. This study suggests implications for policy, recommending that the State Bank of Pakistan adopt stringent policies to enhance market capitalization. This research contributes to understanding how macroeconomic factors shape the dynamics of the stock market in Pakistan. Keywords:Macroeconomic determinants, Vector Autoregressive Regression, Market capitalization,Granger Causality Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:752-762 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/902/930 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/902 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:752-762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Sehrish Irshad Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Iram Batool Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Habiba Nazim Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar, Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Relationship between Caregiver Burden and Psychological Well-being among the Caregivers of Cancer Patients: Mediating Role of Resilience Abstract:The current study was conducted to investigate the mediating effect in the relationship of caregivers’ burden and psychological well-being among the caregivers of cancer patients. Correlational research was used. Survey was designed as a method of data collection accompanied with questionnaire. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the sample of the study (n=311, Male=150, Female=160). The Zarit 4-itenm Burden Interview, Rapid Caregiver Well-being Scale (R-CWBS), and Brief Reliance Scale were used as research instrument to measure the study variables. Findings of the study reveal that there is no significant relationship between caregivers’ burden and their psychological well-being. In addition, resilience is positively correlated with caregivers’ burden. Moreover, the results depict that there is no mediation effect of resilience on the relationship of caregivers’ burden and caregivers’ psychological well-being. Furthermore, female caregivers reported the greater level of caregiver burden as compared to male. There is no statistically mean score difference on psychological well-being with respect to gender. Male caregivers were found with higher level of resilience than female. The mean scores differences on caregivers’ burden, caregivers’ psychological well-being and their level of resilience were found statistically significant with respect to participants’ marital status and job status. It is suggested that caregivers of cancer patients must improve their coping strategies. Keywords: Caregiver burden, caregiver psychological burden, resilience Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:763-766 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/903/943 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/903 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:763-766 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Sehresh Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and commerce Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sobia Irshad Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor in Commerce Government Queen Mary Graduate College Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Shahzad Ali Author-Workplace-Name:Faculty of Business Sciences Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sajida Parveen Author-Workplace-Name:Research Scholar of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, School of Commerce and Economics, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Synergetic Impact of Institutional Quality, Foreign Direct Investment, Urban Population Growth and Trade on CO2 Emission: Selective Countries of South Asian Abstract:This research examines the relationships within CO2, Institutional quality, foreign direct investment (FDI), urban population growth and Trade in India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh, five countries in south Asia. ARDL Autoregressive distributed lag model outcomes suggest, factors effecting environmental quality in all countries move in unison over the long term (co-integration). The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis EKC is also supported by the results. Additionally Institutional quality seems to have negative influence on environmental quality while foreign direct investment (FDI), urban population growth and Trade positively influenced CO2 emission. ARDL observations demonstrate, there is a strong correlation among CO2 emission and Institutional quality, foreign direct investment, urban population growth and Trade. Keywords: Panel autoregressive distributive lag PARDL, urban population growth (URB), institutional quality index (IQ), foreign direct investment (FDI), Trade (TRD) Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:767-774 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/904/932 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/904 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:767-774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Waqas Farooq Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khawaja Hisham Ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Faiza Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name:M.Phil, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches: The Impact of AI Design on Consumer Perception and Buying Behavior in the FMCG Sector Abstract:The motivation behind this examination is to explore the relationship between AI designs, consumer perception, consumer buying behaviour, and consumer literacy in Pakistan's fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). To apply ethnography to research the consumer’s buying behaviour in the context of AI designs in the FMCG Sector. This study used the mixed-method approach, a quantitative exploration plan and utilised a survey method to collect data from 250 FMCG sector consumers in Lahore via an online self-administered survey. The paper applied SEM to examine the hypotheses and analyze the data. The qualitative portion used eight in-depth semi-structured interviews for data collection. The paper found that AI designs affected consumer perception (CP), consumer perception (CP) affected by consumer buying behaviour (CBB), and CP intervened in the impact of AI designs on CBB. Consumer literacy (CL) is moderated between consumer perception (CP) and consumer buying behaviour (CBB). The findings also reveal the positive impact of AI on consumer buying behaviour, through individual perspectives. The study adds to the works on the link between AI designs, CP, CBB, and CL in the FMCG business. It gives experimental proof to help the hypotheses that AI designs influence CP, CP influences CBB, and CP explains the impact of AI designs on CBB, CL moderated between CP and CBB. AI designs can enhance consumer perception and buying behaviour of FMCG products, leading to higher market performance and customer satisfaction. FMCG companies can use AI to innovate, customize, and educate their products and services for different consumer segments. The research aims to identify the association between AI designs, CP, CBB and CL in the FMCG industry. It offers an original viewpoint on how AI designs can improve CP, how CP can prompt CBB, and how consumer literacy is moderated between CP and CBB in the fast-moving consumer goods business. Keywords: AI designs, consumer perception, consumer buying behavior, consumer literacy, FMCG sector Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:775-786 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/906/933 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/906 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:775-786 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Benish Fayyaz Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sir Syed University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Sanaa Hafeez Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Ayman Taj Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Director ORIC, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title:Challenges and Opportunities for Women Entrepreneurs of Supply Chain Businesses in Pakistan Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to look into the challenges women business owners in Pakistan confront, the opportunities available to them, and how social media can improve their knowledge and business skills while also promoting women's empowerment. Qualitative methodology was used for this exploratory research using phenomenological approach. Result of this study have been broadly categorized into eight major themes that contribute to women entrepreneurs success including Socio-Economic Factor, Family support, Entrepreneur’s skills, Well-being & Work life balance, Dynamic Environment, Utility of social media, Entrepreneurial support & education and E-Commerce. The present study shows the challenges and opportunities for women entrepreneurship in supply chain dynamics is multi-dimensional and they are related to all these factors. Since this study is one of early ones to consider exploring the challenges and opportunities of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan and provides a deeper understanding on the subject so, it has practical implications for dealing with the social issue especially in the local context of Pakistan. The results of this study can be used by numerous organizations to create learning & growth materials, improving the lives of female entrepreneurs. The study has also suggested the need for further research on the subject, as in addition to qualitative, quantitative studies can be conducted. By using the research study as a foundation and building it in quantitative research, there are many opportunities for expanding the research. Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Social Media, Empowerment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:787-798 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/907/944 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/907 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:787-798 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Kiran Fatima Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Commerce, University of Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Habiba Azam Author-Workplace-Name:Head of Department, Riphah International College, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name:Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Syeda Ambreen Fatima Bukhari Author-Workplace-Name:CEO RAH International & Lecturer, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Hafiz Khalique Ur Rehman Virk Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Yunjiang Geng Author-Workplace-Name:Professor, School of Accounting, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China Author-Name:Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name:Professor, Abu Dhabi School of Management (ADSM), UAE, University Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France Author-Name:Muhammad Saleem Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Sustainability Disclosures and Their Influence on Cost of Capital: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Study Abstract:Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a global phenomenon in the business sector, capturing the attention of all stakeholders. Both early-stage and established firms often engage in high levels of voluntary disclosure, thereby reducing their cost of capital. This study synthesizes existing literature related to the impact of CSR on the cost of capital, focusing on sustainability and environmental disclosure. Utilizing the Scopus database, we conducted a bibliometric analysis through VOSviewer, analyzing 76 research articles from reputable academic journals published between 2002 and 2022. Our analysis identified three primary clusters: (1) the red cluster, titled "CSR and ESG disclosure and its impact on cost of capital" with 43 articles examining corporate social performance strategies, environmental risks, and green support; (2) the green cluster, titled "CSR activities and environmental or voluntary disclosure" with 21 articles focusing on corporate social investment, greenhouse gas emissions, voluntary disclosure, and their impact on cost of capital; and (3) the blue cluster, titled "sustainability disclosure or toxic release" with 12 articles centered on corporate social decoupling and toxic release. Our findings provide valuable insights for enhancing a firm's environmental and economic performance and offer guidance for decision-makers, lenders, investors, shareholders, and policymakers on reducing a firm's cost of capital through sustainability policies and strategies. Additionally, we highlight unexplored dimensions for future research, including forecasting firm investments using decoupling techniques, exploring the mediating role of CSR on the cost of capital, and examining the relationship between carbon intensity, greenhouse gases, and toxic release. Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Social Media, Empowerment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:799-810 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/909/938 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/909 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:799-810 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Abdul Saleem Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Sanya Shahid Author-Workplace-Name:Adjunct Faculty, Faculty of Management Sciences, SZABIST, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Waqas Rana Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Syeda Marrium Ali Author-Workplace-Name:Visiting Lecturer, Federal Urdu University of Arts & Science Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Title:Exploring the Impact of Sustainable Media Campaigns on Consumer Behavior Abstract:This research investigates the complex dynamics of sustainable consumer behavior through a comprehensive analysis of sustainable media campaigns. The purpose is to contribute to the understanding of the impact of sustainable media campaigns on consumer behavior, drawing upon insights from previous studies. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the research employs surveys and statistical analyses to unravel the complexities surrounding sustainable consumer behavior. The methodology includes a reliability analysis to confirm the internal consistency of the survey instrument, factor analysis to reveal distinct components, and regression analysis to identify significant predictors. A sample size of 424 was collected using Convenience sampling method selecting employed individuals who were most conveniently accessible but possessed knowledge of sustainability, marketing, consumer behavior, and media campaign functions in their respective organizations. The findings showcase the nuanced factors influencing sustainable consumer behavior, encompassing sustainable positioning, psychological factors, and promotional strategies. Regression analysis identifies significant predictors (SP1, PF1, PS1), collectively explaining approximately 64.9% of the variance in sustainable consumer behavior. The originality lies in the integration of past research findings, providing a comprehensive perspective on sustainable media campaigns' impact. The value lies in offering practical insights for marketers, policymakers, and organizations to optimize sustainable media campaigns and foster positive changes in consumer behavior towards sustainability. Keywords:Sustainable consumer behavior, Sustainable media campaigns, Psychological factors, Promotional strategies, Consumer attitudes, Sustainability Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:811-824 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/911/1033 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/911 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:811-824 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Mudassar Shahid Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khawaja Fareed University ofEngineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name:Waleed Khalid Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title:Unscrambling the Digital Dilemma: Navigating Techno-Stress in Pakistan's Banking Realm - A Journey into the Interplay of Thoughts, Emotions, and Commitments Abstract:Pakistan's banking sector is at the forefront of digital transformation, but this progress comes with a hidden cost-techno-stress. Our study, designed with your professional needs, explores how information overload, work-life intrusion, and other tech-related anxieties impact employee well-being and commitment. We examine the prevalence of techno-stress and its links to negative thinking, emotional detachment, and career satisfaction. We aim to develop practical strategies to reduce techno-stress, fostering employee well-being and organizational effectiveness. Using surveys, we analyze how different forms of rumination affect mental health and productivity. We propose interventions to boost employee satisfaction and organizational efficiency by minimizing negative tech stressors and promoting healthy detachment. We analyze the complex relationships between techno-stress and related factors through rigorous methodology. This research underscores the need for context-specific solutions in Pakistan's banking sector, offering valuable insights and actionable recommendations to cultivate a supportive work environment that thrives alongside technological advancements. Keywords:Sustainable consumer behavior, Sustainable media campaigns, Psychological factors, Promotional strategies, Consumer attitudes, Sustainability Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:825-837 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/912/942 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/912 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:825-837 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Asif Ali Jauhar Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D Scholar Department of Psychology, Riphah International University, Faislabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Habiba Nazim Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D Scholar, Department of Applied Psychology, Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name:Hafiz Muhammad Hassaan Author-Workplace-Name:The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title:Role of Gender between the relationship of Academic Stress and Academic Procrastination Abstract:Education is crucial for everyone in the twenty-first century. Planning for the future is acknowledged to be greatly aided by education, particularly at the university level. Procrastination is prevalent among university students and it affects different aspects of their personal and academic life. The study was carried out to investigate the role of gender between the relationship of academic stress and academic procrastination among university students of Bahauddin Zakariya Multan, Pakistan. This quantitative research was completed through correlational deign. Sample of 571 student (male=251, female=320) were selected by employing convenient sampling technique. Findings of study reveal that there is positive relationship between academic stress and academic procrastination. Moreover, Results depict that academic procrastination is a significant positive predictor of academic stress. In addition, male students reported the greater level of academic stress and academic procrastination as compared to female university students. Furthermore, the major causes of academic stress are lack of work schedule planning, procrastination, poor eating, sleeping, and exercise habits, and unattainable academic goals. Coping strategies should be recommended for the students to encounter their academic stress and academic procrastination. KeywordsAcademic stress, academic procrastination Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:838-841 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/913/945 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/913 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:838-841 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Maimoona Aslam Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Alia Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Managing Patient Safety in Public Healthcare Organizations Abstract:This study is conducted to explore how patient safety is being managed in public healthcare organizations. For the purpose senior doctors were interviewed and asked about patient safety measures and management in public sector hospitals. Results revealed that doctors are well aware of the concept of patient safety, they are making efforts to ensure patient safety and in particular, they take necessary steps for infection control in their organizations. It was also explored that they work in teams and have proper communication within their teams but lack of proper policies and their implementation are some of the reasons for occurrence of patient safety incidents and inconvenience, that patients face in public healthcare organizations. Based on the analysis, it can be said that systems in public healthcare organizations need improvement and revising patient safety policies is recommended. Keywords:Patient Safety, Patient Safety Incidents,Adverse events,Healthcare Organizations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:842-847 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/920/947 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/920 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:842-847 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Ayesha Hameed Author-Workplace-Name:Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Sijawal Alyani Author-Workplace-Name:Deputy Hostel Provost, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro Author-Name:Ghulam Hussain Author-Workplace-Name:University of Sindh, Jamshoro Author-Name:Abdul Manan Channa Author-Workplace-Name:University of Sindh, Jamshoro Title:Various Factor Affecting External and Internal Auditor Performance: Analytical Perspectives of Employees Working in Karachi Audit Firm and Companies Abstract:Giving an independent opinion on the financial statement is one the key jobs of an auditor. Issue of auditor’s independence increases everywhere in the world. We have focus on the factors that compromise auditor’s independence. For this purpose, we have chosen four factors to understand how it effect on auditor independence. Factors are audit fee, audit tenure, audit market competition, Non-Auditing services. We have asses’ relationship between auditor independence and the four factors which can compromise auditor’s independence. For this research we have developed questionnaire and distribute among internal & external auditors and also distribute among accounts and finance managers who are working in audit firms and in corporate sector of Karachi. To determine how four factors compromise auditor’s independence, we use “Five Likert scale “. First we have collected the data and then analyzed by using correlation and regression analysis. Finding of our research suggest that audit tenure has significant and positive relationship with auditor independence. Other factors also influence on auditor’s independence but not as audit tenure. From this study we know that audit tenure increases the level of independence. So the regulators and policy makers need to increase the year of audit rotation and reconsider their policy. Keywords: Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:848-856 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/915/1343 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/915 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:848-856 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Hasan Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name:Research Associate, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Author-Name:Umar Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name:Data Officer, Ministry of National Food Security & Research, Islamabad Author-Name:Imran Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:Extra Assistant Director of Agriculture (Economics & Marketing) Title:The Prospects of Comparative Advantage in Pakistan’s Exports of Pharmaceutical Products Abstract:Pharmaceutical sector of Pakistan has a huge potential in exports. Pakistan can gain in terms of sustainable growth and strong industrial development if properly accommodated with the trade favourable policies. Literature on export competitiveness of various products is available however, research on specifically pharmaceutical sector has not been done. This study is an attempt to fill the gap by investigating the Revealed Comparative Advantage of pharmaceutical exports of Pakistan. RCA index is used in this study (from 2004 to 2023) and the index has revealed that there is comparative advantage in exports in 2 out 5 product groups of HS level 4 and in 7 product groups of HS level 6, Pakistan possess comparative advantage in export. This margin can be increased with proper policy making which will lead to the sustainable growth of Pakistan. Keywords:Pharmaceutical sector, exports, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:857-863 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/916/949 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/916 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:857-863 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Arfan Akbar Author-Workplace-Name:School of Business and Management, Minhaj University Lahore Author-Name:Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:2. Assistant Professor, School of Business and Management, Minhaj University Lahore Author-Name:Maira Khalid Author-Workplace-Name:M.phil in Economics, National College Business Administration & Economics sub-campus Multan Author-Name:Muhammad Farhan Aslam Author-Workplace-Name:M.phil in Economics, National College Business Administration & Economics sub-campus Multan Author-Name:Muhammad Asad Akram Bhatti Author-Workplace-Name:School of Business and Management, Minhaj University Lahore Title:Analyzing the Effect of Green HRM on Organizational Performance Abstract:Background:Organizations are implementing Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) techniques to improve their environmental performance and overall organizational efficiency as environmental sustainability becomes increasingly important in today's economic climate. GHRM incorporates environmental management concepts into human resource procedures in an effort to lessen their impact on the environment and enhance organizational performance. Objective: This study aims to examine how GHRM practices affect organizational performance, specifically how they affect employee engagement, environmental sustainability, and overall company success. Method: Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire designed to assess various aspects of Green HRM and organizational performance. A quantitative survey was distributed to 150 organizations implementing GHRM practices, achieving a response rate of 75%. The survey included questions on environmental performance metrics, employee engagement, and organizational performance. Additionally, qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 HR managers and sustainability officers from the surveyed organizations. Data analysis is performed using SPSS version 28.0 for preliminary analyses and AMOS version 28.0 for SEM. The choice of software is based on its robustness and suitability for advanced statistical analysis. Result: The analysis revealed that 68% of organizations reported significant improvements in their environmental performance, including a 15% reduction in energy consumption and a 20% decrease in waste production. Employee engagement scores increased by an average of 25%, with 60% of respondents noting higher job satisfaction linked to GHRM practices. Furthermore, 55% of organizations experienced enhanced overall business performance, including increased profitability and market competitiveness. Despite these positive outcomes, 40% of organizations reported challenges related to initial investment costs and integrating GHRM practices into existing HR systems. Conclusion: GHRM practices positively influence organizational performance by promoting environmental sustainability and increasing employee engagement. Organizations that effectively integrate GHRM into their HR strategies can significantly improve environmental and business performance. However, overcoming initial implementation challenges is crucial for realizing the full benefits of GHRM. Future research should explore longitudinal effects and sector-specific variations in GHRM impact. Keywords:Green Human Resource Management (GHRM), Organizational Performance, Environmental Sustainability, Employee Engagement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:864-869 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/917/950 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/917 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:864-869 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Jawad Rahim Afridi Author-Workplace-Name:PhD. Scholar, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name:Sajjad Ahmad Jan Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Title:Assessment of Inequality of Opportunity in Access to Maternal Healthcare Services in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Abstract:Despite the significance of maternal healthcare services (MHCS) for protecting the health and welfare of mothers and newborns, access to MHCS is still a problem in many nations, including Pakistan. Given the high rates of maternal mortality in Pakistan. An analysis has been carried out to measure the inequality of opportunity (IO) of MHCS in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and the marginal contribution of circumstances and efforts to the IO in KP, using data from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey in 2012–13 & 2017–18. The findings stated that access to MHCS, especially antenatal care (ANC) and skilled birth attendants (SBA), has improved. Postnatal care (PNC) coverage, however, has decreased, highlighting the need for more attention. The marginal contribution of circumstances or efforts to inequality of opportunity in KP's MHCS was also determined using the Shapley decomposition approach. According to the findings, the important and contextual factors influencing the increasing inequality of ANC and SBA have been women's education, husband education, and wealth status, while the others contributed to the reduction. Similarly, husband education, women's own decisions about health, and exposure to mass media contribute to the inequality of opportunity, i.e. PNC in the case of KP, Pakistan. However, place of residence, women’s education, wealth status, and distance play significant roles in decreasing the inequality of PNC in KP. These results might serve as the foundation for developing policies and initiatives that increase maternal healthcare service access and lessen inequality in KP. Keywords:MHCS, Inequality of Opportunity, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:870-876 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/905/955 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/905 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:870-876 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Jamshid ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Director QEC, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan Author-Name:Khalid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Ishfaq Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Latif Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan Author-Name:Roman Ullah Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan Title:Nexus between Corporate Governance and Bank ‘Risks: Insight from the Commercial Banks in Pakistan Abstract:Corporate governance and risk management are the essential elements of contemporary business management of commercial banks. This study endeavors to shed light on the influence of the corporate governance framework on the bank’s risk, including credit risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk. We analyzed a sample of Pakistani banks using a two-step System GMM over the period 2009-2020. The estimation results validate that corporate governance indicators have significant impacts on banks’ risk exposure. Board size, board independence, size of the audit committee, and risk management committee are performing vital role in reducing credit, liquidity, and operational risk. However, CEO duality causes an increase in these risks. Moreover, bank size, taxes, and asset structure have positive impacts and cause an increase in credit, liquidity, and operational risk. On the other side, cost-efficient banks are exposed to lower risk. The study's findings recommend that bank management enforce effective corporate governance mechanisms to encounter the risks timely. Keywords: Corporate governance,commercial banks, Operational risk, Liquidity Risk, Credit risk Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:877-883 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/921/956 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/921 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:877-883 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Shamim Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name:National College of Business Administration and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name:Shahbaz Hassan Mansoor Author-Workplace-Name:University of Education Lahore, Multan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name:Saima Batool Author-Workplace-Name:Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agricultural, Pakistan Author-Name:Sumeet Dayyan Author-Workplace-Name:University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sania Akbar Author-Workplace-Name:The Women University Multan, Pakistan Title:Advanced Technology and Analytical Methods for Assessing the Impact of Anticancer Drug Metabolites on Drug Efficacy and Toxicity Abstract:This study focuses on advancing the analysis of anticancer drug metabolites by integrating cutting-edge analytical and computational techniques. To improve the separation and identification of metabolites, we employ advanced chromatographic methods, including Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These techniques provide enhanced resolution and accuracy in metabolite profiling. Computational approaches, such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations, are utilized to predict metabolic pathways and identify novel metabolites, while quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models assess biological activity and potential toxicity. The study reveals that Metabolite A exhibits high binding affinity and favorable reaction energy, suggesting its significant role in drug efficacy, whereas Metabolite B, despite lower binding affinity, shows higher potency and may contribute substantially to therapeutic effects. In contrast, Metabolite C, with the lowest binding affinity and less favorable reaction energy, presents potential safety concerns. This integrated methodology highlights the importance of combining advanced analytical techniques with computational models to optimize drug development and personalized medicine. The findings underscore the potential for improved therapeutic efficacy and safety in oncology through detailed metabolite analysis. Keywords: Anticancer drugs, metabolite analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry, quantitative structure-activity relationship, Computational Modeling Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:884-892 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/922/952 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/922 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:884-892 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Nimra Ajmal Author-Workplace-Name:Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Saima Khan Author-Workplace-Name:Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Prof. Dr. Amra Raza Author-Workplace-Name:Department of English, The University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Anthropocentrism in Children’s Literature: Michael Bond’s The Tales of Olga da Polga Abstract:The purpose of this research paper is to explore anthropocentrism in Michael Bond’s The Tales of Olga da Polga. The journey of an anthropomorphized central character, Olga, when she moves from a pet shop to Sawdust family, the unbelievable self-created adventurous stories and attempts to sustain her usual sangfroid, form the narrative of the book. These events show how human beings are connected to their environment. The theoretical framework that is applied to aanalyze the text is ecocriticism which highlights the relationship between man and his environment. The focus of this research paper, in particular, is to trace anthropocentric features in the text. Anthropocentrism is the belief that human beings are the only significant entity among other creatures of the world. The paper introduces the text and the author. It then presents the description of the theoretical framework and how it has evolved. It also gives an overview to children’s literature and how animals are significant in helping children understand the underlying meaning of human existence. The paper explains the term ‘anthropocentrism’ in detail and how it intersects with the ecological lineage. It ends by evaluating the relationship between man and his environment in accordance with the text. This work aims to show how human being’s mindless urban and industrial enterprises have destroyed most of the natural world around them. Keywords: ecocriticism,anthropocentrism,humanbeing,environment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:893-897 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/919/953 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/919 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:893-897 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Syeda Ambreen Fatima Bukhari Author-Workplace-Name:Lecture, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Syeda Tabinda Rubab Author-Workplace-Name:Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Noor Fatima Author-Workplace-Name:Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Asad Ullah Author-Workplace-Name:Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Faiz Madhi Author-Workplace-Name:Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title:Empirical Study to Evaluate Financial Fitness of Listed Commercial Banks of Pakistan Abstract:The main purpose of this research is to find the effect of financial fraud, bank size, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency on the financial performance of selected Pakistani commercial banking sector. This research is conducted for assessing the financial stability of the commercial Banking sector of Pakistan. In this research, the ratio analysis technique is adopted for investigating the financial performance of the Banking Sector for the period 2012 to 2018. This study found that bank size, financial fraud, efficiency, solvency and liquidity have a significant impact on the financial performance of commercial banks in Pakistan. This research suggested that commercial banking zone working in Pakistan should be brought into being place fraud discernment appliance by framing up a well-organized and systematic, well-established, and reliable and operating fraud detection sub-division to supervise all the transactions that are contemplated vulnerable to fraudulent practices to minimization vice for them to maximization of profits for better monetary/financial progress/performance. Keywords: Liquidity, Cash ratio, Current ratio, Efficiency, Financial Fraud, Financial performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:898-907 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/923/971 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/923 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:898-907 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Samamah Manzar Author-Workplace-Name:MS Project Management (Candidate), Department of Business and Management Sciences, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Shahzad Ali Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Department of Business and Management Sciences, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Javied Anwar Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Department of Business and Management Sciences, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Bilal Author-Workplace-Name:MS Project Management (Candidate), Department of Business and Management Sciences, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Rana Muhammad Hassan Author-Workplace-Name:MS Project Management (Candidate), Department of Business and Management Sciences, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title:Unveiling the Pathway Toward Green Management Strategies to Green Building Success: The Mediating Role of Circular Economy Practices Abstract:The main objective of this research is to explore the role of green management strategies for achieving green building success through circular economic practice and the moderating effect of green economic incentives under the lens of Resource Base View theory. The analysis was done by using the structural equation modeling technique to evaluate and restrain the proposed model. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 384 respondents using a convenient sampling technique from the owner or top manager of the construction sector in Pakistan. In this regard, all the direct and indirect relationships are significant, and green management strategies significantly impact green building success through circular economic practices which include reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover. Furthermore, all the dimensions also have a significant moderating role in green economic incentives for green building success. In the context of this study, leaders and managers of the construction sector can effectively establish green strategies to gain success in green buildings. The management can be better facilitated to all stakeholders for circular economic practices that ultimately lead towards green building success. This study created an understanding of green economic incentives for the effectiveness of green buildings. Moreover, this research contributed to the literature review of green building success by using green management strategy and circular economic practices as strong influencers. Keywords: Green management strategy, circular economic practices, green economic incentives, green building success Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 908-917 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/924/1042 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/924 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:908-917 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Farrukh Abbas Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar, University Institute of Management Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name:Irfan Ullah Author-Workplace-Name:Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration, Iqra University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name:Raja Mazhar Hameed Author-Workplace-Name:Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration, National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Nida Zahid Author-Workplace-Name:Doctor of Philosophy in Management Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Title:Perceived Information in Organizations by the Employees is Fruitful or not? A Theoretical Context Abstract:The phrase perceived information refers feeling or self-assessments of knowing related information. Perceived information’s level affects the intellectual capacity and makes use of interrelationships amid new portions of information in subjects like choice decision tasks. It also influences themes’ assessments of the significance of latest and old information. This research effort is necessary for elaborating the value of perceived information by the employees for their job satisfaction. As the phrase, perceived information needs to be discussed because there is not much literature on it. It is a context base analysis from existing literature; where information sharing is considered as independent, whereas job satisfaction is dependent variable. Perceived information along with its dimensions is use as mediation that the workforce is perceiving the information from the environment through information sharing’s as well as it has impacts on job satisfaction. Investigation on available literature is exploring that perceived basic (initial, necessary), appropriate (specific) and actionable information by the workforce have both positive and negative impacts. However, it depends upon the nature of workforce especially their levels to understand and handle the things. This study is highlighting both bright and dark sides of information. When information has higher level of perceived intrinsic information quality, but lacks contextual weight or realistic applications, it might not facilitate job satisfaction. Some theoretical links has been elaborated in this study i.e., functions of basic, appropriate and actionable information. Keywords:Information sharing, intrinsic information, perceived contextual information, job satisfaction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 918-924 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/925/958 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/925 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:918-924 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Rimsha Falak Author-Workplace-Name:National Business School, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Faiz Rasool Author-Workplace-Name:Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Mudassar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name:Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Ahmad Raza Author-Workplace-Name:Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Title:Dynamics of Economic Policy Uncertainty and Exchange Rate: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract:The Pakistani economy has encountered substantial exchange rate volatility due to many endogenous and exogenous shocks, including adopting different exchange rate systems, the global financial crisis, sanctions, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected from the period of 2002 to 2023. Exchange rate Volatility was used as a dependent variable, whereas Trade Volume, Oil Price, and Economic Policy Uncertainty were used as independent variables. Numerous economic techniques, such as Descriptive Statistics, OLS, Unit Roots, and Quantile Regression, were used while using the EViews software to get the desired results. Secondary data was collected from Authentic sources in Pakistan. The analysis utilizes the technique of linear regression to present statistics on the results, along with a unit root test. The finding revealed a negative impact of ERV (Exchange Rate Volatility) on the EPU; however, the outcomes confirmed a positive effect of Oil price and Trade Volume on Economic Policy Uncertainty. Unit roots results describe that data is stationary for all the selected variables, which means that the null hypothesis is accepted. The findings confirmed that the Pakistani currency appreciates the rise in international oil prices and trade in Pakistan. Government officials and policymakers can benefit from the insights and suggestions provided by this study to traverse the difficulties and seize the chances of creating Pakistan's economic policies. Governments, legislators, and other pertinent stakeholders may find our study's conclusions helpful. Keywords: ExchangeRate,OilPrice,TradeVolume,Quantile Regression,EconomicPolicyUncertainty Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 925-931 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/926/959 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/926 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:925-931 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Irfan Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar (Pakistan Studies), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Imtiaz Ahmad Warraich Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Sociology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title:Causative Analysis of Domestic Violence against Women in Punjab, Pakistan Abstract:Domestic violence against women is a significant issue globally, particularly in developing regions of Africa, Latin America, and South Asia. Many movements have been initiated to preserve human rights, advocating for women in developing countries like Pakistan. Despite addressing this issue, the desired outcomes have not been achieved. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the causative patterns of Domestic Violence against Women (DVAW) in Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the divisional districts of Punjab, Pakistan, using snowball sampling. Data were collected using an interview schedule among 216 married and divorced/separated victims of DVAW. Cross tabulation and logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze data. Results showed that economic exploitation was a significant cause of domestic violence (56%), leading to separation/divorce (27.8%). Women often experienced threats of divorce (50%), killing (44%), and kicking out (50%). Younger women, particularly those aged less than 20 years, 21–25, and 26–30, were more vulnerable to domestic violence. Education was a protective factor, with illiterate women experiencing a higher probability of domestic violence (OR = 14.693, p = 0.001) compared to highly educated women. Extended family patterns and unemployment were associated with an increased probability of domestic violence. The present study also concluded that immediate and multidimensional actions are needed to address this issue. Keywords: Domestic violence, violence against women, discrimination, exploitation, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 932-937 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/927/960 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/927 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:932-937 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Tayyaba Safdar Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad Author-Name:Dr. Anis-ul-Haque Author-Workplace-Name:Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad Title:Balancing Act: A Holistic Exploration of Work-Family Conflict and its Impact on Physical and Psychological Well-being: A Comprehensive Systematic Review Abstract:Background: Particularly in demanding sectors like academia, work-family conflict is becoming a significant source of worry. Teachers at universities frequently experience difficulty juggling their job and home obligations, making it difficult to achieve a work-life balance. It is crucial to comprehend the effects of work-family conflict while creating treatments and policies to help academic professionals/teachers. Aim: The purpose of this review is to examine the relationship between work-family conflict and its health related outcomes among university teachers. It specifically seeks to investigate the effects of work-family conflict on university teachers ' total well-being, including their physical and psychological health. Method: Pertinent material in databases including Google Scholar, Research Gate, Emerald Insight, Science Direct, and Medline, a thorough search approach was used. Keywords relating to academic professionals/ teachers, health outcomes, and work-family conflict were used in the search. A thorough screening procedure based on specified inclusion and exclusion criteria was applied to the selected studies. Utilizing the CASP criteria, the chosen studies' methodological quality was evaluated critically. Results: According to the analysis, there is a strong link between work-family conflict and poor health outcomes for university teachers. Work-family conflict is linked to psychological health difficulties including stress, anxiety, and depression as well as physical health issues like cardiovascular problems and musculoskeletal ailments. Conclusion: The negative effects of work-family conflict on academic professionals/ teachers ' overall well-being, including harm to their physical and mental health, is highlighted by this comprehensive study. To reduce work-family conflict among teachers, institutions should prioritize work-life balance and have supporting policies and practices in place. Academic employees will have higher levels of job satisfaction and general quality of life if their workplace is made healthier and more productive. Keywords: Work-family conflict, Physical health outcomes, psychological health outcomes, University teachers,health outcomes Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 938-946 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/928/962 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/928 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:938-946 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Amira Shafaqat Author-Workplace-Name:M.Phil Scholar, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sobia Irshad Author-Workplace-Name:Government Queen Mary Graduate College Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Mubashar Ali Author-Workplace-Name:Faculty of Business Sciences Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sajida Parveen Author-Workplace-Name:Research Scholar of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, School of Commerce and Economics, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Balancing Act:Investigation the impact of Information & Communication Technology, Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy on Ecological Footprint? Evidence from South Asian Countries Abstract:Today, environmental deterioration has become a serious problem throughout South Asia. The macroeconomic factors that influence the environmental quality across various regions must therefore be modelled. Under such circumstances, this study explores that how ecological footprint effected by information & communication technology, foreign direct investment, renewable energy for South Asian countries by utilizing panel data from 1990 to 2018. We use Granger Causality method and autoregressive distributed lag ARDL to check the cointegration, the long and short-term association and cointegration. The aggregate empirical results show a long-term, strong negative association among information & communication technologies, foreign direct investment and ecological footprint. On the other side, renewable energy positively and sustainably correlated with ecological footprint which reduce environmental degradation. Both Environmental Kuznets curves (EKC) and pollution haven hypothesis support our findings. Additionally, the findings show that developing information & communication technologies, making the switch to renewable energy sources and restricting foreign direct investment inflows are crucial for halting environmental degradation in the concerned South Asian nations. Numerous policies related to improve environmental welfare are advised in light of these findings. Keywords: ICT index, foreign direct investment, renewable energy, EKC, PHH, South Asian countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 947-958 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/929/964 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/929 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:947-958 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Hamza Shabbir Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Syed Wasi Haider Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:Professor Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:A Study Regarding Long-Term Change Management for Quality 4.0: Findings from Hybrid Project Management Implementation in The Fintech Setting Abstract:The authors of this study want to analyze organizational purpose while focusing on the adoption of hybrid project management (HPM) methodology in FinTech system development. It is critical to identify the internal and external elements that influence organizational decision-makers intentions for HPM adoption. This study intends to use a theoretical approach that combines the Technology Organization Environment (TOE), which investigates the factors that influence FinTech organizations' decisions to incorporate HPM into their software development projects, with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which investigates behavioral intention. It tackles the elements that influence organizational decision-makers preparation for HPM deployment and their willingness to employ it. When the independent, dependent, and moderating variables are combined, the results show that relative advantage, top management support, and industry pressure all have a positive impact on an individual's attitude towards HPM adoption in FinTech and sustainability in Quality 4.0. The authors also examined the impact of attitudes and perceived behavioral control factors on the long-term intention to use HPM in the FinTech business. The stated hypotheses were verified using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), except for the direct effect of top management support or attitude on intention to adopt. Keywords: hybrid project management, theory of planned behavior, partial least squares structural equation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 959-965 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/930/966 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/930 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:959-965 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Sukaina Khalid Author-Workplace-Name:MPhil Scholar, Faculty of Economic and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Yousaf Author-Workplace-Name:MPhil Scholar, Faculty of Economic and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name:Faculty of Commerce and Economics, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sadia Idrees Author-Workplace-Name:Faculty of Commerce and Economics, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Mubashar Ali Author-Workplace-Name:Faculty of Business Sciences Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title:Analysis the Impact of Technology Innovation, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Globalization on CO2 Emissions? Evidence from Developing Nations Abstract:The present study explores the effects of Technology Innovation, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade openness and globalization on environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) from 1999-2023 in developing (Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan Bangladesh, Bhutan, and India) Countries. The study employs the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is applied to reveal the existence of long run and short run relationship between CO2 emissions and its other determinants. A Granger causality test was also used in this investigation to ascertain the direction of causation between the variables. The results found that in Technology innovation and globalization are significantly increase the environmental degradation. The results of the analysis show that Trade openness and Foreign direct investment have a significant but negative effect on environment degradation. It is recommended that the developing nations give preference to sustainable trading procedures by including environmental factors into trade agreements and laws. This can involve promoting environmentally friendly labeling, assisting sustainable supply chains, and reducing trade obstacles for commodities that are good for the environment. Consistent with these empirical findings, this article suggests some vital policy implications in Developing countries to accomplish their sustainable development goals (SDGs). Keywords: Technology Innovation, carbon emissions (CO2), Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), EKC, Trade-openness, Granger Causality, Developing Nations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:966-973 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/931/967 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/931 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:966-973 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Hamza Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:Professor Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:AI-Driven Assistants' Potential for Scaled Agile Software Development Abstract:Scaled agile development is commonly used in software engineering to enhance cooperation, productivity, and product quality. Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into scaled agile development methods (SADMs) is a promising way to simplify procedures and manage the complexity of software projects. This article examines the impact of AI-powered assistants on the scaled agile framework (SAFe), a popular paradigm for large-scale software development. Our article targets three main objectives: (1) Assessing the obstacles and constraints organizations face while implementing SADMs (2) evaluating the benefits of AI in large-scale situations, and (3) identifying features of SADMs that AI-driven assistants may improve. After conducting a thorough literature analysis, we identified and summarized 18 key difficulties organizations face. Our research identified seven benefits and five barriers to using AI in SADMs. The findings were categorized according to whether they occurred during the development or planning and control stages. We analyzed 15 AI helpers and tools and used them to meet research issues. The findings were categorized according to whether they occurred during the development or planning and control stages. We analyzed 15 AI helpers and tools and used them to meet research issues. Keywords: SAFe,scaled agile framework,AI,artificial intelligence,tools,assistants,agile,large-scale Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:974-982 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/933/978 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/933 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:974-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Sumera Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar & Lecturer, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Hafiza Marium Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer Mohammed Ali Jinnah University, Pakistan Author-Name:Sehrish Amjad Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Student, Greenwich University, Pakistan Author-Name:Nousheen Fatima Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, College of Management Sciences COMS, Pakistan Title:Capitalizing on Technology: Evaluating the Financial Investment and Educational Impact of AV Aids in Secondary Education Abstract:The purpose of the research is to establish whether the use of AV aids enhances the teaching and learning process in secondary education. It examines how characteristics like frequency of AV aids usage, preparation effort, specificity to subject matter, teacher expertise, and cost have an impact on students’ participation, understanding, and recall abilities. To address these research questions, a mixed-methods research design was adopted using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative method used questionnaires and surveys while the qualitative used interviews and focus groups. Structured questionnaires and interviews were used to gather the data from the sample of secondary school teachers and students. The quantitative data were analyzed Descriptive statistics method was used to test for correlation and / or impact of AV instruments on specific variables and on overall learning experience while Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis so as to identify emerging themes of experiences and perceptions participants had towards AV aids. It was discovered that the effective use of AV aids particularly when done regularly leads to high levels of students’ interest and performance depending on the subjects chosen. Positive relationship exists between the expertise of the teacher in applying AV aids within classrooms and improvement of educational benefits. To realize such gains, there is need to financially invest in the use of AV aids. The results suggest that teachers and students have a relatively positive attitude toward AV aids in general. Thus, these findings are consistent with prior studies and contribute to the general understanding of the significance of technology in the advancement of the contemporary educational system, provided optimal resources. The results indicate that greater attention should be paid to the training of teachers and the provision of resources for AV aids in educational organizations and useful suggestions for the attainment of elevated caliber in the second phase of learning and common improvement of AV aids as utilized within secondary schooling. Keywords: Audiovisual Aids,Educational Technology, Secondary Education,Financial Investment,Teacher Competence,Student Engagement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:983-989 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/918/982 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/918 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:983-989 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Syed Wasi Haider Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Information Technology , Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Hamza Shabbir Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:Professor, Department of Information Technology , Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sabah Arif Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Fuzzy Based Expert System For Test Case Generation On Web Graphical User Interface For Usability Test Improvement Abstract:The Ease of Use Test (UT) method is used to evaluate a website's or its point of interaction's usability without involving the site's actual users. UT can be carried out manually or with the use of a machine. Currently, a lot of software testers manually test their program, which leads to issues like lengthier test times, uneven testing, and the requirement for human intervention to complete every test. The ease of use test manual is an expensive and time-consuming process. Analyzers are additional resources needed for manual labor, and there is a great chance that these results will conflict. The goal of this investigation is to improve the reliability and skill of the Test Case (TC) age experiments; the test system is delivered using test instruments that have been programmed. The purpose of this examination's efficient writing audit was to identify any gaps in the current AT and create a mess in the TC era. The evaluation was also focused on identifying the primary issues raised by alternate neighborhood analysts throughout the physical creation of TC. According to the selected plausible experiments, TC was created using the fluffy rationale master structure. Non-probabilistic, vulnerability-related, and multi-esteemed reasoning can all be emphasized in fluffy reasoning. The purpose of the information inquiry was to obtain access to the login page and to create experiments about Graphic User Interface events using a lighthearted justification. The framework separated the conditions, traits, and watchwords from the information examination code, and the outcomes were displayed as experiments. A close examination of behavioral test system age processes was conducted using the master framework for evaluation based on fluff. The evaluation results obtained through quantifiable analysis demonstrated that the provided framework is significantly more productive and reliable for conducting experiments than the manual framework. Keywords: fuzzy based expert system, generation on web graphical, usability test improvement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:990-998 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/936/989 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/936 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:990-998 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Adeel Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name:Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:Professor, Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name:Sabah Arif Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Title:Challenges in Adopting ERP in Public Sector of Pakistan Abstract:In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern business and governance, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems have become essential in streamlining operations across both public and private sector organizations globally. IT departments now play a pivotal role in managing financial processes, business activities, and administrative functions through these systems. This study investigates and analyzes the key challenges that public sector organizations in Pakistan encounter when initiating an ERP project. The research aims to identify the critical factors that organizations must consider when transitioning to an ERP system. The adoption process is not only complex but also involves significant financial investment, making the failure of such projects a risk that organizations cannot afford. Furthermore, this study explores solutions related to management strategies and administrative frameworks, offering guidance on designing effective controls and procedures for ERP implementation. It focuses on addressing the issues within organizational structure, functions, culture, human resources, and procedures. Through this analysis, the study seeks to provide actionable solutions to mitigate these challenges during the ERP implementation process. The research covers the intricacies of implementation planning, project management, and system design, and outlines the roles of various teams and personnel throughout and after the implementation phase in the public sector environment. Keywords: ERP, MRP,Loss of Flexibility, Real-time Access, System Reality Disconnect, Business Process Engineering, Smooth Transition, Transparency, Deployment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:999-1004 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/934/1005 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/934 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:999-1004 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Farhan Aslam Author-Workplace-Name:MPhil in Economics, National College Business Administration & Economics sub-campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Maira Khalid Author-Workplace-Name:MPhil in Economics, National College Business Administration & Economics sub-campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Hamid Khan Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Nadim Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, University of the Punjab, Jhelum Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name:Kiran Manzoor Author-Workplace-Name:Masters in Political Science, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Title:Role of HRM on the Gig Economy Abstract:The gig economy, characterized by short-term contracts and freelance work, has significantly altered traditional employment models. This shift poses unique challenges and opportunities for Human Resource Management (HRM). As the gig economy grows, understanding the role of HRM in managing gig workers becomes crucial, particularly in terms of employee engagement, motivation, and retention. This research aims to explore the role of HRM practices in the gig economy, focusing on how HRM can effectively manage and support gig workers to enhance organizational performance and worker satisfaction. A comprehensive mixed-method approach was meticulously employed, integrating both quantitative and qualitative techniques to thoroughly assess the role of HRM in the gig economy. The quantitative component involved a structured survey distributed to 250 HR professionals across various industries, with an impressive response rate of 78% (195 respondents). The survey focused on HRM practices such as recruitment (30% of questions), performance management (25%), training (20%), and development (25%). In parallel, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 gig workers from diverse sectors, representing a 10% sampling from the total pool of respondents who participated in the survey. The study utilized SPSS software for quantitative analysis, focusing on multiple regression and factor analysis techniques.These interviews were designed to inclusively explore the gig workers' experiences and expectations regarding HRM practices, providing nuanced insights that complemented the survey data. The quantitative analysis revealed that 68% of HR professionals reported incorporating flexible recruitment strategies tailored to gig workers, with 54% emphasizing performance management systems adapted for short-term contracts. Training and development were less frequently addressed, with only 45% and 38% of respondents indicating specific programs for gig workers.Qualitative interviews further illuminated these findings, with gig workers expressing a strong preference for more inclusive training opportunities (70% of interviewees) and transparent performance management systems (65%). Many gig workers also highlighted the need for development pathways that could lead to longer-term employment or enhanced skills (60%), suggesting a gap between HRM practices and gig worker expectations. The study concludes that HRM plays a critical role in optimizing the gig economy workforce. By adapting HR practices to meet the unique needs of gig workers, organizations can achieve better performance outcomes and improve worker satisfaction. The research underscores the importance of developing HRM frameworks that are flexible, responsive, and aligned with the evolving nature of work in the gig economy. Keywords: Human Resource Management, Gig Economy, Performance Management, Worker Satisfaction, Recruitment Strategies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1005-1011 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/943/994 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/943 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1005-1011 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Usman Khan Author-Workplace-Name:Principal ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name:Atta Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Ziauddin University Author-Name:Farkhunda Feroz Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, Ziauddin University Author-Name:Saiqa Jalil Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University Author-Name:Humaira Fatima Author-Workplace-Name:Physiotherapist, Ziauddin Hospital Author-Name:Sain Author-Workplace-Name:Lecturer, Ziauddin University Author-Name:Javeria Dawood Author-Workplace-Name:Physiotherapist, Ziauddin Hospital Author-Name:Sheikh Arooba Younus Author-Workplace-Name:Physiotherapist, Ziauddin Hospital Title:Impact of Leadership Styles on Physical Therapy Clinic Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Engagement and the Moderating Effect of Organizational Culture Abstract:This study examines the impact of leadership styles—transformational, transactional, and servant leadership—on the performance of physical therapy clinics in Pakistan, with a focus on the mediating role of employee engagement and the moderating effect of organizational culture. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 350 employees across various clinics and analyzed using Smart PLS 4.0. The findings reveal that all three leadership styles positively influence clinic performance, with employee engagement playing a critical mediating role. The study also highlights that organizational culture, whether supportive, hierarchical, or innovative, moderates the relationship between employee engagement and clinic performance. These results suggest that leadership styles that foster employee engagement and align with the clinic's cultural context are crucial for improving key performance indicators such as patient satisfaction, treatment success rates, and financial outcomes. The study's limitations include the use of convenience sampling and a cross-sectional design, which may affect the generalizability and temporal stability of the findings. The practical implications emphasize the need for targeted leadership development and cultural initiatives to enhance clinic performance. This research contributes to the understanding of how leadership styles and organizational culture interact to influence performance in healthcare settings. Keywords:Leadership Styles, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Servant Leadership, Employee Engagement, Organizational Culture, Clinic Performance, Physical Therapy Clinics Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1012-1017 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/944/997 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/944 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1012-1017 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Waqas Farooq Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Rauf Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Sustainable Development Study Centre (SDSC), Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Raja Irfan Sabir Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, UCP Business School, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Faiza Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name:M.Phil. Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:How do Social Media Platforms Shape the Public Perception and Support of Policy Issues and Initiatives in Climate Change? Abstract:The motivation behind this examination is to explore the relationship between social media platforms' effects on public perception and support of public issues in climate change. The paper embraced a quantitative exploration plan and utilized a survey method to collect data from 185 students of private and government sector education institutions in Lahore via a self-online administrative survey. The paper applied SEM to examine the hypotheses and analyse the data. The paper found that social media platforms affected public perception and support of public issues in climate change. The nature of both the hypotheses used in this study was direct. The study adds to the works on the link between social media platforms, the public’s perception and support of public issues in climate change. It gives experimental proof to support the hypotheses that social media platforms influence on public’s perception and support of public issues. The research determines how SMP affects public attitude on climate change, a major global issue. It shows the significance of data reliability on SMP and implies that rigorous content assessment is required to prevent the dissemination of false information. The research aims to identify the association between social media platforms, the public’s perception, and support of public issues. It offers an original viewpoint on how social media platforms can improve public perceptions and support of public issues in climate change. Keywords: Social Media Platforms, Public Perception, Support of Public Issues, Climate Change Engagement, Organizational Culture, Clinic Performance, Physical Therapy Clinics Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1018-1025 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/946/1007 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/946 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1018-1025 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Waqas Farooq Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Faiza Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name:M.Phil. Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, PakistanAuthor-Name:Dr. Raja Irfan Sabir Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, UCP Business School, Lahore, Pakistan Title:To Gain Sustainable Competitive Advantages (SCA) Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) Over Competitors Abstract:The motivation behind this examination is to explore the relationship between AI, DC, and SCA in the telecom business in Pakistan. The paper embraced a quantitative exploration plan and utilized a survey method to collect data from 235 telecom sector employees and managers of three distinct hierarchical levels. The paper applied SEM to examine the hypotheses and analyse the data. The paper found that artificial intelligence affected digital capacity (DC), DC meaningfully affected SCA, and DC intervened in the impact of AI on SCA. The study adds to the works on the link between AI, DC, and SCA in the telecom business. It gives experimental proof to help the hypotheses that artificial intelligence influences DC, DC influences SCA, and DC explains the impact of AI on SCA. The paper gives helpful experiences to telecom sector employees and policymakers. It suggests that telecom companies should make investments in AI technologies and applications to improve their DC, which can help them gain a competitive advantage. Also, it recommends that policymakers work with and support the telecom business to execute DC and AI because these advancements can help financial development, effectiveness, and innovation. The research aims to identify the association between AI, DC, and SCA in the telecom industry in Pakistan. It offers an original viewpoint on how artificial intelligence can improve DC and how DC can prompt SCA in the telecom business. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Digital capacity, Sustainable competitive advantage, Telecom sector, Pakistan Engagement, Organizational Culture, Clinic Performance, Physical Therapy Clinics Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1026-1033 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/947/1009 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/947 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1026-1033 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Dr. Hira Aftab Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor; Institute of Business and Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Arifa Saeed Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor; Department of Economics and Finance, Greenwich University, Karachi, Pakistanr Author-Name:Muhammad Mudassar Naushahi Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar; Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Hafiz Muhammad Irfan Author-Workplace-Name:Administrative Manager, Zonergy Corporation Limited, Pakistan Title:Assessing the Role of FDI Inflows and Money Supply in Driving Manufacturing Success: A Case of Singapore Abstract:The manufacturing value added is an important macroeconomic indicator that drives economic activities through supply chain, exports, employment opportunities, public revenue and living standards. This research paper aims to identify the major macroeconomic factors that determine manufacturing value added in Singapore. The study applies ARDL method over annual ranging from 1981 to 2022. The results indicates long run cointegrating relation between manufacturing value added and its determinants, while money supply acts as a tool of monetary policy and foreign direct investment to boost manufacturing value added. The results obtained further indicates that although in the short run imports might increase manufacturing value added, but over time they reduce it instead. The study therefore recommends expansionary monetary policy may be promoted to boost manufacturing value added while actively encouraging FDI inflows so that domestic manufacturing can be stimulated. Keywords: FDI Inflows; Monetary Policy, Manufacturing Value Added, ARDL, Singapore Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1034-1039 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/948/1010 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/948 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1034-1039 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Salal Shahid Author-Workplace-Name:MPhil English Literature, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Tanzeel Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name:University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Rabia Mukhtar Author-Workplace-Name:National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan Title:Investigate How the Archetypal Hero's Journey is Represented in Literature Across Different Cultures and Genres Abstract:This study examines the representation of the archetypal hero's journey across diverse cultures and literary genres using thematic analysis. The research focuses on classical epics, Eastern literature, and modern media to explore how the hero's journey framework is adapted and portrayed in different contexts. The study employs thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes within the selected texts, including Homer’s The Odyssey, Virgil’s The Aeneid, Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda, Wu Cheng’en’s Journey to the West, and modern narratives like George Lucas’s Star Wars and J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series. Data collection involved primary texts and secondary sources, while data analysis encompassed familiarization with texts, coding, theme development, and synthesis. Findings reveal that while the hero's journey serves as a universal narrative archetype, its manifestations vary significantly across cultural contexts, reflecting unique societal values and themes. Modern reinterpretations in genres like science fiction and fantasy demonstrate the framework’s adaptability to contemporary issues and technological advancements. The study highlights both commonalities and differences in the hero’s journey across global literary traditions, offering insights into universal and culturally specific storytelling elements. Future research directions include exploring emerging media formats, subcultural interpretations, and interdisciplinary approaches to further understand the hero's journey’s evolving role in narrative frameworks. Keywords: Hero’s journey, narrative framework, cross-cultural literature, storytelling, modern media Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1040-1047 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/949/1011 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/949 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1040-1047 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Ayesha Zafar Author-Workplace-Name:School of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Hasnain Zafar Author-Workplace-Name:School of the Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Rida Liaquat Author-Workplace-Name:School of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Ismat Nasim Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, The Govt Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title:Green Consumption of Electronics: Bridging the Gap between Awareness and Action Abstract:With the rapid economic growth and industrialization, the consumption pattern of consumers is a major reason for environmental deterioration. With the increased energy demand followed by inadequate supply, there is a need to adopt eco-friendly electronic products that are safer for the environment and consume less energy. It is now the responsibility of organizations to create awareness among consumers regarding the benefits of using eco-friendly electronic products for both the current and future generations. For conducting this research, the data was collected from 430 consumers from Lahore, out of which 400 questionnaires were used for analysis. The present study shows the impact of green awareness on green consumption by incorporating several latent variables including environment knowledge, environment consciousness, green loyalty, and eco-labelling. The results show that environmental knowledge and consciousness significantly affect green awareness creating consumers’ understanding towards environmental issues. Additionally, green loyalty reflects consumers' commitment to eco-friendly products and it significantly impacts consumer green awareness. Eco-labelling is an information tool influencing consumer choices that positively affect green awareness. Each latent variable directly impacts green consumption, suggesting that approaches to enhance green awareness can significantly affect green consumption towards eco-friendly electronic products. Keywords: Eco-friendly electronic products, Eco-labelling, Energy demand, Environmental knowledge, Green consumption, Green loyalty, Structural equation modeling Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1048-1058 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/951/1017 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/951 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1048-1058 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Sadia Kausar Author-Workplace-Name:Instructor, Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name:Rabbia Arshad Author-Workplace-Name:Instructor, Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name:Ismat Munir Author-Workplace-Name:Instructor, Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan Title:Remote Work and Employee Engagement in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Qualitative Study Abstract:This qualitative study aimed to explore the dynamics of remote work and its impact on employee engagement in the post-COVID-19 epidemic era. Using a qualitative approach, researchers interviewed 20 employees from diverse industries in Pakistan and investigated the factors influencing engagement, challenges faced, and strategies for maintaining high levels of productivity and satisfaction in employees. Findings revealed key themes around flexibility, communication, technological adaptation, hybrid work models, and organizational support. Moreover, these themes provided valuable insights for organizations to navigate the evolving work landscape. The study is beneficial for managers and organizations to refine their remote work policies to maximize employee engagement and well-being. Keywords:Remote work, post-COVID-19, employee engagement, Hybrid work model, qualitative Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1059-1064 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/468/1038 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/468 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1059-1064 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Dr. Tahir Jamil Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Area Study Centre for Africa, North & South America, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title:The Socio-Religious and Political Activism of Pakistani Diaspora in Canada: Negotiating Between Progress and Prejudice Abstract:Pakistan Diaspora in Canada shares Muslim Identity, South Asian outlook and Punjabi dialect; obviously, it turns out to be an effective section of Canadian Community with a prominent position among the political, economic and social circle. However certain cultural marks associated Pakistani community are inhibitive in the long run assimilative process that create an inertness at the inter communal and intra communal level; that inadvertently generate a regressive impact on the progress of Pakistan diaspora. However, the Economic vibrancy on the part of Pakistani community is very crucial in terms of its impact on Pakistan economic condition and the upward mobilization of Pakistani society. There still required a balanced approach for the sake of accruing maximum benefits out of Pakistan expatriate community. Keywords:Migration, Diaspora, Identity, prejudice, assimilation. Cultural Shock, Discrimination, Extremism Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1065-1072 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/967/1043 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/967 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1065-1072 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Asad Akram Bhatti Author-Workplace-Name:School of Business & Management Sciences, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Umair Nazir Author-Workplace-Name:School of Business & Management Sciences, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title:The Impact of Project Process Management on Sustainable Project Success in the Construction Sector: The Moderating Role of Risk Management Practices Abstract:This study examines the influence of project process management on sustainable project success in the construction sector, with a focus on the moderating role of risk management practices. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 328 professionals, including Managers, Project Managers, and Portfolio Managers, through structured questionnaires. The analysis, conducted using SmartPLS, revealed that effective project process management significantly impacts project time, cost, and scope, thereby enhancing overall project success. The findings highlight the importance of integrating risk management practices to mitigate potential delays and cost overruns, demonstrating a moderating effect on the relationship between project process management and project outcomes. However, the moderating effect of risk management was not significant for the project scope, suggesting that additional strategies may be required to manage scope changes effectively. These results underscore the need for comprehensive management approaches that incorporate both robust process management and proactive risk management to achieve sustainable success in construction projects. The study provides valuable insights for construction professionals and suggests avenues for future research, including the exploration of other management practices and the use of longitudinal data to capture the dynamic nature of construction projects. Keywords:This study examines the influence of project process management on sustainable project success in the construction sector, with a focus on the moderating role of risk management practices. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 328 professionals, including Managers, Project Managers, and Portfolio Managers, through structured questionnaires. The analysis, conducted using SmartPLS, revealed that effective project process management significantly impacts project time, cost, and scope, thereby enhancing overall project success. The findings highlight the importance of integrating risk management practices to mitigate potential delays and cost overruns, demonstrating a moderating effect on the relationship between project process management and project outcomes. However, the moderating effect of risk management was not significant for the project scope, suggesting that additional strategies may be required to manage scope changes effectively. These results underscore the need for comprehensive management approaches that incorporate both robust process management and proactive risk management to achieve sustainable success in construction projects. The study provides valuable insights for construction professionals and suggests avenues for future research, including the exploration of other management practices and the use of longitudinal data to capture the dynamic nature of construction projects. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1073-1079 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/878/1049 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/issue/view/49 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1073-1079 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Mah Noor Author-Workplace-Name:School of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Shabbir Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name:School of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Mohammad Naeem Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, DM&AS, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Asma Awan Author-Workplace-Name:School of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Adnan Ali Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, DM&AS, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Title:The Economic Consequences of Political Instability: Insights from the Economy of Pakistan Abstract:Inflation is a persistent economic challenge for Pakistan, deeply intertwined with the country's political instability. This research examines the influence of political instability on inflation, recognizing it as a crucial factor that undermines the effectiveness of economic policies and worsens macroeconomic imbalances. This study analyses the impact of various political factors, besides others, on inflation in Pakistan using data collected annually from 1981 to 2021, utilizing the ARDL bounds testing method. Inflation is the dependent variable whereas oil prices, GDP growth, domestic loans to the private sector, political factors, and political instability are independent variables. The findings imply that over the long run, while economic growth has a negative correlation with inflation, the quantity of credit extended to the private sector has a positive and significant correlation with inflation. On the other hand, both in the short- and long-term, inflation and oil prices have a significant and positive relationship. Keywords:ARDL, Inflation, political instability, domestic credit, oil prices, GDP growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1080-1089 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/878/1049 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/issue/view/49 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1080-1089 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Awais Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name:PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name:Prof. Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name:Sabah Arif Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan Title:Revolutionizing Access Control in IoT Systems through Blockchain Technology Abstract:The widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) has raised significant concerns regarding security and privacy. Among these concerns, access control stands out as a matter of paramount importance, generating substantial interest and discourse. Centralized systems, due to their reliance on external sources, often face challenges related to scalability and availability, which can lead to performance issues. This paper introduces an efficient, decentralized, and innovative approach to implementing secure access control systems within IoT frameworks. The proposed solution leverages a multi-agent system integrated with blockchain technology. The central focus of this methodology revolves around the deployment of Blockchain Managers to ensure the security of IoT access control and facilitate secure communication between neighboring IoT devices. An added advantage of this system lies in its establishment of a secure linkage among fog nodes, cloud servers, and IoT devices. Keywords:security, privacy, access control, blockchain managers, multi-agentsystem Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1090-1095 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/971/1050 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/971 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1090-1095 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Shifa Haq Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Syed Irtaqa Naqi Naqvi Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Danish Shehzad Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Leveraging Multi-Agent Systems with Cloud Computing to Enhance Foreign Assistance in Urban Environments Abstract:One of the most important tasks in the healthcare system is handling emergency circumstances that arise from major accidents or natural catastrophes. When a lot of people are involved and time is of the essence, we are all worried about the need for a coordinated response and organization. This study demonstrates how agent technology may successfully meet the aforementioned requirements and introduces a multi-agent system for managing territorial emergencies in large-scale disasters. In this study, we provide Ubimedic2, a multi-agent framework that may independently coordinate the operational units during rescue missions. Keywords:Agent,Healthcare,Ubimedic2 Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1096-1101 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/972/1051 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/972 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1096-1101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Mazhar Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor (English) Govt. Associate College Jahanian, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Rashid Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, IUB Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name:Murk Nizamani Author-Workplace-Name:National Research University, Higher School of Economics Author-Name:Rashid Hameed Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title:Exploring How the Overall Environment and Culture of a School Affect Students’ Mental Health and Academic Performance Abstract:This study investigates the impact of school environment and culture on students' mental health and academic performance, with a focus on the mediating role of mental health. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data from 350 students and qualitative insights from interviews were analyzed. The regression analysis showed that a positive school environment significantly improves mental health (β = 0.45, p < 0.01) and academic performance (β = 0.52, p < 0.001). Additionally, inclusive school cultures strongly correlate with better academic outcomes (β = 0.40, p < 0.01). Mediation analysis revealed that mental health acts as a key mediator, with improved mental health enhancing academic success (β = 0.25, p < 0.01). Schools offering mental health programs, such as counseling and peer mentoring, demonstrated higher academic performance. Qualitative findings reinforced these results, with students highlighting the positive impact of supportive environments and mental health interventions on their academic success. This study emphasizes the importance of creating positive school environments and cultures, alongside implementing mental health programs, to foster both student well-being and academic achievement. The findings provide actionable insights for educators and policymakers to develop holistic strategies for student development. Keywords:School environment, school culture, mental health, academic performance, student well-being, educational interventions Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1102-1110 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/976/1055 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/976 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1102-1110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Ambareen Jahan Author-Workplace-Name:MPhil, College of Business Management, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Zoya Farooq Bhamani Ali Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Student, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name:Ruby Usman Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Student, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title:The Role of Spiritual Leadership in Cultivating Organizational Synergy: A Systematic Review Abstract:The purpose of this research is to find out about spiritual leadership. It is emerging research topic globally. These days organizations constantly striving to create/transform stress free performance driven culture in which goals of employees and organizations are attainable. Therefore, to investigate this, researcher followed to offer an evidence well-versed solution to identity the what assumed from spiritual leadership and what is the role spiritual leadership in organization?, SLR (Systematic Literature Review), an approach incorporated from the medicinal disciplines to synthesize research in an organized, clear, and reproducible way. A well-organized screening procedure stemmed in an ultimate sample population of 54 research studies. The synthesis of these empirical research studies shown: Spiritual leadership creates synergy and harmony between organization and individual. It is positive outcomes not only limited to individual and organizations but also on peers, customers and group outside the organization. It helps individual and organizations to attain their goals explicitly. It acts as driving force which results in better performance, commitment, satisfaction and influence of the employees or the individuals to perform better his job responsibilities which ultimately results in achieving corporate goals. Keywords:Spiritual Leaders, Spiritual Leadership in Organizations, Systematic review Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1111-1120 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/977/1056 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/977 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1111-1120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Tayyab Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Education Department, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name:Professor and Dean Faculty of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Arif Mirza Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor of Education, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Title:Comparative Analysis of Challenges in Educational Management in Public and Private Secondary Level Abstract:Principals set a great example for their mentees by sharing their knowledge and experience in the classroom. It is also known that head teachers in Pakistan face a lot of educational and teaching problems when they first start working at their schools. Problems with discipline, not having enough classroom space, overcrowding, and ineffective educational policies and programs are all brought up in this study. So are psychological issues caused by the difference between ideals and reality, not having enough professional skills and training, and not knowing enough about the subject. This study is about the management problems that high school leaders have to deal with. The study looked at leaders of both public and private schools that have teachers. The point of this study was to look at both state and private schools in the Bahawalnagar areas. One hundred and sixteen head teachers filled out a self-structured form. The study used a sampling method with more than one step. The results show that private school principals depend on outside help to run their schools well. They think that district administrative officials give them important advice on financial and administrative issues. Keywords:Challenges, Educational Management, Secondary Level Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1121-1127 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/980/1061 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/980 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1121-1127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Basit Ali Author-Workplace-Name:MPhil Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Department of Economics, Pakistan Author-Name:Farhad Nazari Author-Workplace-Name:Jiangsu University MBA Author-Name:Dr. Kiran Mustafa Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant professor, Department of Economics, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Pakistan Author-Name:Kamaran Qader Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name:Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Technical College of Administration, Department of Accounting Technique Author-Name:Mazhar Ali Alyani Author-Workplace-Name:University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Title:Impact of Trade Liberalization on Economic Growth in Developing Countries Abstract:In order to investigate the impact of trade liberalisation on economic growth, this paper analyses the existing research on trade liberalisation and growth, revises the well-used Sachs and Warner (1995) trade liberalisation index for 193 countries up to 2010, and applies a dynamic growth model to a substantial panel data set covering the years 1985 to 2010. The results suggest that the impact of trade liberalisation on economic growth differs depending on the industrial development level of a country. Lower-middle-income countries, on average, experience a minimum 3% greater advantage from the liberalisation of trade compared to other growing nations. This finding provides a persuasive rationale for altering the conventional "Washington Consensus" methodology and taking into account the economic development phase while suggesting trade policy modifications. Keywords:trade liberalization, economic growth, developing countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1128-1133 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/981/1062 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/981 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1128-1133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Rabia Farooq Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Education, PhD Scholar, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name:Professor, Department of Education Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Muhammad Arif Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant professor of Education Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Meta-Analysis: Investigating the Emotional Intelligence among Undergraduate Students Abstract:The concept of emotional intelligence has long been a subject of keen interest and extensive research. The present study aims to find the level of EI of students in Pakistan by conducting meta-analysis emphasizing gender differences and educational impact. Utilizing a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed studies from multiple Database like Google scholar, SCOPUS, Mendeley were searched published between January 2020 to June 2024. The findings revealed that EI significantly influences performance in academics, personal development, and social interactions. Despite minimal gender differences, EI competencies such as self-awareness, empathy, and emotional regulation are very important for students' holistic development. The study indicates the integration of EI training into university curricula and suggested professional development for teachers, provide counseling services to students, and engage students in extracurricular activities to cultivate EI. Suggestion to conduct Longitudinal research is for further understand the long-term benefits of EI development were given. This comprehensive analysis provides information to educators and policy makers on the EI’s importance in cultivating adaptable, empathetic and resilient individuals. Keywords:Emotional Intelligence, Academic Achievement, personal development, well-being Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1134-1138 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/982/1063 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/982 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1134-1138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Jahanzaib Jamil Author-Workplace-Name:B.E in Industrial and Manufacturing from NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Master of Engineering Management (MEM) from NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi Author-Name:Syeda Marya Zaidi Author-Workplace-Name:B.E in Industrial and Manufacturing from NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Master of Engineering Management (MEM) from NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi Title:Implementation of Waste Assessment Matrix for Productivity Improvement in an Automotive Industry Abstract:Lean system is a philosophy which targets in elimination of waste so as to enhance productivity and efficiency. The automotive firms aims to streamline production to enhance efficiency. The current research address a contemporary industry problem relevant to a practice-based case study along with coming up with appropriate rationale and creative problem-solving solutions to the problems being faced by an automotive industry in Pakistan. There were numerous issues occurring in the Assembly shop of the plant such as defects, longer lead times, and excess inventory etc. delaying the overall production. Based on these industry problems, this research is conducted by adopting the methodology of Waste Assessment Model (WAM). The waste assessment matrix, which is the foundation of this study, is used in this paper to detect various waste types in the assembly shop of an automotive plant to increase industrial production. This method helps in analyzing the relative significance of different kinds of wastes. Other lean tools, such as layout improvement are then utilized as creative solutions for improving the wastes. Results demonstrate that not only lead time, inventory, transportation and wastes are reduced but the accessibility and performance of the plant are likewise enhanced. Keywords:Emotional Intelligence, Academic Achievement, personal development, well-being Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1139-1145 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/983/1086 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/983 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1139-1145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Zulaikha Mashkoor Author-Workplace-Name:School of Statistics, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore Pakistan Author-Name:Samia Bashir Author-Workplace-Name:School of Statistics, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore Pakistan Author-Name:Saadia Tariq Author-Workplace-Name:School of Statistics, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore Pakistan Title:Exploring the Robustness of Ratio Estimators under Normal and Non-Normal Response: A Monte Carlo Markov-Chain Approach Abstract:An estimator is considered effective when it meets key inferential properties, such as unbiasedness, efficiency, consistency, and sufficiency. This research presents a simulation study on different ratio estimators using likelihood-based Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) or nested sampling with both normal and non-normal response variables. Ratio estimators are essential in statistical inference, valued for their unbiasedness, efficiency, consistency, and sufficiency. However, their performance can be compromised when the underlying distributional assumptions are violated. Despite their theoretical advantages, ratio estimators' effectiveness can be significantly impacted when the underlying distributional assumptions such as normality are violated. This issue is particularly relevant in real-world applications where data often deviate from the ideal normal distribution, displaying characteristics like skewness, heavy tails, or outliers. This research aims to address this issue by evaluating various ratio estimators through a comprehensive simulation study. The study compares the performance of these estimators under both normal and non-normal conditions, using key metrics such as bias, mean squared error (MSE), and variance of ranks to determine how well these estimators maintain their desirable properties in the face of non-normality. By systematically evaluating these metrics, the research provides valuable insights into which ratio estimators are most reliable when the normality assumption is not met, offering practical guidance for statisticians and researchers working with real-world data that frequently deviates from idealized conditions. Keywords:Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), Mean squared error (MSE), Simulation study, Bias, Variance ranks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1146-1151 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/984/1065 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/984 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1146-1151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Ali Ashraf Ratta Author-Workplace-Name:Oktopus Media Group, Pakistan Author-Name:Saba Muneer Author-Workplace-Name:Student Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Hisham ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name:Dr. Hisham ul Hassan Title:The Impact of AI Generated Advertising Content on Consumer Buying Behavior and Consumer Engagement Abstract:This Study explores the difference between human generated advertising content and the AI generated Advertising content and this research explore the impact on AI generated advertising content on consumer engagement and consumer buying behavior. Qualitative approach used to unveil the perception about AI Generated Advertising content in the perspective of Marketers and AI experts and answer that what is different in humanly created advertising content and Ai generated advertising content. This study elaborates the impact of AIGAC on brands sales volumes and competitive edges. Researcher conducted interviews of marketers and creative directors to explore the phenomenon in their expert opinion. The research work highlights the importance of this emerging tool in industry and its contribution in brand building process specially brand communication strategies. This study discusses the abilities and accuracy of AI in Advertising particularly when we talk about human feelings and emotions. Finally, consumer perception about AI also concluded this study. Researcher found AI generated advertising content more effective than the humanly generated advertising content for Consumer Engagements and Consumer Buying Behavior. AI create more balanced and vibrant combinations in creativity of ads. Researcher finds that AI generated Advertising content will boost sales due to its high appeal of creativity. This study will provide direction to the practitioners for their future strategies regarding brand building, brand communication and Sales strategies. Future researches can get guidelines for their thematic researches. Keywords:AI Generated Advertising Content, Consumer Engagements, Consumer Intentions, Human Generated Advertising Content, AI abilities, Emotions and Feelings Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1152-1157 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/950/1070 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/950 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1152-1157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Dr. Ghazala Yasmeen Author-Workplace-Name:Professor, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Hashaam Author-Workplace-Name:Planning Officer, Planning & Development Department, Government of KP, Pakistan Title:Enhancing Skill, Socio-Economic Status & Family Welfare: Employment-Specific on Job Training in Pakistan's Informal Sector Abstract:Pakistan, with a population exceeding 200 million and the 10th largest labor force globally, grapples with a significant informal sector, employing a majority of its workforce, particularly the youth. This research paper explores the dynamics of the informal sector, its contributions to the economy, and the challenges faced by informal workers. The focus is on the crucial role of employment-specific training in enhancing the skills and livelihoods of the labor force engaged in micro-businesses within the informal economy. The data was collected from 1200workers and 60 entrepreneurs from 6 major cities of Pakistan. The application of the chi-square technique revealed significant positive correlations between on job training and various variables. Notably, a positive correlation was observed between on job training and skill proficiency, emphasizing the role of training in enhancing workers' skills. Positive correlations were also found with factors such as total duration and resources, wages, socio-economic status, engagement level, family welfare, and positive attitude This paper delves into the complexities and contributions of the informal sector, emphasizing the need for tailored policies and strategies. Keywords:Informal Sector, Employment-Specific Training, Apprenticeships, Skills Development, Social Protection, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1158-1161 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/989/1073 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/989 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1158-1161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Waqas Farooq Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Amima Anwar Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Skill, Socio-Economic Status & Family Welfare: Employment-Specific on Job Training in Pakistan's Informal Sector Author-Name:Faiza Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name:M.Phil. Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Azeem Asghar Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D. Scholar, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Sports’ Celebrity Endorsement and Consumer Buying Behavior About Soft Drinks in Pakistan Abstract:This study aimed to examine two key research objectives: (i) the impact of sports celebrity endorsements on the consumer buying behavior and their involvement in sports, and (ii) the role of consumer purchase intention as a mediator between sports celebrity endorsements, consumer buying behavior, and sports involvement. This study adopted an explanatory approach, utilizing a self-administered questionnaire to gather data. Participants included a diverse group from Lahore, such as students, local athletes, business professionals, and other working-class individuals, with a total sample size of 350. The study employed non-probability convenience sampling. For data analysis, SPSS-Amos software was used, applying structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the relationships between the proposed hypotheses. The results revealed that (i) sports celebrity endorsements had a positive and significant effect on both consumer buying behavior and sports involvement, and (ii) consumer purchase intention acted as a partial mediator in the relationship between sports celebrity endorsements, consumer buying behavior, and sports involvement. Future research could expand on these findings by conducting similar studies in other regions and cities within Pakistan, using a longitudinal approach to data collection. Additionally, future studies could target specific demographic groups, such as particular age ranges, genders, or consumers of different product categories. Keywords:Sports’celebrity endorsement, consumer buying behavior, consumer purchase intention, consumer sports involvement, softdrinks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1162-1172 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1010/1111 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1010 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1162-1172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Taimoor Ali Shah Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar at Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology Peshawar, Lecturer in Management sciences at Institute of Professional Studies, Pakistan Author-Name:Jehanzeb Khan Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar at Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Lecturer: Rana University Kabul, Afghanistan Author-Name:Afraseyab Khattak Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar at IBMS, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Hafiz Adnan Majeed Author-Workplace-Name:Senior HR Officer, Associate Dean Office, LRH-MTI Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Farman Ullah Jan Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Govt. College of Management Sciences Charsadda, Pakistan Title:Cognitive Shortcuts in Finance: Heuristics Biases on Investment Decision: Mediating Effect of Risk Perception Abstract:The study aims to (a) investigate the effect of heuristic biases (availability bias, overconfidence bias, anchoring bias) on investment decisions of the investors and (b) examine the mediating role of risk perception in the relationship between heuristic biases (availability bias, overconfidence bias, anchoring bias) and investment decisions. The prospect theory supports the mediation model. Questionnaires were sent to stock investors in ten major cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 330 valid questionnaires were received, a response rate of 82.50%. The gathered data was initially analyzed using reliability test. This study found that heuristic biases (availability, overconfidence, anchoring) positively impact investment decisions. Furthermore, it was shown that the perception of risk significantly mediates between the relationship between the three heuristic biases (availability, overconfidence, and anchoring) and investment decision. The results of this research have important implications for the field of behavioral shortcuts in finance, and more especially for the implementation of heuristics in making investment decisions. The findings of the current research provide significant insights into the numerous behavioral biases that are shown by participants in the stock market as well as other stakeholders, including investors in securities, financial advisers, and lawmakers. Keywords:Heuristics biases, prospect theory, investment decision, stock market Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1173-1179 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1015/1120 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1015 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1173-1179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Taib Ali Author-Workplace-Name:s2023279006@umt.edu.pk Author-Name:Iftikhar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name:International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Dr. Saima Hassan Author-Workplace-Name:National College of Business Administration &Economics, Pakistan Author-Name:Sajida Anwer Author-Workplace-Name:Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan Title:Examine How the Rise of AI and Automation Affects Job Security, Stress Levels, and Mental Health in the Workplace Abstract:The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation is reshaping industries globally, significantly impacting job security, workplace stress, and employee mental health. This study investigates how AI-driven changes affect employees, with a focus on job stability, stress levels, anxiety, and burnout. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 employees from various AI-integrated industries. The results revealed that AI exposure is negatively correlated with job security (r = -0.65, p < .01) and positively correlated with stress levels (r = 0.72, p < .01), anxiety (r = 0.58, p < .01), and burnout (r = 0.54, p < .01). Regression analysis confirmed that AI exposure is a significant predictor of increased stress, anxiety, and burnout. The findings support the hypotheses that AI adoption heightens job insecurity and contributes to workplace stress and mental health challenges. The study highlights the importance of implementing employee support systems, such as upskilling programs and mental health initiatives, to mitigate the adverse effects of AI in the workplace. Keywords:AI, automation, job security, workplace stress, mental health, anxiety, burnout, techno-stress Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages:1180-1186 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1016/1123 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1016 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1180-1186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Saif Ullah Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Chaudhary Abdul Rehman Author-Workplace-Name:Professor/Chairman, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Raman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Asymmetric Effect of Innovation on Environmental Quality Based on Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Novel Approach Abstract:Environmental technologies and trade openness have distinct effects on environmental quality, and they are strongly associated with income and economic growth. The study looks at how trade openness impacts environmental quality in OIC countries between 1980 and 2023 using a range of environmental variables. A new methodology nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) is applied to resolve the issue of homogeneity and heterogeneity. The research has employed various carbon dioxide (CO2) proxies as measures of environmental quality, and a novel variable aims to address environmental issues in emerging nations such as Pakistan within a contemporary framework. Our research, which involved creating an index and applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA), demonstrates that in developing nations when environmental pollution occurs, the EKC has an Inverted-U form (CO2). The results of the NARDL technique demonstrate a strong positive association between CO2 and trade openness, environmental technology innovation (ENT), and economic growth. Furthermore, this study investigated nonlinearities not found in earlier studies and demonstrated some misleading decisions. Our results validate the existence of an Inverted-U-shaped EKC when CO2 is used as an environmental indicator in poor countries such as Pakistan. Ultimately, the argument is made that if developing countries continue their policies of economic openness, energy sector reforms, and renewable energy use, they will be able to use the increased cash to address environmental concerns. Keywords:TechnologyInnovation, Economic Growth, Trade openness, NARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1187-1193 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1017/1125 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1017 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1187-1193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Fakhar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name:MS Scholar, Faculty of Accounting and Finance, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sonia Anjum Author-Workplace-Name:MS Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Raman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sadia Idress Author-Workplace-Name:School of Economics, Banking and Finance, Universiti Uatra Malaysia Title:G-7 Green Growth Paradox: An Exploratory Review of Economic Policy Uncertainty, Renewable Energy, and Institutional Quality Abstract:This study aims to investigate the asymmetric link among institutional quality, economic policy uncertainty, and renewable energy and its effects on green growth. The study's time frame was from 1996 to 2023. The existing theoretical and empirical literature on the subject is examined and summarized in this work. It begins by providing an overview of how institutional quality, renewable energy, and economic policy uncertainty relate to green growth, using data from the G-7. The literature is identified in a second way, drawing on theoretical and empirical insights found in published literature. This article further clarified theoretical approaches that explain how and why these approaches function. Third, three useful metrics are suggested in this article for additional study. This study adds to the body of knowledge on how institutional quality, renewable energy, and economic policy uncertainties impact green? Data from the G-7 nations. The literature is identified in a second way, drawing on theoretical and empirical insights found in published literature. This article further clarified theoretical approaches that explain how and why these approaches function. Third, three useful metrics are suggested in this article for additional study. How can uncertainty in economic policy, renewable energy, and institutional quality affect green growth, according to this paper? Data from the G-7 nations. Keywords:TechnologyInnovation, Economic Growth, Trade openness, NARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1194-1199 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1018/1126 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1018 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1194-1199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Haseeb Author-Workplace-Name:MS Scholar, Department of Accounting and Finance, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Aqsa Shakeel Author-Workplace-Name:MS Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Raman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Renewable Energy and Green Innovation: A Review of the Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change through Reduced Carbon Emissions Abstract:The core purpose of the study to investigate the asymmetric effects of Renewable Energy, Green Innovation, GDP and Digital Finance on CO2 in Pakistan. The study covered the time period 1990 to 2021. This paper examines and synthesizes existing theoretical and empirical literature on said issue. It first draws the overview of the Renewable Energy, Green Innovation, GDP and Digital Finance on CO2 in Pakistan. Second, it identifies the literature based on the theoretical and empirical insights from the published literature. In addition, this article put light on theoretical methods that describes how/ why these methods work. Third, this article proposes three fruitful dimensions for further research. This paper contributes to the area of Renewable Energy, Green Innovation, GDP and Digital Finance on CO2 in Pakistan by critically analysing and synthesizing existing theory and research on Renewable Energy, Green Innovation, GDP and Digital Finance on CO2 in Pakistan. Keywords:TechnologyInnovation, Economic Growth, Trade openness, NARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1200-1206 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1019/1127 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1019 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1200-1206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Rida Hameed Khan Author-Name:Maimoona Javed Author-Workplace-Name:M. Phil in Business Economics from School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Author-Name:Ali Ameer Haider Author-Workplace-Name:MBA in Human Resource Management from Southern Business School, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan Author-Name:Lala Rukh Author-Workplace-Name:MBA in Human Resource Management from Southern Business School, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan Author-Name:Hamza Saleem Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor at School of Business Management, Multan University of Science and Technology, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Title:The Capabilities of Organizations in Implementing Artificial Intelligence: In Light of Data Incomprehensibility and Dependency Abstract:The proposed study intends to evaluate organizational capacity for handling problems, investigate methods for optimizing AI implementation, and analyze the effects of data incomprehensibility and dependence on AI implementation. This research deals in its ability to provide organizations, academics, and policymakers with recommendations and insights regarding the difficulties associated with data incompressibility and dependency when deploying artificial intelligence in massive volumes of data. Artificial intelligence is being employed in many different industries, and its influence is growing every day. With the development of AI, it is becoming increasingly crucial for us that the system be dependable and trustworthy. Additionally, it can be explained in detail how the company can use AI to solve problems and enhance currently available solutions, as well as how to comprehend the difficulties associated with applying AI, how to protect and use data, and how to make sure that the AI technologies being used are morally right and good for society. There are five Independent Variables including Technological Infrastructure for Complex Data Handling, Data Management and Analytics for Unstructured Data, Adaptive and Agile Data Systems, Data Quality and Integration Strategies, and Ethical and Regulatory Considerations in Complex Data Handling. One Dependent Variable includes the Efficiency of AI Implementation in Handling Incomprehensible and Dependent Data. Keywords:Artificial Intelligence, AI, Capabilities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1243-1270 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/899/1170 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/899 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1243-1270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Musharaf Hanif Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Khadija Khalid Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Raman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Ali Author-Workplace-Name:Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:How Does Innovation and Globalization Affect Environmental Sustainability: A Review Abstract:The main aim of this study is investigating the effect of innovation, foreign direct investment, public investment, globalization and carbon intensity on CO2 in G-11 countries. This paper examines and synthesizes existing theoretical and experiential literature on said question. It first draws the overview of the asymmetric effect of innovation foreign direct investment, public investment, carbon intensity and globalization on CO2 in G-11 countries. Second, it identifies the literature based on the theoretical and empirical visions from the published literature. In addition, this article put light on theoretical methods that describes how/ why these methods work. Third, this article proposes three fruitful magnitudes for further research. This paper contributes to the area of asymmetric effect of innovation, foreign direct investment, public investment, globalization and carbon intensity on CO2 in G-11 countries. By critically analyzing and amalgamating existing theory and research on asymmetric effect of innovation, foreign direct investment, public investment, globalization and carbon intensity on CO2 in G-11 countries. Keywords:Foreign Direct Investment, Innovation, Carbondioxide Emission Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1207-1212 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1020/1128 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1020 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1207-1212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Ansa Sikandar Author-Workplace-Name:MS-Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Fareeha Ijaz Author-Workplace-Name:MS- Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Raman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sadia Idress Author-Workplace-Name:School of Economics, Banking and Finance, Universiti Uatra Malaysia Title:A Bibliometric and Content Analysis of Cryptocurrency Abstract:The findings of our extensive review of the cryptocurrency literature from 2010 to 2022 are presented in this report. We cover the definitions, history, uses, and distinctive activities of the cryptocurrency business in our overview. We initially conducted a bibliometric analysis on articles acquired from the Scopus database using the VOSviewer bibliometric and R package tool in order to identify the two main streams of cryptocurrency literature. Then, we conducted content analyses on pertinent publications from reputable sources. We also found gaps in the literature and suggested seven research areas that should be addressed in follow-up studies to improve understanding of the cryptocurrency sector. Researchers researching at the numerous sides of cryptocurrencies to increase our understanding of this industry may find the findings of this paper to be a helpful resource. Keywords:Cryptocurrency,Review study,Bibliometric analysis,content analysis,VOSviewer Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1213-1225 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1021/1129 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1021 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1213-1225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Muhammad Akhlaq Khan Author-Workplace-Name:MS Education Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name:Khadija Rafeeq Author-Workplace-Name:PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sana Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name:MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Title:Integration of Teachers’ Pedagogies and Implementation Practices of Social Studies Curriculum at Elementary School Level Abstract:The current curriculum framework encourages students to develop skills and activities through inquiry. Teachers usually focus on fact memorization and expect students to ask questions and give correct answers. This method has to be more intellectually rigorous (Nappi, 2017). Since teachers see the curriculum developer's goals through their own eyes, the discrepancy between the new curriculum requirements and classroom practice is primarily due to their perspective. The objectives of the study were; To find out the teachers’ pedagogies and implementation strategies of social studies and also compare the male and female teachers’ pedagogies and implementation of social studies curriculum at elementary level. This study used a comparative survey approach, which is better and more practical within the context of quantitative research (Fraenkel et al., 2019). All the elementary school teachers and students were the population of the study at Sialkot district. Sample of the study were one hundred elementary school teachers whereas the students were four hundred. The researchers used a questionnaire that comprised on 20 items. Furthermore, the researchers personally visited the places from where the collected data from the respondents of the study. The study found that the mean responsive values (MRV) from teachers and students show broad congruence, primarily in subject knowledge, communication skills, and curriculum relevance. In conclusion, elementary social studies pedagogies and curriculum implementation practices are primarily practical, with teachers and students reporting positive experiences in subject knowledge, practical relevance, and student inquiry. Keywords:Teachers’ pedagogies, Implementation practices, Social studies curriculum Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1271-1277 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1053/1180 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1053 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1271-1277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Huda Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name:M.Phil Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Areeba Zafar Author-Workplace-Name:M.Phil Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Salman Masood Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name:Dean & Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Raman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Global Change, Local Consequences: A Review of the Relationships Between FDI, Globalization, GDP, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Ecological Footprint Abstract:The main goal is to examine the effects of GDP, globalization, urbanization, FDI, and energy on CO2 emissions and ecological footprint. The research was conducted between 2003 and 2022. The investigation of the asymmetric effects of FDI as its primary goal. It begins by providing an overview of the effects of globalization, urbanization, FDI, energy, GDP, and CO2 emissions on the ecological footprint and CO2 emissions of the G7 countries. Secondly, the literature is identified by drawing on the theoretical and empirical insights found in published literature. In addition, this article put light on theoretical methods that describes how/ why these methods work. Third, this paper suggests three productive areas for more study. This study adds to the body of knowledge on the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI), energy, globalization, urbanization, and GDP on CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint of G7 nations by critically evaluating and synthesizing previous theories and studies in this field. Keywords:Foreign Direct Investment, Ecological footprint,G7 countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1226-1230 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1030/1142 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1030 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1226-1230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Qudsia Piracha Author-Workplace-Name:MPhil Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Laiba Manzoor Author-Workplace-Name:MS Scholar, Department of Accounting & Finance, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title:ASEAN's Sustainable Future: A Review of Green Finance, Renewable Energy, and Economic Complexity Index Challenges and Opportunities Abstract:The main purpose of the study is to examine and build existing theoretical and empirical literature on green finance (GF), renewable energy (RE) and economic complexity index index (ECI) as an integral determinants of sustainable development in ASEAN countries for the period spanning from 1990 to 2022. Firstly, it draws the overview of the said issue. Second, it identifies and discus the literature based on the theoretical and empirical insights from the existing literature. Third, this paper proposes dynamic dimensions for further research. This study also looks at how green finance, economic complexity index and renewable energy have affected sustainable development. This research aims to look into the relationship between these factors and provide actionable insights to foster sustainable development. This paper contributes to the area of green finance and economic complexity index and sustainable development by critically analyzing and synthesizing existing theory and research. Keywords:Green Finance,Renewable Energy,Economic complexity index, ASEAN Countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1236-1242 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1032/1144 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1032 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1236-1242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Sadia Safdar Author-Workplace-Name:Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore Pakistan Author-Name:Mubashir Manzoor Author-Workplace-Name:Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Saif Ur Raman Author-Workplace-Name:Associate Professor, faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore Pakistan Author-Name:Salman Masood Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name:Dean & Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title:Analyzing the Impact of Government Expenditure, Institutional Factors, Foreign Direct Investment, Public Investment, and Technological Innovations on Human Development Index in Pakistan and China Abstract:The prime objective of this study is to inspect the Impact of Government Expenditure (GE), Institutional Factors (IF), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Public Investment (PI), and Technological Innovations (TI) on Human Development Index (HDI) in Pakistan and China during the period from 1997 to 2017. The study broadly analyses and join in both theoretical and empirical literature pertaining to this subject. It commences by providing an overview of Impact of Government Expenditure (GE), Institutional Factors (IF), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Public Investment (PI), and Technological Innovations (TI) on Human Development Index (HDI) in Pakistan and China. Afterward, it categorizes current literature based on theoretical and empirical insights found in available works. Furthermore, the paper puts light on theoretical approaches that explain how it works. To conclude, the article recommends three auspicious proportions for future research in this area. By judgmentally investigating and creating prevailing theories and research, this study plays its role while understanding of the connection Between Government Expenditure (GE), Institutional Factors (IF), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Public Investment (PI), and Technological Innovations (TI) on Human Development Index (HDI) in Pakistan and China. Keywords:Government Expenditure (GE), Institutional Factors (IF), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Public Investment (PI), and Technological Innovations (TI),Human Development Index (HDI) Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1231-1235 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1031/1143 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1031 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1231-1235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Zia Yazdanie Author-Workplace-Name:Master of Business Administration (MBA), School of Economics and Management, North University of China (NUC), Taiyuan, Shanxi, China Title:Fostering Knowledge Flow in Organizations: Ethical Leadership on Knowledge Sharing: Mediating Role of OCB and Moderation of Entrepreneur Orientation Abstract:The primary objective of this study was to examine how ethical leadership enhances knowledge sharing practices (KS). This study investigates the relationship between ethical leadership (EL) and knowledge sharing (KS). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as a mediator was explored in this study. 325 participants (supervisors and employees) from manufacturing industries were selected for the data collection. The study's findings revealed that EL has positive and significant effect on KS. OCB partially mediates the stated relationship. The study's findings align with the suggested mediation and moderation framework. The developing country like Pakistan, ethical leadership in manufacturing industries is a novel concept, and more study is required to identify issues related to share information, skills, and experience in employees and evaluate the dynamic effects of leadership styles in manufacturing sectors. Keywords:Ethical leadership, knowledge sharing, organizational behavior, entrepreneur orientation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1278-1289 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1057/1185 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1057 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1278-1289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Lecturer, School of Economics & Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Irfan Farooq Author-Workplace-Name:Independent Researcher, Pakistan Author-Name:Sajjad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, School of Business and Management Sciences, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Nida Tanveer Butt Author-Workplace-Name:Independent Researcher, Pakistan Title:Asymmetric Effects of the Exchange Rate on the Trade Balance of the Textile Industry in Pakistan Abstract:This study aims to examine the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the trade balance of the textile industry in Pakistan. Utilizing data spanning from July 2003 to June 2023, the analysis employs both Linear and Non-Linear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL and NARDL) Bound Testing models to investigate the effects of the real effective exchange rate (REER). Findings reveal a negative relationship between the REER and the trade balance, indicating that an appreciation of the domestic currency relative to a basket of foreign currencies adjusted for inflation results in a deterioration of the trade balance. Moreover, the NARDL model’s estimates indicate that while appreciation of the exchange rate does not significantly affect the trade balance, depreciation has a favorable impact. Notably, the long-term effects of exchange rate changes on the trade balance are more pronounced than the short-term impacts. Keywords:Exchange rate,Trade balance, Textilesector,Linear and Nonlinear ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1290-1299 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1060/1194 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1060 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1290-1299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Ahmad Usman Author-Workplace-Name:Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Muhammad Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name:Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name:Lahore Institute of Science and Technology, Pakistan Title:The Role of Servant Leadership in Predicting Job Performance of Public Sector Employees: Examining the Mediation of Work Engagement and Moderation of Trust in Leader and Self-Efficacy Abstract:This paper discusses an important issue concerning the contribution of servant leadership in terms of predicting job performance based on work engagement as the mediator while trust in leader and self-efficacy serve as the moderators. In line with the social exchange theory, research puts forward the notion that the positive emotional states with reciprocated trust lead the high levels of work engagement which subsequently contribute to more impressive job performance. The study obtained data from 350 employees of the public sector in Pakistan with 320 valid responses that were analyzed using SPSS 22 and Hayes Process Macro for mediating and moderating analyses. This means that servant leadership significantly boosts work engagement, which is a mediator in its effect on job performance. Moreover, trust in the leader strengthens the relationship of servant leadership style and the employees’ work engagement, and finally, the perceived self-efficacy amplifies the effect of work engagement on job performance. In this light, the findings have important implications for understanding how servant leadership proves to be an important factor in creating a strong and vibrant organizational culture that supports and fosters employee engagement, commitment, and productivity through the activation of trust in leadership and self-efficacy as critical boundary conditions. By situating the analysis within the context of Pakistan, a high power-distance culture with limited empirical exploration of its leadership dynamics, the study offers important theoretical and practical contributions. It enriches the understanding of servant leadership in underrepresented contexts and emphasizes the strategic importance of fostering trust and self-efficacy within organizational frameworks. Such findings are of great importance for managers and policymakers, since they show how these constructs can be used to effectively operate in resource-constrained and rapidly changing environments. Keywords:Social exchange theory, self-efficacy, work engagement, trust in leader,servant leadership style, job performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1300-1308 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1060/1194 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1060 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1300-1308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name:University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name:University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Maryam Aziz Author-Workplace-Name:University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name:Lahore Institute of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Explicating the Causes of Frequent Floods in Pakistan: A Structural Modeling and Analysis Abstract:Aim of study is explicating the causes of frequent floods in Pakistan. Overall design of the study comprises of relevant literature review, primary data collection and structural modelling & analysis of the phenomena. The method of modelling is ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling) and method of analysis is MICMAC (cross impact matrix multiplication applied to classification). The population under study comprises the folk stakeholders of the phenomenon. The sampling design is purposive (i.e. a focus group consisting of a panel of experts) and the sample size is eleven experts (a medium-sized panel). Results of modeling show that causes namely: changes in land use, poor waste management, slums along rivers, erosion and sedimentation, improper flood control systems, river physiography, high rainfall, inadequate river capacity, water structures, land subsidence, damage to flood control structures, poor drainage system fall at Level I (the top level), therefore, are least critical. The causes namely: effects of high tides, lack of discipline among people, glacial melt fall at Level II (middle level) therefore are moderate critical. The cause namely: deforestation falls at Level III (the bottom level) therefore is the most critical. The scale-centric MICMAC analysis shows that all the causes are categorized in the linkage quadrant and the independent, dependent, and autonomous quadrants are empty. The data-centric MICMAC analysis shows that the effects of high tides, glacial melt, and deforestation fall in the independent quadrant. The erosion sedimentation and river physiography fall in the dependent quadrant. The changes in land use, poor waste management, improper flood control systems, slums along rivers, high rainfall, land subsidence, inadequate river capacity, water structures, lack of discipline among people, damage to flood control structures, and poor drainage system categorized in the linkage fall in the linkage quadrant, whereas, the autonomous quadrant is empty. The results of MICMAC analysis implicitly corroborate the results of modeling. It is an original valuable study because it is based on first-hand real experimental data collected by authors who have hands on job of data collection for decades. It also uses unique and different methodologies to collect data, perform modeling and analysis. This methodology is simple, unique, and understandable by a wide range of stakeholders. Its results are also logical and realistic that correspond to ground realities. Keywords: Flood Causes, Pakistan, Interpretive Structural Modeling, MICMAC Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1309-1320 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1067/1205 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1067 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1309-1320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name:University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name:University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Maryam Aziz Author-Workplace-Name:University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name:Lahore Institute of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title:Assessing the Severity of Consequences of Floods in Pakistan: Applying the ISM Modelling and MICMAC Analysis Abstract:The study aims to assess the severity of the consequences of floods in Pakistan. The study's overall design includes reviewing relevant literature, collecting data from primary sources, and modeling & analyzing the phenomena. The population under study comprises the folk stakeholders of the phenomenon. The sampling design is purposive (focus group consisting of experts), whereas the sample size is fourteen experts, i.e., a medium size panel. The method of modeling is Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and the method of analysis is Cross Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC). Results of ISM modeling show that consequences namely, reduced food supply, destroyed crops, destroyed food stockpiles, destroyed infrastructures, economic strain on entire population, and disruption in trade and commerce inhabit Level I. Consequences namely: lost livelihoods of farmers, destroyed livestock, destroyed equipment, injuries and deaths, disrupted schedules of transportation, inundate agricultural lands, reduction in soil fertility and increased prices inhabit Level II. The consequence namely: destroyed seeds inhabit Level III. The consequence: displaced populations inhabit Level IV. The consequence: damaged and destroyed housing inhabit Level V. The consequence: spreading of waterborne diseases inhabit Level VI. Results of scale-centric MICMAC analysis show that spreading of waterborne diseased is independent, and reduced food supply is dependent quadrant bur all other are linking and there is no autonomous factor. Results of data-centric MICMAC analysis show that destroyed seeds, destroyed equipment, and spreading of waterborne diseased are independent and lost livelihoods of farmers, reduced food supply, destroyed food stockpiles, destroyed livestock, destroyed infrastructures, damaged and destroyed housing, displaced populations, and disruption in trade and commerce are dependent quadrant. Destroyed crops, economic strain on entire population, injuries and deaths, disrupted schedules of transportation, inundate agricultural lands, reduction in soil fertility, and increased prices are linking. The autonomous quadrant is empty as there is no factor categorized in this quadrant. It is an original valuable study because it is based on real time experimental first-hand data collected by authors that have hands on job of data collection for decades. It also uses unique and different methodologies to collect data, modelling and analysis. This methodology is simple, unique and clearly understandable by wide range of folks of stakeholders. Its results are also logically appealing and realistic corresponding to ground realities. The will enrich the understanding of national/local governments, regulators, industry representatives, landowners/farmers, general public (including households, local communities, village committees community workers local labor, disabled people, minorities, senior citizens and women etc.), scientific community and others contributors to the system, institutions engaged in disaster management, international donor agencies, academia, politicians & political parties, flood-prone communities, NGOs, volunteers, regional institutions, media, suppliers of goods & material, civil organizations, private institutions and other affected, interested or vulnerable groups (like social beneficiary groups, non-social beneficiary groups, social adversely affected groups and non-social adversely affected groups) by way of deeper insights into the conundrum issue of floods. Keywords: FloodsAftermaths,ISM,MICMAC Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1321-1332 Volume:13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1068/1206 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1068 File-Format:text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1321-1332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zoya Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: City College of Science and Commerce, University Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mariam Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: NFC (Institute of Engineering and Technology) Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Umar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar Department of Business and Administration, NCBA&E Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Saba Idrees Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer City College of Science and Commerce, University Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zainab Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer City College of Science and Commerce, University Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sonia Chaudhary Author-Workplace-Name: City College of Science and Commerce, University Campus, Multan, Pakistan Title: Impact of Social Media and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the relationship between social media usage and body dysmorphic disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder causes distress due to one’s negative appraisal of their body image. The development of has been linked to the passive use of social media and photo-editing apps. The dramatic increase in the use of photo-editing apps and their well-established effects on mental health is a public health concern. Correlational research design was used to conduct this quantitative research. Survey was administered with closed ended questionnaires as method of data collection. Convenient sampling technique was employed to select the sample of study 100 (male=50, female=50) young adults. Findings of the study reveal that using of social media platforms are the positive predictors of body dysmorphic disorder among young adults. Findings uncover that female young adults reported greater level of using social media platforms as compared to male. Moreover, female young adults have the problems related to BDD.. Keywords: Body dysmorphic disorder, social media platforms Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 6-10 Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1091/1241 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1091 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:6-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Umm e Hani Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: City College of Science and Commerce, University Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Fazeela Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: City College of Science and Commerce, University Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Abeera Karamat Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Umar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar Department of Business and Administration, NCBA&E Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zainab Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer City College of Science and Commerce, University Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: City College of Science and Commerce, University Campus, Multan, Pakistan Title: The Role of Working Memory in Problem-solving and Decision-making Abstract: The role of working memory in problem-solving and decision-making is crucial, especially among students, as these cognitive processes are essential for learning and academic success. This study was aimed at investigating the role working memory in decision making and problem solving abilities among students. Correlational research design was used to conduct this quantitative research. Survey was administered with closed ended questionnaires as method of data collection. Convenient sampling technique was employed to select the sample of study 100 (male=50, female=50) students. Findings of the study reveal that working memory positively correlated with problem solving ability and decision making. Male reported greater level of working memory, problem-solving and decision-making abilities as compared to female. By improving and optimizing working memory, individuals can enhance their ability to solve complex problems and make better decisions, especially when under pressure. Students must improve their level of working memory to solve complex educational problems. Keywords: Working memory, decision making, problem solving Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 11-16 Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1092/1243 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1092 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:11-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farzana Kosir Author-Workplace-Name: Rural Health Center, Qadirpur Rawan, Pakistan Author-Name:Sehrish Irshad Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar Department of Applied Psychology Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Waheed Author-Workplace-Name:Life Institute of Counseling and Research Training, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumaira Riaz Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Applied Psychology Bahuddin Zakariya Multan, Pakistan Title: Uncovering the relationship of Digital Detoxification and Mental Health of University the Students Abstract: In an era of pervasive digital connectivity, university students are increasingly exposed to prolonged screen time and continuous online engagement, which has raised concerns about its impact on mental health. This study explores the relationship between digital detoxification—the intentional reduction or abstinence from digital device usage—and the mental health of university students. Using a quantitate approach, the research surveyed 300 undergraduate students across multiple universities. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between regular digital detoxification and improved mental well-being, including reduced symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. The study underscores the importance of promoting healthy digital habits and incorporating digital wellness programs in academic institutions to foster better mental health outcomes among students. Recommendations for implementing structured digital detox initiatives on campuses are discussed. Keywords:digital detoxification, mental health Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 21-25 Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1099/1253 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1099 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:21-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Bushra Akram Author-Workplace-Name: Government Primary School Pull Miani Bangla Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Sehrish Irshad Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D Scholar Department of Applied Psychology Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Habiba Nazim Author-Workplace-Name:Psychologist Government Special Education Centre, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Waheed Author-Workplace-Name:Life Institute of Counseling and Research Training, Pakistan Author-Name:Sumaira Riaz Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Applied Psychology Bahuddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Effect of Digital Detoxification on Sleep quality and Cognitive Performance: A Newer Intervention Trent in Current Era Abstract: The pervasive use of digital devices has raised concerns regarding their impact on sleep quality and cognitive performance. Digital Detoxification refers to a period during which an individual voluntarily refrains from using digital devices such as smartphones, computers, tablets, and social media platforms to reduce stress, increase focus, and reconnect with the real world. Digital detoxification, often referred to as a digital detox, has emerged as a modern strategy aimed at reducing screen time and restoring mental, emotional, and physical well-being. This study investigates the effects of digital detoxification sleep quality and cognitive performance. Participants were instructed to abstain from digital device use for a specified period. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured sleep quality using standardized questionnaires and cognitive performance through validated tests. Results indicated significant improvements in sleep quality, characterized by reduced sleep latency and increased sleep duration. Cognitive performance also showed enhancement, with participants demonstrating better attention and memory recall. These findings suggest that digital detoxification can positively influence both sleep and cognitive functions, highlighting its potential as a beneficial intervention in the current digital age. Given the growing global prevalence of problematic smartphone use (PSU) and its documented comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, digital detox strategies have the potential to be integrated into clinical recommendations and policy initiatives. Keywords:Digital detoxification, sleep quality, cognitive performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 26-29 Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1101/1254 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1101 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:26-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Dr. Haleema Parveen Author-Workplace-Name:Government Graduate College for Women, Mumtazabad, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Shahida Parveen Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Psychologist Khawaja Fareed Social Security Hospital Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Waheed Author-Workplace-Name:Life Institute of Counseling and Research Training, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumaira Riaz Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Applied Psychology Bahuddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Asif Ali Jauhar Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D Scholar Department of Psychology Riphah International University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Majida Sharif Author-Workplace-Name:Clinical Psychologist Lahore, Pakistan Title:Risk Factors of Breast Cancer among Women: Probing Psychological Consequences Abstract: Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent cancers among women globally, with numerous biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle-related risk factors contributing to its development. This study aims to explore and synthesize the various risk factors associated with breast cancer in women, while also examining the psychological consequences following diagnosis and treatment. Through a comprehensive review of current literature and qualitative data from patient interviews, the research identifies key risk factors such as age, family history, hormonal influences, obesity, and alcohol consumption. Moreover, the study highlights the profound psychological impact experienced by women diagnosed with breast cancer, including anxiety, depression, body image disturbances, and fear of recurrence. Findings emphasize the need for integrated healthcare approaches that address both physical and psychological aspects of breast cancer. The study concludes by advocating for early psychological interventions and personalized support systems to improve mental health outcomes and quality of life among affected women. Keywords:Breast cancer, psychological problems Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 30-33 Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1102/1255 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1102 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:30-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Dr. Dr. Haleema Parveen Author-Workplace-Name:Government Graduate College for Women, Mumtazabad, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Shahida Parveen Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Psychologist Khawaja Fareed Social Security Hospital Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Waheed Author-Workplace-Name:Life Institute of Counseling and Research Training, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumaira Riaz Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Applied Psychology Bahuddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Asif Ali Jauhar Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D Scholar Department of Psychology Riphah International University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Seemab Arshad Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D Scholar Riphah International University Faisalabad, Pakistan Title:Diabetic Mellitus Predicts Psychological Problems and Decreased Marital Satisfaction among Patients Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disorder, has far-reaching consequences beyond physiological complications, significantly affecting psychological well-being and interpersonal relationships. This study aims to explore the predictive relationship between diabetes mellitus, psychological problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress), and marital satisfaction among adult patients. A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted on a sample of adult individuals diagnosed with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics and diabetes support groups. Standardized psychological assessment tools, including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS), were used to measure psychological distress and marital satisfaction, respectively. Demographic and clinical data were also collected. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between diabetes duration and levels of psychological distress. Patients with longer disease duration and poor glycemic control reported higher levels of depression and anxiety. Furthermore, these psychological disturbances were significantly associated with lower scores on marital satisfaction, particularly in domains of emotional intimacy and conflict resolution. Regression analysis confirmed that both the presence of diabetes and elevated psychological distress independently predicted reduced marital satisfaction. Diabetes Mellitus significantly predicts psychological problems, which in turn adversely affect marital satisfaction. These findings highlight the need for integrated psychosocial interventions as part of diabetes management. Health care providers should adopt a holistic approach that includes mental health support and couples counseling to improve both psychological outcomes and relationship quality in diabetic patients. Keywords:Diabetes Mellitus, Psychological Problems, Depression, Anxiety, Marital Satisfaction, Chronic Illness, Psychosocial Impac Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 34-38 Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1103/1256 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1103 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:34-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Dr. Haleema Perveen Author-Workplace-Name:Government Graduate College for Women, Mumtazabad, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name:Iram Shahzadi Author-Workplace-Name:Ph.D Scholar of Department of Teacher Education of International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdul Waheed Author-Workplace-Name:Life Institute of Counseling and Research Training, Pakistan Title:Relationship between Adaptive Teaching Strategy and Academic Performance of University Students Abstract: This quantitative study aims to explore the relationship between adaptive teaching methods and students' academic performance at the university level in Pakistan. As the educational landscape evolves, adaptive teaching, which tailors instructional strategies to meet the diverse learning needs of students, has become increasingly important. The research investigates how adaptive teaching practices, such as differentiated instruction, personalized learning pathways, and real-time feedback, impact student engagement, comprehension, and overall academic achievement in Pakistani universities. Using a sample of 500 students from various academic disciplines, the study employed a structured questionnaire to assess students' perceptions of adaptive teaching and academic performance data was collected through official records. Statistical techniques, including correlation analysis and regression modeling, were used to examine the relationship between adaptive teaching practices and students’ grades, test scores, and retention rates. Findings suggest that adaptive teaching has a positive and statistically significant impact on academic performance, with students who experienced higher levels of adaptive instruction showing greater improvements in grades and subject understanding. The study concludes that adopting adaptive teaching methods in higher education can enhance learning outcomes, particularly in diverse and large classroom settings typical in Pakistani universities. Recommendations are made for educational institutions to incorporate adaptive teaching strategies to foster student success and retentio Keywords:Adaptive teaching, academic performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 39-41 Volume: 14 Issue: 2 Year: 2025 File-URL:https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1106/1258 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/1106 File-Format: text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:14:y:2025:i:2:p:39-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: NAVEED MUSHTAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: SADAF GULZAR Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: ATTA ULLAH KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: TANVEER ILLAHI Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: MUHAMMAD KASHEER Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Title: EXPLORING THE INTERVENING ROLE OF AUTONOMY, COMPETENCY, RELATEDNESS SATISFACTION AND PROACTIVE PERSONALITY IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND JOB OUTCOMES Abstract: This study has investigated the impact of multi dimensions namely emotional healing, altruistic calling, wisdom, stewardship and empowerment dimension of servant leadership on psychological needs namely for autonomy, competency and relatedness needs satisfaction, further explored the answers to the questions regarding the concern and care of servant leaders towards their followers, its influence on employee in role performance and OCBO in organizations. The sample of 200 dyads of employee-supervisor from service sector of Pakistan was selected. SEM modeling results showed that servant leadership dimension of empowerment, stewardship, altruism, wisdom and emotional healing have positive impact on psychological needs satisfaction. Autonomy need satisfaction was mediated the impact of servant leadership dimensions on employee in role performance, organizational citizenship behavior, while Competency need satisfaction was mediated the impact of servant leadership dimensions on employee performance. Relatedness need satisfaction was mediated the impact of servant leadership dimensions on OCBO. Secondly the role of proactive personality as a moderator in the current study has been proven to be significant, in the relationship between the psychological needs and outcome variables (employee in role performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Keywords: servant leadership, autonomy need satisfaction, relatedness need satisfaction, competency need satisfaction, proactive personality, organizational citizenship behavior,, perceived in role performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 157-169 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/96/60 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/96 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:157-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABID HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: MUHAMMAD BILAL Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: SARA SHABBIR Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: TANVEER ILLAHI Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Title: MEDIATING ROLE OF MOBILE BANKING BETWEEN SERVICE QUALITY AND ADAPTIVE PERFORMANCE OF MANAGERS IN SMES Abstract: This study looks into the mediating role of mobile banking between service quality and managers' adaptive performance in Pakistan's small and medium-sized businesses. The purpose of this research is to discover how service quality and mobile banking affect managers' adaptive performance at work. The study's target population consists of managers or owners of SMEs listed in Chambers of Commerce in Pakistan's capital cities. As part of the more detailed investigation, 422 replies were obtained, representing a 50% response rate. SEM measurement and structural models were created to test the hypotheses. The results demonstrate that partial mediation is evident in the case of service quality and adaptable performance as direct beta without mediation is significant and positive, as well as in the presence of a mediator (mobile banking) service quality and adaptive performance are significant and positive. The outcomes of this study will assist academia, SMEDA, app developers, the banking sector, and practitioners in understanding the importance of service quality and mobile banking usage. Future researchers should do an empirical study evaluating the effects of information quality, system quality, and mobile device use on managers' adaptive performance in SMEs and major firms in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Mobile Devices, Service Quality,, Mobile Banking,, Managers, Small, and Medium Enterprises, Adaptive Performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 136-146 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/104/63 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/104 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:136-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: NIGHAT NAEEM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar; Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: MUQQADAS REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Professor and Director; Institute of Business and Administration (IBA), University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: AISHA ISMAIL Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; Virtual University of Pakistan Title: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS SHAPED FOR NON-AFFLUENT CUSTOMERS: A PERSPECTIVE OF ENTREPRENEURS WORKING IN INCUBATION CENTERS OF PAKISTAN Abstract: The underprivileged class of society faces challenges like health, energy issues, poor sanitation and water resources, education, lack of employment, and many more. There is a need to know the prevailing or pitching new innovative ideas are designed to address these issues of the penurious sector of society. For this purpose, the current study aims to explore the entrepreneurs' innovative ideas and motivation behind these ideas in the context of non-affluent customers. Their smarter innovations can be a way to address some of these issues that can satisfy the immediate needs through sustainable practices. Entrepreneurs can provide low-cost, sustainable solutions without compromising the quality of products or services. Considering this, the present study contributes to the literature by analyzing main smarter innovation features, i.e. affordable innovation, core functionalities, less technological complexity, and sustainable solutions. An extensive literature review is conducted to explore and define the characteristics of these innovations shaped for the impoverished class of economy. A qualitative research approach explores these innovations' characteristics and entrepreneurs' motivation to design such products and services. Through snow-ball non-probability sampling technique, 10 entrepreneurs affiliated with different incubation centers of Pakistan have been selected to conduct semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis showed that most entrepreneurs consider that innovation as a solution to the problem either a new or existing one. The findings also revealed that most entrepreneurs reported cost efficiency, user-friendliness, and core functionalities as central innovation features for non-affluent customers. In contrast, very few entrepreneurs included time efficiency and quality as the features of innovation designed for middle and lower-middle class. Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Smart Innovation, Non-Affluent Customers, Innovations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 147-156 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/106/65 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/106 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:147-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AHMED RAZA CHEEMA Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: AQLEEMA NOOR Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: JABBAR UL-HAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Title: DO FOREIGN REMITTANCES LEAD TO INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN PAKISTAN? Abstract: Foreign remittances are increasing over time and becoming the main source of earning Foreign Exchange reserves, especially for the developing countries like Pakistan. So, this study explores the impact of Foreign Remittances (FR) on inclusive growth using the pooled data estimated from micro-level data over the period 1998/99–to 2018/19 in Pakistan. For this purpose, the study employs panel data techniques. The results reveal that foreign remittances have statistically significant positive effects on inclusive growth. These results are robust to the inclusion of per capita income, household size, and dependency ratio. There is also a statistically significant positive association between inclusive growth and per capita income. Further, the regional level analysis reveals that these findings are valid in the regions of urban and rural. The policy recommendation is that Government should formulate policies that maximize the inflow of foreign remittance and economic growth. Keywords: Inclusive Growth (IG), Foreign remittances (FR), per capitaincome, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 198-203 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/370/88 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/370 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:198-203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RANA MUHAMMAD SHAHID YAQUB Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: SHANAYYARA MAHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SALMAN AZHAR Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ADNAN Title: MODERATING ROLE OF ETHICAL CLIMATE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE RESILIENCE, PERSONALITY TRAITS AND EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE Abstract: The main objective of this study is to examine the moderating role ethical climate (ECL) on relationship between employee resilience(ER), personality trait (PT) and employee commitment (EC). Data were collected from hospitals in Bahawalpur using cross sectional study design. The study adopted simple random sampling and 550 questionnaires were distributed and collected through the self-administered method. SPSS and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) were used to test the study hypotheses. The frame work of the present study was based on social exchange theory. This study finds that ER, PT and ECL are important variable for the employee commitment in health sector. The finding shows that ER, PT and ECL have significant relationship with employee commitment. Furthermore, ethical climate does not have significant effect on the path of ER and employee commitment and PT and employee commitment. The findings of this study provide important insight to the administration, policy makers and practitioner to further understand the effect of different variable on the employee commitment. The present study has also suggested some theoretical and practical contribution. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: employee commitment, ethical climate, employee resilience, personality trait, health sector Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 170-184 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/273/231 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/273 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:170-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHABAT KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: NOSHEEN KANWAL Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Author-Name: FAZAL HAYAT Author-Workplace-Name: Missing Title: THE IMPACT OF STUDENTS’ DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR ON THE CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF KARACHI Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of students‟ disruptive behavior on the classroom management in the secondary schools of Karachi. The nature of the study was a mixed research approach. The population of the study was all the government and private secondary schools in District Central Karachi. Convenient sampling design was adopted for the study. The total sample size was 30 principals/headmasters, 150 teachers and 120 parents from 30 schools. Two research instruments, a self-administered questionnaire and an interview protocol were used for the collection of data. The quantitative data was inferred through t test, while the qualitative data was analyzed and presented in the discussion. The main findings gathered from the data were description of disruptive behavior, background of the students, age factor, classroom environment, teachers‟ professional training and support. Keywords: Students, disruptive behavior, , classroom management,, secondary schools Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 185-190 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/290/244 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/290 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:185-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHAISTA ALi Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Human Development & family Studies, CHE, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: MUSSARAT ANWAR Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Human Development & family Studies, CHE, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAZIA DURRANI Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Pakistan Studies, CHE, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: HINA GUL Author-Workplace-Name: College of Home Economics University of Peshawar, Pakistan Title: PARENTING STYLES AND SELF-ESTEEM OF CHILDREN Abstract: The present study aims to explore the different types of parenting styles that parents use for raising their children. It also attempt to examined the relations between parenting styles and child’s self-esteem and analyze the role of parents in building positive self-esteem of children. The study includes a sample of 150 children of age 11 to 13 years (both boys and girls), who were randomly selected from different schools of Peshawar District. A self-constructed questionnaire was developed to assess the pattern of parenting styles used by the parents of the respondents and a standardized scale developed by Anwar (1997) is used to know to the level of self-esteem of respondents. Results of the present study revealed that along with many aspects of personality parenting do influence the self-esteem of children and there is a close relationship between parenting style and child’s self-esteem. The current study found that authoritative parenting was associated with more desirable child behavior and better self-esteem as compared to the other two parenting styles. The present research also indicated an association between authoritarian parenting and decreased self-esteem, lack of self-confidence and low level of happiness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Parenting Styles, Self-Esteem,, Children, Pattern, wellbeing Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 191-197 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/369/296 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/369 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:191-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AZRA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Author-Name: SADIA SAFDAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Author-Name: SAMINA BIBI Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Title: FISCAL DISCRETION AND AGGREGATE DEMAND: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN Abstract: The goal of the study is to investigate the impact of discretionary fiscal policy on aggregate demand. Secondly, we analyze the factors that affect fiscal discretion regarding Pakistan over the period 1984-2020.The discretionary fiscal policy is measured by using fiscal policy rule. We exert Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) in order to find the relationship between variables. The results show that fiscal discretion has no effect on aggregate demand. Findings also show that government size, income level, institutional quality and country size are negatively related to fiscal discretion while inflation rate is positively related to fiscal discretion. High efficacy of institutions and more checks and balances on government reduce the discretion. High inflation is related to high price volatility, which ultimately affects discretionary spending. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Fiscal Discretion, Ricardian Equivalence, Institutional Quality, Generalized Method of Moments,, Fiscal Policy Rule Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 204-220 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/387/314 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/387 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:204-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RANA MUHAMMAD SHAHID YAQUB Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: NAZIM HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: SHANAYYARA MAHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: ZAHRA FAROOQ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: LINKING COMPENSATION, EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT, EMPLOYEE LOYALTY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATION COMMITMENT Abstract: In this current era of a competitive world, it’s has become necessary to every organization to maintain its sustainable performance and retain its employees. Researchers have reported that there are different factors that relate to organizational performance. Therefore, this study tries to find out relation of under study variables with organization performance. For comprehensive understanding mediation mechanism has been applied. This research has investigated the mediating role of organizational commitment in the relationship between Compensation, Employee Engagement, Employee Loyalty and Organization Performance. Data were collected from 278 respondents from bank through questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was conducted by using Smarts PLS 3. The findings of the study have discovered that direct and significant positive relationship exists between Compensation, Employee Engagement, Employee Loyalty and organization performance. So, organization must give importance to these factors in order to increase their performance and sustain in business world. Keywords: Employee Loyalty,, Compensation, Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 17-32 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/73/3 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/73 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:17-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SHAUKAT MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Prof. Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Author-Name: MUHAMMAD KASHIF NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar; Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MENTORING FUNCTIONS AND CAREER SUCCESS WITH MEDIATING ROLE OF CAREER RESILIENCE: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTANI BANKING SECTOR Abstract: The current study aims to examine the impact of mentoring functions (career, psychosocial & role modeling) on career success via mediating role of career resilience. For this purpose, data was collected from 325 staff working in Pakistani conventional and Islamic banks using a self-administrated questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using PLS-SEM techniques. The finding indicates there is direct relationship between career and psychosocial mentoring and career success. The finding also indicates that career resilience mediates the relationship between mentoring functions (career and role modeling) and career success. A theoretical & practical implication along with limitations & future recommendations for research also has been presented in this paper. Keywords: Mentoring functions, Career Resilience,, Career Success, Conservation of Resource Theory Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 89-100 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/78/43 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/78 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:89-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Economics at Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: AYZA SHOUKAT Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics at Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal. Author-Name: HAMID MAHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. scholar in University Sultan Zainal Abidin,Kuala Teregganu, Malaysia. Title: CPEC: ANALYZING THE MEDIATING ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Abstract: Regional economic integration (REI) is an arrangement between the economies of common regions to encourage unrestricted trade, capital flows regional peace macroeconomic cooperation through linking infrastructure and a common set of rules. Although, REI is constituted by several factors, yet the fundamental factor in international trade. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the emerging discourse among global researchers as well as policymakers in Pakistan and China. CPEC offers huge capital inflows, grand physical infrastructure projects and a flow of skilled workforce to Pakistan. Empirical evidence has proved the significant contribution of infrastructure towards economic growth yet the role of infrastructure in promoting REI is veiled. The current study postulates that CPEC can play a pivotal role while elevating REI through infrastructure development in Pakistan. we have empirically tested the data from 1972 to 2019 and used trade openness as a key indicator of REI. For infrastructure, a composite index has been formulated. Empirical analysis of our study confirms that REI is sensitive to infrastructure; infrastructure positively affects REI. Based on empirical evidence, we propose that projects under CPEC are likely to contribute positively towards increased REI. Further, the success of this project is linked with the adaptability of Pakistan with the challenges. A sound political governance is the key element for CPEC to be accomplished and deliver its fruits. Pakistan needs to focus on political harmony and consistent development policies. Besides, control over rate of rate of inflation and a suitable exchange rate can also mend the road for smoothening the process of REI. Keywords: CPEC, Regional economic integration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 8-16 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/82/48 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/82 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:8-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FIAZ AHMAD SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: USMAN AHMED Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: WAJID ALIM Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: BLACK ECONOMY, FINANCIAL INCLUSION, FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION NEXUS: A PANEL ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Abstract: This study has examined the impact of financial liberalization and financial inclusion on the black economy in the case of developing countries from 2004 to 2019. The black economy is selected as an explained variable, whereas financial inclusion, financial liberalization, tax collection, level of corruption and political instability are selected as explanatory variables. Panel unit root issue has been checked with the help of PP-Fisher Chi-square (PP-FC), ADF-Fisher Chi-square (ADF-FC), Im, Pesaran, and Shin W-stat (IPSW), and Levin, Lin & Chu t* (LLC) unit root tests. The fixed-effect model has been used for examining the dependence of the black economy on selected explanatory variables. Panel Granger causality test has been applied for checking the causal relationship among the selected variables. The results show that financial liberalization has a negative and insignificant impact on the black economy. Financial inclusions, the level of corruption, and political instability have a positive and significant impact on the black economy. Tax collection has a negative and significant impact on the black economy. The results of the causality test show that most of the variables have unidirectional causality between each other. Based on estimated results, the developing countries should control corruption, political instability, hence level of financial inclusion and tax collection for the reduction of the black economy. Keywords: Financial Liberalization, Financial Inclusion, Black Economy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 65-77 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/93/58 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/93 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:65-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RABIA LIAQAT Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MAIMOONA WASEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: HAFIZ MUHAMMAD ABUBAKAR SIDDIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: GIFT Business School, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ MAJEED Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: HEALTH OUTCOMES OF POVERTY: EVIDENCE FROM AROUND THE GLOBE Abstract: This study is an attempt to examine the health-poverty nexus using panel data of 126 countries for 1990-2014. Poverty headcount ratio and poverty gap are used to measure poverty, and health is measured by life expectancy and infant mortality. The results confirm that poverty has an adverse effect on health. The findings discovered that the coefficients obtained using the poverty gap are bigger in magnitude as compared to the coefficients obtained using the headcount ratio. The system GMM confirms the robustness of the findings. This study suggests that programs to improve public health should not focus only on policies which foster economic growth but also on policies which help to decrease poverty. Keywords: Poverty Gap, Headcount Ratio, , Life expectancy, , Infant Mortality Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 43-55 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/94/59 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/94 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:43-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TEHMINA FIAZ QAZI Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SUMAIRA MUZAFFAR Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ABDUL AZIZ KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ABDUL BASIT Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: OFFER TO BUY: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SALES PROMOTIONAL TOOLS TOWARDS PURCHASE INTENTION Abstract: This research is determined to empirically test relationships of sales promotional tools i.e. price discount samples coupons demonstration/free tasting consumer contest premium and buy back allowance towards consumer’s purchase intention. Moreover, this research transmits certain guidance to FMCG marketers regarding the optimal effective tool among others which may be considered while formulating marketing strategies. Quantitative paradigm of research philosophy has been followed in this research and overall research design envisions on literature review, whereas, data collection has been conducted through field survey based on FMCG respondents (consumers) in IMTs and LMTs of Lahore, Pakistan. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is been deployed as technique of data analysis using ADANCO 2.0.1. Results indicated that all seven promotional tools have positive relationships towards consumer purchase intention, while price discount has the strongest one. This research extended frontiers of existing conceptual framework of sales promotional tools. As contextual contribution three additions have been made after exploring theoretical foundations and empirical testing i.e. sample, demonstration/free tasting and coupons. Keywords: Purchase Intention, Promotional Tools, Sales Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 33-42 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/97/61 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/97 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:33-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AYESHA LIAQUAT Author-Workplace-Name: Principal, KIPS Education System Author-Name: FARAH SHAFIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor , University of Education, Division of Education, Lahore Author-Name: RASHDA MAJID Author-Workplace-Name: University of Education, Lahore Author-Name: SHAISTA EJAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi Title: TEACHERS' TEACHING EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE IMPACTED BY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS' INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP Abstract: This research intended to explore the teaching efficiency and performance of federal school teachers based on the instructional leadership. Moreover, the Correlation between Instructional Leadership, Teachers’ Efficacy and Students’ Achievement were also be concluded by the mean of this research. The researcher used the Positivist paradigm for ensuring the impartial results. The researcher performed the survey in order to obtain the pertinent data. The secondary school teachers provided the data (SSTs). This research included 100 male and 100 female SSts. They were chosen using the random sampling approach. as survey was conducted on a 5 point Likert scale. There were 11 subscales and 71 items on the used questionnaire. The results showed that school teachers were influenced by the their principals’ possess good instructional leadership qualities. Similarly, the strong relationship between the variables was found. Based on the findings, leadership should increase teacher efficacy while promoting awareness via seminars and workshops. However, authorities should also urge administrators to assist teachers in this area while demonstrating instructional leadership. Keywords: leadership, instructional leadership, performance, perception, efficacy, teachers Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 56-64 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/98/62 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/98 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:56-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FAYYAZ HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: MUDASSAR HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Civil Court, Chiniot, Pakistan Title: THE USE OF E-RESOURCES BY HUMANITIES SCHOLARS: A SYSTEMIC LITERATURE REVIEW Abstract: The use of electronic resources is currently very common. Electronic resources have great potential in terms of education and research. An e-resource can be defined as something that can be accessed through a computer, or it can be any electronic device that carries a collection of information. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to examine the patterns of use of e-resources by humanities scholars. Literature selection was conducted from three databases including Library Information Science and Technology Abstracts (LISTA), Emerald Publishing and Google Scholar. Only peer-reviewed, full text, empirical studies published in English. A total of 542 studies were retrieved and only 18 made up the final sample. Analysis of recognized literature; some studies revealed that humanities scholars are still not used to with e-resources and still preferred print resources, they are very much concerned about electronic formats. Some of them think that, with the help of ICT’s, their search becomes easier. Based on the evidence, conclusion was made, that humanities scholars believe in the usefulness of electronic resources, but due to some concerns, they still prefer physical resources to electronic resources. Keywords: E-resources, Systematic Literature Review, HumanitiesScholars, Electronic produc, Information Sources Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 78-88 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/152/109 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/152 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:78-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MALIK MUHAMMAD FAISAL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Registrar, University Institute of Management Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: ZIA UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University Institute of Management Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: ALI HAIDER Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: ANTECEDENTS OF COUNTERFEITING IN PAKISTAN: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY Abstract: Original and Unique commodities face financial losses and these losses of brand value and equity claiming to the extensive accessibility of replicated items (Chaudhry, Cordell, & Zimmerman, 2005). The negative face of counterfeit items is obvious, in any case, that being said customers will in general intentionally buy such type of products for a feeling of individual fulfillment, prevalent burden and affordability (Wilcox, Kim, & Sen, 2009). This study aims to examine different dimensions of attitude use to be formed and integrated in fishbein model of behavior intention and survey is conducted with 422 respondents on Pakistani market with the help of SEM. Descriptive and inferential statistics has been applied for the results. This paper contributes to inform policy makers and brand mangers that what the main predictors of consumer attitude toward counterfeit are. Through applying this model of our research, companies can predict consumer behavior towards counterfeited cell phones and can develop anti-piracy strategies and add all those things in their upcoming brands which affects consumer’s attitude in decision making process. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Counterfeiting, Behavioral intention,, Attitude, Piracy, isk averseness,, Subjective norms, Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 101-109 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/205/161 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/205 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:101-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: NAMRA MUNIR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistnat Professor, Department of Education University of Education, Lahore – Vehari Campus Author-Name: RASHID MINAS WATTOO Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education GC Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: PERCEPTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ABOUT PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Abstract: Education is essential for the advancement of society. Individuals with higher levels of education contribute to the development of a more informed and disciplined society. Families must educate their children to contribute to society as productive members. The purpose of the study was to learn more about teachers' perspectives of parental participation and how it affects students’ academic achievement. The research was carried out through the use of descriptive survey research. A random sampling technique was used to pick a sample of secondary school teachers from the district of Sialkot (public = 80; private = 80; total = 160) to get the necessary information about teachers' perceptions of parental involvement and kids' academic progress; a questionnaire was administered to the participants. They made personal visits to the schools, where they distributed questionnaires to teachers and collected information to keep the attrition rate as low as possible. The data were analyzed using statistical procedures such as the mean score, standard deviation, and the t-test to determine their significance. Parental satisfaction with their children's performance and progress was found to be high in private schools, whereas teachers of children in public schools complained that their student's parents were not involved in the growth of their children. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: education, performance, school Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 110-117 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/210/167 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/210 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:110-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MAHTAB AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Hailiey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: MUQQADAS REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Director, Institute of Business and Admnistration (IBA), University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: ABID HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Hailiey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Title: EXPLORING RELATIONSHIP OF VALUE CO-CREATION AND DIGITAL CONTENT MARKETING: A PERSPECTIVE OF ONLINE CONSUMERS IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Internet and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have provided multiple and ubiquitous opportunities of co-creation and also enhanced consumer empowerment in this process. Thus new platforms have emerged with enhanced level of collaboration and engagement among multiple actors. Considering this the main aim of this study is to explore the relationship between Value Co-creation and Digital Content Marketing and what are the experiences of online customers in value co-creation process. To address the aim of the study, a qualitative enquiry has been adopted as a particularly useful method to capture rich subjective experiences that occurs subjectively to an individual human being. Online customers related to ‘Pure Click basis platforms’ in Pakistan are selected as a population. The online platform Daraz.pk is selected as a case study for this research. A sample of 14 respondents keeping in view diminishing return principle are selected for data collection through in-depth interviews from online customers of Daraz.pk. Subsequently transcription and analysis of these interviews carried out with the help of ‘QSR NVivo 12-Plus’ software. Factors that affect digital content marketing are attraction conversion and retention which show hierarchal process. Digital content marketing influence online customers to be a part of an auto value co-creation without special initiatives by adopting factors of co-learning co-production co-transparency and co-freedom. Keywords: Service Dominant Logic,, Value co-creation, Digital Content Marketing Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 118-128 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/268/225 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/268 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:118-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUZAMMIL KHURSHID Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAGUFTA NAVEED Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Islamic Studies, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: NADEEM ABBAS Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan Title: STRATEGIES FOR THE PROMOTION OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN PAKISTAN: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE Abstract: The purpose of this research article is to analyze the strategies of promoting business ethics in Pakistan in the light of Islamic teachings. Islam has given comprehensive instructions to make all aspects of human life useful. In particular, finance, economics, business and trade have provided the best education and guidance to keep them moving towards goodness, humanity and justice. This article analyzes the challenges facing business ethics in Pakistan. The important strategies for improving the situation have also been discussed. In this regard, the data have been taken from the Qur'an, Hadith, jurisprudence and the biography of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), history of Islam and sayings of the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to explain Islamic teachings. Keywords: Business Ethics, Holy Prophet, Islam, Pakistan, Qur'an, Trade Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 129-134 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/274/232 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/274 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:129-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: GHULAM QAMBAR Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Okara Author-Name: SHAHID MEHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Okara Author-Name: NOSHEEN KANWAL Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Loralai, Balochistan Title: PROMOTION ORIENTED RESEARCH CULTURE: UNDERSTANDING SCHOLARS’ DEFICIENCIES IN RESEARCH PROFICIENCY Abstract: Promotion-oriented research culture connects number of publications to selection in next rank. This incentive-based research environment provides less support to students in their research endeavors consequently they face a number of challenges while undertaking their research projects. This qualitative research investigated the students‟ problems through thematic analysis of the content of queries which they post on face book groups. Seven themes emerged from that data which represent range of students‟ research related problems including literature search, academic writing, topic selection, use of research software, statistics, publication and referencing. The findings of the study suggest that faculty should be evaluated equally on research and teachings if both are valuable for universities. Moreover, along with classroom teaching, students‟ research skills should boost through workshops, seminars, research bulletins and increased opportunities of scholarly interactions. Keywords: Promotion-oriented research culture,, Students deficiencies, research proficiency Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 135-143 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/291/245 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/291 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:135-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHABANA NAZAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: NAGUIB MAHFOUZ : EXISTENTIALISM AND RELIGIOUS SYMBOLISM CONCEPT IN HIS WORK : IN LITERARY AND BUSINESS CONTEXT Abstract: The theory of existentialism refers to the fact that human beings are distinctive in having their thoughts will power ability to choose what is good for them and the desire to stay free. Similarly theorists have argued that employees and business persons in organizations are first required to be considered as an individual that helps in findings the relevant roles. Thus it is an ideological philosophy referring to the fact that the purpose of life depends on one’ own will and determination. In the 20th century it rose up as a movement from both literature and philosophical aspects. But it is originally an old concept and the concept of existentialism is evident in many of the novels written by Naguib Mahfouz. For his contributions, he was awarded with Nobel Prize in literature in the year 1988. Cairo Trilogy is one of his most celebrated novels comprising of Palace Walk (1956l, second is Palace of Desire (1957) and the last one is Sugar Street (1957). This paper has discussed the literary profile of Naguib Mahfouz in light of available literature with consideration of his characterization of man and Islamic symbolism. Keywords: Business, Existentialism, Religious, Islamic Symbolism Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 144-150 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/292/246 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/292 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:144-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Proforessor, Faculty of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: ADEEL AKHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistatn Professor, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ISMAIL Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AWAIS Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Proforessor, Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: LEAN MANAGEMENT READINESS ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK FOR HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Abstract: Humanitarian organizations (HOs) are often under pressure from stakeholders to utilize their funds efficiently. Adoption of Lean Management (LM) practices is often an effective way to increase efficiency in the utilization of financial and tangible resources. HOs intending to adopt LM must have certain practices in place before implementation of LM. This research developed a framework to measure the readiness of an HO to adopt LM in logistics and supply chain management (LSCM) system because LSCM is considered to be the most expensive part of HOs operations. The Humanitarian Organization Lean Management Readiness Assessment (HOLMRA) framework has been developed through in-depth interviews with supply chain management professionals in HOs in combination with a detailed review of the relevant literature. The literature review establishes the great value of LM in any organization. Seven factors are found to be the most relevant critical success factors (CSFs) for measuring the HOs readiness to adopt LM. The seven CSFs are processes management planning and control management donor and community relationship management supplier relationship management top management human resource management and communication management. CSFs assessment is associated with LM techniques. Based on discussions with HOs professionals 7 CSFs and 35 LM elements were subsequently synthesised into the HOLMRA framework. Adoption of the HOLMRA framework provides efficient use of resources for HOs. The seven CSFs identified for assessment of HOs supply chain operations are Process Management Planning and Control Management Donor and Community Relationship Management Supplier Relationship Management Human Resource Management Communication Management and Leadership Management. Each of these CSFs in turn consists of key Lean Elements. CSFs and their respective Lean Elements, explained and demonstrated with practical examples from the field form a solid framework for understanding and assessing LM readiness in HOs supply chain operations. Keywords: Humanitarian Organizations(HOs), Islamic Philosophy of HOs, Lean Management Readiness AssessmentFramework,, Humanitarian Organizations Logistics and Supply Chain Management (HO-LSCM), Lean Philosophy in HOs Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 151-171 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/293/247 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/293 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:151-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SAJJAD HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Sociology, International Islamic University, Islamabad Author-Name: SHAHZAD FARID Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer at Department of Sociology, University of Okara Author-Name: MUHAMMAD FAROOQ AHMED Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Sociology, Quaid e Azam University Islamabad Title: AGEING, MENTAL HEALTH AND RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Abstract: Religious connections have been associated with mental health and this phenomenon is particularly related with the older persons. It has been established that religious connections i.e involvement in Zakat and Sadqat committees for the welfare of marginalized segments of society along with maintaining connections while praying at mosques enhancing life satisfaction that result in successful aging. The study aimed to investigate the relationship of religious connection with successful aging in retired pensioners. As aging in Pakistan has been under explored especially lack of studies exist in which religious connections have been associated with mental health. The study established the relationship between religious connections and mental health. In order to explore, the study targeted retired pensioners from government department across the south Punjab region by focusing all cadres of pensioner’s i.e. Class-IV, Clerical Cadre and Gazatted. The study selected 400 retired pensioners (i.e. 302 male 98 females) from districts Multan Khenewal Bahawlpur Rahim Yar Khan Dera Ghazi Khan and Muzaffargarh of South Punjab through stratified random sampling technique. The study used proportionate sampling technique in order to select true representatives of the population from each selected districts. The study used self-constructed Religious Connectionsand (PHQ-9) tool for data collection through survey method and face-to-face interview schedule. The study concluded that active involvement in religious practices and connections resulted in avoidance from mental health issues. The study suggested that religious connection be incorporated in policy making for avoidance of mental health issues. Keywords: Mental Health, Pakistan,, Ageing Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 172-177 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/294/248 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/294 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:172-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABID HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: SANA RASHID Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: SARA SHABBIR Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: RIZWAN QAISER DANISH Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Institute of Business and Administration (IBA), University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: MANZOOR AHMAD SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Accounts Officer, SHC& ME Department of Punjab, Pakistan Title: MEDIATING ROLE OF PRODUCTIVITY BETWEEN PERFORMANCE EXPECTANCY AND ADAPTIVE PERFORMANCE OF MANAGERS IN SMES Abstract: This study investigates the mediating role of productivity between performance expectancy and adaptive performance of managers through usage of mobile technology in the context of small and medium enterprises of Pakistan. This study's target population includes managers or owners of SMEs listed in Chambers of Commerce of Capital cities of Pakistan. As part of the more extensive research, 422 responses were received, which shows a 59% response. To test the hypotheses, measurement and structural model was developed in SEM. The findings showed that partial mediation was observed in the case of performance expectancy with adaptive performance as direct beta without mediation is significant and positive, as well as in the presence of mediator productivity, it is also positive and significant with reduced strength of relationship between performance expectancy and adaptive performance. This study's findings will help the academia, banking sector, SMEDA and practitioners understand the importance productivity increased with technology, performance expectancy and adaptive performance. Future researchers must focus on an empirical investigation of testing the effect of information quality, system quality and mobile banking to predict managers' adaptive performance by comparing SMEs and large enterprises in Pakistan. Keywords: Mobile Devices,, Performance expectancy, Usage, Productivity,, Adaptive Performance. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 178-187 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/296/249 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/296 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:178-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD BILAL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: BS English, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad – Vehari Campus Author-Name: NAVID JAMIL MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ASGHAR JAVED AL-AZHARI Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Faculty, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal Title: A STUDY ON MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS FOR ENGLISH LEARNING AMONG EFL LEARNERS AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL Abstract: The motivational variables for learning English among English language learners were investigated in this study. The study's intended audience consisted of all English learners at the secondary school level in Pakistan. The researchers employed a technique known as purposive sampling to choose the samples for their study. We used the English Learning Motivation Scale (ELMS) questionnaire adapted from Li, Chuang, and Fu (2006) to collect information. The study's sample consisted of 300 English learners from secondary schools in Sialkot and Vehari with the majority of the participants being female. In order to acquire results in terms of mean score and standard deviation the data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The study concluded that the English learners hope to make more friends due to their English proficiency; furthermore, it was also concluded that English learners are motivated to study the language because they believe English is the language of powerful nations and successful people. The majority of students believe that communicating well in English is a sign of intellect in those who speak it. The study discovered that English learners in Pakistan were highly motivated toward learning English. Keywords: Motivation, English learning,, Secondary schools Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 189-195 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/305/254 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/305 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:189-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: UMER GULZAR Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: SAJJAD NAWAZ KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: FAHAD JAVED BAIG Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: M. AKBAR ALI ANSARI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: RABIA AKRAM Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD KAMRAN Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON RISK MANAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE BANKING SECTOR OF PAKISTAN Abstract: This study evaluates the impact of corporate governance on bank risks that are capital risk credit risk and liquidity risk of twenty commercial banks that are listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange throughout 2009-2018. Data was collected from Annual reports and accounts of the sampled banks. Random-effect GLS regression technique used to analyze data. The empirical results found that different CG dimensions impact differently on bank risks. In the context of Pakistan the results reveal that board independence gender diversity on board and audit committee have a significant effect on bank risks while board size and CEO turnover have an insignificant effect. As the fundamental purpose of any company is to create and deliver long-term sustainable value in line with its commitments as a responsible corporate citizen it is recommended that the Bank, therefore, does not view corporate governance as an end in itself but as a critical factor in creating long-term value for all stakeholders. To raise the level of influence of corporate governance on banking risk to a higher level in Pakistan's banking industry. The independence of the audit committee needs to be increased. This allows management to protect the interests of all stakeholders, not just their interests. Keywords: Risk Management, Corporate Governance, Bank risk, CEO Turnover, Gender diversity, capital risk,, credit risk, liquidity risk Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 196-207 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/314/258 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/314 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:196-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: NAVEED ANWER Author-Workplace-Name: The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: FAROOQ AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: MAQSOOD AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: SAQIB JAMIL Author-Workplace-Name: University of Okara, Pakistan Title: REVIEW ON LEADER MEMBER EXCHANGE (LMX), PERCEIVED HRM PRACTICES AND WORK BEHAVIORS: A NEXUS FOR PERFORMANCE – ADDRESSING THE MISSING LINKS IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPING WORLD Abstract: The main objective of this research is propose the nexus of performance by reviewing literature on Leader Member Exchange, perceived HRM practices and work behaviors, such as organizational citizenship behavior, innovative work behavior. Our research draws upon the social exchange theory, and we propose that links among perceived HRM practices and work behaviors are subject to the quality of relationship among supervisor and employees (LMX). This research added value in existing body of knowledge by proposing a research framework worth examining. Gaps are highlighted and future research directions have been provided. Keywords: Perceived HRM Practice, , LMX,, OCB, Turn over Intention, Innovative Work Behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 216-225 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/332/272 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/332 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:216-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ASIR ALEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, College of Law, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: SANAN WAHEED KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Research Fellow, School of Communication University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ZAHID RAFIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, College of Law, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIMA JAMROZE Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Pakistan Title: PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS FEAR OF CRIME AND VICTIMIZATION IN THE AGE OF MASS MEDIA Abstract: Majority of people believe that crime is a significant problem in Pakistani society. For the last several years there has been a lot of attention paid to two distinct but interrelated topics: crime, as well as media attention. As a result, the study's primary objective is to look at the connection between media and public fear of crime. Being frightened of crime is something that many people have to deal with. Research shows that a person's fear of crime is influenced by a lot of different things and that some groups are more afraid over others. Even though they are predominantly young university graduates admit they are frightened of crime both on and off campus. What hasn't been looked into yet is whether university students in Pakistan are afraid of violent acts or not. Further, the contributing factors why men and women seem to be frightened of crime may also be distinct. This data is obtained from the students of two higher education institutions in Punjab, Pakistan, which are both in the same province. Results show that most students don't think they're safe on campus, even though they have a lot of chances of getting victimized. A survey was utilized to gather data in this study, which employed the questionnaire. This study population consists primarily of higher education adolescents between the ages of 18 and 24. Overall, 447 of the 550 individuals who participated in the study were able to effectively reply to the majority of the questions. The present research emphasizes the need of investigating the relationship between students' fear of crime and their usage of mass media. Keywords: Fear of crime, mass media, campus, university students, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 208-215 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/333/273 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/333 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:208-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SARFRAZ ZAMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Superior University; Gold Campus, Lahore Author-Name: FARRUKH ABBAS Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; University of Okara Author-Name: SUMBAL PARVEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Faculty; University of Okara Title: FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF E-LEARNING LIBRARY SERVICES DURING COVID 19: THE STUDY OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT STUDENTS Abstract: The main purpose of the study is to examine the antecedents to e-learning using intention. The study has examined the continual model examining the impact of service quality, information quality, and system quality on the perceived value of e-learning. Meanwhile, the impact of the perceived value of e-learning on the satisfaction of the students during the time of COVID-19 is also examined. Finally, the impact of satisfaction of the students on the e-learning using intention is also examined. The study has employed structural equation modeling and data is analyzed using SEM-PL. The suggested e-learning systems continued with the adoption model which was investigated empirically by using the survey data from an appropriate sample containing graduates and undergraduates students which were 302 totals in number from the university in eastern Pakistan. This research work recognized different variables that impact the continuance intention of the digital learner while practicing the e-learning mechanism in universities. Finally, this research work focused to synchronize the two factors such as satisfaction and perceived value and the perception of continuance intention in line with a broad context investigation of variables that impact the continuance intentions of digital-learning programs in universities. By practicing the structural equation model (SEM) analysis, this research examines the general associations which play a significant role in observed learning satisfaction and value. The main purpose is not to investigate the particular courses, or the commonly followed procedure but rather to investigate a specific sample of digital users relating to attaining a general perspective regarding the e-learning mechanism which is provided in universities. The results would be significant for university students, academicians and policymakers as they seek to link practices and outcomes. The study is among the pioneers on the issues related to e-learning mechanisms in eastern Pakistan. Keywords: e-learning using intention, perceived value,, student satisfaction, covid-19, China Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 226-338 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/334/274 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/334 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:226-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: GHULAM MUSTAFA Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; Department of economics, division of management and administrative science, University of Education, Lahore Author-Name: ASMA ALTAF Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; Hazrat Ayesha Siddiua Model Degree and commerce College Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NAEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore Title: ANALYSIS OF MILK CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN PAKISTAN: USING LA/AIDS Abstract: This paper provides the estimation of complete milk product demand elasticity matrix in case of Pakistan. Milk products are categorized into fresh milk, lassi and tetra pack milk.LA/ AIDS model is run by using HIES survey data from 2018to 2019. Own & cross-price and consumers’ income elasticities are estimated to find the impact of variation in the price of milk products and income. The outcome of Marshallian own-price elasticity for milk products reveals that prices & demand of milk product has inverse relation. Expenditures elasticities of milk product expose them as luxury items (elastic goods). The results of uncompensated cross price elasticities reveal that fresh milk and tetra pack milk are substitutable commodities while fresh milk and lassi are complementary goods. In developing countries like Pakistan, it is necessary for food policy makers to considers the price elasticities while imposing the taxes on the milk product. Milk products are basic food items and imposition of tax on these products could reduce the consumption of low-class households as well as middle class household and both have to face the problem of food security. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: income elasticities, price elasticities, milk consumption of household Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 239-246 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/336/276 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/336 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:239-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ANAM SIDRA Author-Workplace-Name: School of Management Sciences, The Superior College, Lahore Title: ROLE OF SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICES IN REDUCING TRUST DEFICIT ON E- BUSINESS IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Purpose of this study was to analyze selection, of supply chain management practices on the performance of e- business in Pakistan. This is a quantitative research where surveys have been conducted in e-business sector of Pakistan; primary data have been collected through questionnaire. Findings of the research have shown that although supply chain management practices such as purchasing intension, logistical service are very important factors in the competitive market environment for e-business sector. Owing to the multidisciplinary nature of online shopping, it would be very interesting to compare supply chain management practices to other disciplines that study online shopping attitudes and behavior. Both consumers and suppliers need to be made more aware of the environmental implications of their respective purchasing behavior and distribution methods in e-business. The paper offers perceptions to reduce the trust deficit on e-business through supply chain management practices. Keywords: supply chain management practices, E-business, Trust deficit, Efficiency measurements Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 247-252 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/355/289 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/355 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:247-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ARFAN LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Sociology University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: REHAN SARWAR BHATTI Author-Workplace-Name: Manager Operations Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department Government of the Punjab Author-Name: AHTASHAM JAN BUTT Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Higher Education Department Title: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IMMUNIZATION AND OCCURRENCE OF DISEASE: A SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS Abstract: The current study was designed to find out the association between immunization and occurrence of general ailment and abdominal disease among children. The study adopted a cross sectional study with a nationally represented survey was conducted in Pakistan during 2012-2013. The data was collected through structured questionnaire from a sample of 95,000 households. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied after recoding the variables. Immunization has been treated as the independent variable while general ailment and abdominal disease have been treated as the dependent variables in the current study. The findings of the study showed a positive and significant relationship between immunization and occurrence of disease. Occurrence of general ailment among children decreases by 95% on average when child is immunized. Similarly, occurrence of abdominal disease also decreases by 60% on average when child is immunized. The results prove both the hypothesis of the study. The study concluded that immunization is directly related to the occurrence of the diseases. Immunization decreases the probability of general ailment and abdominal disease among children. Keywords: Immunization, Reproductive Aged Mothers,, Occurrence of disease, General Ailment,, Abdominal Disease Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 253-258 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/359/291 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/359 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:253-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AZRA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Author-Name: SADIA SAFDAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Author-Name: NAZIMA ELAHI Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON TAX MORALE AND TAXATION IN PAKISTAN Abstract: The present study investigates how corruption has affected tax compliance, tax revenues and how different categories of tax have been affected by corruption in Pakistan from 1984 to 2018. As for as corruption and tax compliance is concerned results show that corruption, higher tax burden, inflation and external debt all reduce the tax compliance. Corruption reduces all tax revenues but some taxes are affected greater. The taxes which involve communication among tax authorities and taxpayers (e.g. international trade taxes) are more vulnerable to corruption than other forms of taxation. As for as corruption is concerned results show that public investment increases the corruption while a higher ratio of direct taxes, higher female labour force participation and better governance reduce the corruption. Findings infer that the government need to limit the use of administrative power to impede economic activity in order to reduce the chance of rent-seeking. Good governance plays an important role in reducing corruption. Ensuring institutional checks on authority, having transparency in public investment and improving law and order can build public confidence on the government. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Public investment, private investment,, property rights, informal economy,, tax revenue Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 259-272 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/388/315 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/388 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:259-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: JAMIL KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: WASEEM KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: AYESHA GUL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Social Work Department SBK Women's University Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: ARAB NAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Title: REFUGEE MIGRATION AND CRIMINAL ENTERPRISING: AN OVERVIEW OF ASSAULTIVE CRIMES AMONG AFGHAN REFUGEES Abstract: The world is so rampant with violence and aggression that no one care or lament the loss of others. Even people want to be unarmed, they even want to restrict themselves to their houses, but the worst is the case that they are not protected at their doors step and window. The current study is an attempt to get to the fact to know about the assaultive nature of the Afghan refugees in the host society of Pakistan. The study is framed under the qualitative research design while using the qualitative tools to collect information from respondents in two districts of Malakand Division i.e., District Malakand and District Dir Lower. The two district jails were selected for identification of respondents where the data were drawn on the issues of assaultive crimes among respondents. The study has also concluded and has reached to the facts that the stiff, hard and aggressive nature of Afghans do not allow them to live with peace in host society of Pakistan. Keywords: Crime,, assault, aggression, refugees,, violence Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 273-276 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/415/335 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/415 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:273-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: IRSHAD HUSSAIN SARKI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Sukkur IBA University, Pakistan Author-Name: SARWAR MEHMOOD AZHAR Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Business Administration, Sukkur IBA University, Pakistan Author-Name: NIAZ AHMED BHUTTO Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Business Administration, Sukkur IBA University, Pakistan Title: STUDENTS AND THEIR UNIVERSITIES: ROLE OF PERCEIVED MARKET ORIENTATION ON UNIVERSITY REPUTATION Abstract: The current study analyze the impact of perceived market orientation on university reputation via mediation of perceived quality of the university. Data for this study is collected from the students of business departments by using multi- time survey (sample n = 347). Structural equation modelling using AMOS was used to test the hypothesized relationships of the study. The results demonstrated that perceived market orientation (PMO) has significant influence on the reputation of the university. Furthermore, perceived quality mediated the relationship statistically significant between PMO and university reputation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00336 Keywords: Perceived market orientation, Perceived quality, university reputation, structural equation modelling Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 277-285 Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/427/832 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/427 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:277-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mustansar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, SZABIST University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Zulfiqar Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Mirpurkhas, Pakistan Author-Name: Basharat Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Khero Author-Workplace-Name: Student, SZABIST University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Economic Policy Uncertainty and Firm Performance in Pakistan Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on firm performance in Pakistan. Net profit margin (NPM) and ROE are taken as proxies for firm performance. Purposive sampling is used to collect quarterly data of 236 non-financial firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from Thomson Reuters Eikon database, as well as quarterly data on EPU and other economic indicators from World Bank database, to test the effect of EPU on firm performance in Pakistan. Using the random effects regression, we observe that economic policy uncertainty has a significant negative impact on the performance of firms in Pakistan. The results are robust in both the models with NPM and ROE as the proxies for firm performance. The findings are crucial for the firms as they need to find ways to deal with high levels of economic policy uncertainty, as well as for the policy makers that they can try to reduce the uncertainty to give a more stable economic environment to the firms operating in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00450 Keywords: EPU, ROA ROE, NP, Tobin’s Q Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 92-101 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/959/1030 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/959 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:92-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saira Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. (Scholar) Department of Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan Author-Name: Sofia Anwar Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Faraz Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan Title: Impact of Socio Economic, Demographic and Psychological Factors on Risk Taking Behavior: A Case Study of Punjab Abstract: Recent studies have suggested that socioeconomic, psychological and demographic factors play an important role for risk taking behavior. These suggestions raise the question that whether all of these variables have positive or negative impact on risk taking behavior. So, this study aims to estimate the impact of these factors on risk taking behavior. Primary data is collected from 642 households of three cities in Punjab as these three cities are representative of Punjab, Pakistan. During economic decision-making, risk-taking behavior is affected by many variables. The results show that variables like Age, head of family, education level, committee system, trust and optimism have significant negative effect on risk taking behavior of households. While influence of others, financial literacy, and impulsivity, location, and stress have significant positive impact on risk taking behavior. Other variables such as gender, marital status, family system, and do not have significant effects on risk taking behavior. The results of this study may help in devising economic and social policies for the improvement of economic decision making. This study would pave ways for the policy makers as how to create strategies to grow economies by thinking and taking microeconomic factors into account like risk taking behavior. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00451 Keywords: Decision making, Demographic, Psychological, Punjab, Risk taking behavior, Socioeconomic Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 102-108 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/960/1080 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/960 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:102-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Basharat Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Sundas Shafi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Sciences (IMS), University of Haripur, Haripur, Institute of Management Studies (IMS), University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Saqib Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Misbah Taj Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Title: The Causal Nexus between Financial Development and Manufacturing Sector: Empirical Study for Pakistan Abstract: The empirical analysis of the causal nexus among financial development and the manufacturing sector in Pakistan provides significant insights into the elaborate association among these two critical components of the economy. Besides, fiscal policy is used as a control variable. The study used unit root tests to identify the level of integration of the data and concluded that all variables are integrated at first difference which allow use to employ Johansen cointegration test to detect the long run cointegration among variables. Furthermore, the study utilized the VECM to examine the casual association among variables and concluded that the two-way causality among financial development and manufacturing sector in long run as well as in short run. Similarly, fiscal policy is granger causing financial development and manufacturing sector in long run only while fiscal policy is not causing financial development and manufacturing sector in short run. Moreover, financial development and manufacturing sector is granger causing fiscal policy in short run only. The results of the study suggested that to enhance the manufacturing sector's growth, it is crucial to strengthen the financial sector through targeted fiscal policies that promote long-term stability and access to credit. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00453 Keywords: Financial development, Manufacturing Sector, Fiscal Policy, Vector Error Correction Model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 109-114 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/961/1028 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/961 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:109-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naheeda Perveen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer at the University of Faisalabad (TUF), Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Shabir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer at the Government University of Okara (UO), Pakistan Author-Name: Sarah Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer at the Government Graduate College Township Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Role of Socio-Psychological Factors in Recidivism: A Comparative Study between Genders Abstract: Recidivism is the act of engaging in criminal activity again after having previously been involved with the criminal justice system continues to pose a serious problem for all civilizations. The study consisted of 250 respondents including male and female. This research was undertaken to investigate the ideas and causes of recidivism in male and female and comparison with both gander in the context of Pakistan. Through this quantitative analysis found significantly determine the relationship, check the association goodness of fit are independency. This study aimed to analyze the causes of re-offend among male and female individuals in Pakistan, particularly in Sahiwal division. The study found that recidivism has a positive or negative impact on society; the public and criminal lives. This research serves as a foundation for further exploration and highlights the necessity of adopting a gender-sensitive approach within the criminal justice system to ensure fairness, equity, and effective strategies for reducing recidivism and promoting long term positive outcomes for all individuals involved. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00454 Keywords: Recidivism, criminal justice system, equity, effective strategies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 115-119 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/962/1029 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/962 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:115-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Shoaib Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Chairman School of Management, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Taimur Ashiq Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Henan University, China Author-Name: Mazhar Farid Chishti Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Riffat Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Athar Marwat Author-Workplace-Name: Research Assistant, Business Administration Department, IQRA National University, Peshawar, Pakistan Title: Assessing Financial Stability through ESG: The Impact of Sustainable Finance on Commercial Banks listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) Abstract: The notion of sustainable finance, which encompasses environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations, has become increasingly prominent in assessing the financial resilience of companies, particularly within the banking industry, in recent times. The primary objective of this research is to examine the influence of ESG practices on the financial stability of commercial banks that are publicly traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The study utilizes an extensive dataset of 10 years from 2014 to 2023 that includes significant ESG indicators as well as financial performance metrics, spanning multiple years. The study seeks to analyze the impact of sustainable finance practices on the overall financial stability of the chosen banks using advanced statistical techniques and regression analysis. The results of this study are anticipated to provide insight into the possible advantages and drawbacks of incorporating ESG factors into the operational plans of commercial banks. Moreover, this study will make a valuable contribution to the current body of knowledge on sustainable finance, particularly in the context of emerging economies like Pakistan. In such markets, the importance of ESG factors in shaping financial decision-making is undergoing rapid transformation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00455 Keywords: financial stability, sustainable finance, commercial banks, SGD Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 120-129 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/963/1034 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/963 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:120-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salman Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Saqib Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rida Liaquat Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of CEO Characteristics on Financial Conservatism of a Firm: Moderating Role of Macro-Economic Variables Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the impact of CEO characteristics on Financial Conservatism, the moderating role of GDP Growth, and Interest Rate Spread. Financial Conservatism means a firm that is holding both high in cash holdings (cash conservative) and low in debt (debt conservative). 139 listed non-financial firm’s annual data, ranging from 2008 to 2017, is extracted from annual reports. The CEO characteristics consisting of CEO Age, CEO Duality, CEO Gender, CEO Tenure, and CEO Ownership are used as independent variables. GDP Growth and Interest Rate Spread are used as moderating variables and leverage is used as the control variable. The dependent variable is Financial Conservatism which is measured with net to debt ratio. The extracted figures are processed using panel data regression analysis under random effect assumptions. We use a logistic regression model for testing the hypothesis. The result shows that CEO Age and Tenure are linked with Financial Conservatism. The moderating effect of GDP Growth is negatively significant and Interest Rate Spread has a positive impact on Financial Conservatism (FC). Evidence shows that CEO Duality and Gender are not linked with Financial Conservatism. The moderating effect of GDP Growth is positively significant with CEO Duality and positively insignificant with CEO Gender but Interest Rate Spread has no relationship with Financial Conservatism. The additional analysis shows that CEO Ownership is negatively insignificant and linked with Financial Conservatism whereas GDP Growth is negatively significant but Interest Rate Spread moderates the link with Financial Conservatism. The current study encourages the benefit of industrial improvement by retaining the best mechanism in corporate governance. Thus, this study is beneficial for firms’ owners, managers, and investors, as Financial Conservatism firms are more cost-effective, low-risk investments and pay higher dividends than their non-conservative equivalents. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00456 Keywords: CEO characteristics, CEO Age, CEO Duality, CEO Gender, CEO Tenure, CEO Ownership, GDP Growth, Interest Rate Spread, Financial Conservatism, Low debt, High Cash holding Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 130-143 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/964/1036 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/964 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:130-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: BS English, Department of Humanities, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Saghir Author-Workplace-Name: MS Education (Scholar), Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Minas Wattoo Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Application of English Teaching Resources at Public Secondary Schools in District Narowal Abstract: Everywhere you go, English is a language that people use to communicate. That is why teachers used the AV aids to research this particular issue. When applied to the study of English, it allows us to track the progress of our students. The objectives of the study were; to analyze the use of English teaching resources in secondary schools and to explore the causes of secondary school students' poor English proficiency. The population of the study were all the secondary school teachers and students at district Narowal. The researchers used simple random sampling technique and sampled collected for the study were 96 teachers and 480 students. Questionnaires were used a research tool for the study. The researchers personally visited and collected the data and then analysis it. They used simply percentage as the statistical technique to explore the objectives for the study. The study concluded that the classroom environment generally supports language learning, with 77.1% of teachers affirming the presence of learning aids and decorative elements that foster a conducive learning atmosphere. Despite this, some disparities exist, as not all classrooms meet this standard, indicating the need for more consistent resource distribution. The study may recommend that educational authorities may ensure equitable distribution of teaching resources, including modern tools and internet access, across all public secondary schools in District Narowal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00457 Keywords: Application, English Teaching Resources, Public Secondary Schools Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 144-149 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/965/1039 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/965 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:144-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Akhlaq Khan Author-Workplace-Name: MS Education (Scholar), Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Iffat Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: MS Education (Scholar), Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Javaid Toor Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Role of Institutional Factors in Shaping Student Performance at Secondary School Level Abstract: Education is vital to meeting the demands and expectations of society today and preparing the next generation to do the same. It plays a significant role in developing the next generation of responsible citizens by providing them with the necessary human capital. The current study has two objectives: to determine the institutional influence on students' performance at the secondary school level and to analyze the impact of institutional and physical facilities on secondary school students' performance. The researchers used descriptive survey research to execute the objectives of the study. All the secondary school teachers in district Sialkot constituted the population of the study. The sample of the study was one hundred and eighty secondary school teachers and data were collected through a questionnaire as research tool. After collecting data, the statistical techniques of percentage, mean score and standard deviation used. The study found that nearly 90% of respondents believe that a good classroom environment helps students learn and is also important to students' achievement. More than 6% disagreed or did not need to be sure. The study concluded that most institutional characteristics substantially affected students' grades. Most respondents (99%) said that a classroom setting affects kids' ability to learn, and approximately 84% of respondents said that a safe and secure school climate improves students' ability to study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00458 Keywords: Role, Institutional Factors, and Students’ Performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 150-155 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/966/1040 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/966 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:150-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khushnoor Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Management, MY University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan Author-Name: Daniyal Ejaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Management, MY University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan Title: Demystifying Financial Speculation in Commodity Future Markets of Emerging Economies Abstract: Present study focuses on comparing financial speculation on commodity future markets of China and India. Two agricultural products and two metal products were chosen from both countries for the present study. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset spanning over twenty years, we employ quantitative methods to measure the hedging and speculative ratios within Chinese and Indian commodity future markets. Relevant results and visual representations were extracted using EVIEWS. Outcome of the study demonstrated that Indian commodity future markets are more speculative than Chinese commodity future markets both in cases of agricultural and metal products. The results will provide valuable implications for policymakers and market participants aiming to compare financial speculation in commodity markets vis-à-vis emerging economies like China and India. Additionally, the outcomes of this study are particularly relevant for market players, and policymakers to comprehend the mind-set/behavioural pattern of investors trading in Chinese and Indian commodity future markets. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00460 Keywords: Speculation Ratio, Hedging Ratio, Commodity Futures Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 156-164 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/910/1041 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/910 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:156-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mir Beburg Lehri Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, IBMS, University of Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqar Sadiq Author-Workplace-Name: PhD, Air University, Multan Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Faheem Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Musaddique Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Fast School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Pakistan Title: Corporate Finance and Governance: The Effect of Board Composition on Financial Decision-Making Abstract: This study examined the impact of board composition on financial decision-making in corporate governance. Using a sample of 500 publicly traded companies from 2010 to 2024, we analyzed the relationship between board characteristics (size, independence, diversity) and financial outcomes (return on assets, debt-to-equity ratio, dividend payout). Employing partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), our findings revealed that board independence and diversity positively influenced financial performance and risk management. However, board size showed a non-linear relationship with financial outcomes. These results contribute to the ongoing discourse on optimal board structures and their role in enhancing corporate financial governance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00430 Keywords: Corporate Governance, Board Composition, Financial Decision-Making, PLS-SEM, Board Independence, Board Diversity Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 165-170 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/968/1046 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/968 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:165-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Hassaan Author-Workplace-Name: The Superior College Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farzana Bloch Author-Workplace-Name: The Women University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Rashid Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Islamic Studies Bahuddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Title: Analyzing the Institutional and Socio-Political Impacts of Sheikh Hasina’s Departure on Bangladesh’s Democracy Abstract: Sheikh Hasina’s departure from the position of Prime Minister of Bangladesh on August 5, 2024, following prolonged anti-government protests, marks a significant turning point in the nation’s political landscape. Hasina, whose tenure was characterized by notable economic advancements and controversial governance, faced a dramatic fall from power as a result of mounting public dissent and international criticism. Her administration's authoritarian practices and failure to address key public grievances, including the brutal suppression of student protests, eroded her support and ultimately led to her fleeing the country. The immediate effects of her departure include heightened political instability, potential disruptions in policy continuity, and public unrest. In the long term, the success of Bangladesh’s transition will hinge on the new leadership’s ability to manage economic challenges, uphold democratic norms, and maintain institutional integrity. The situation underscores the broader global struggle between authoritarianism and democratic aspirations, highlighting the crucial role of effective governance and inclusive political engagement in shaping Bangladesh’s future trajectory. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00459 Keywords: Sheikh Hasina, Bangladesh, political instability, authoritarianism, economic progress, anti-government protests, democratic transition, institutional stability, governance challenges Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 171-177 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/969/1098 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/969 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:171-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiba Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Occupational Therapist / Lecturer, ZCOT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Amber Author-Workplace-Name: Occupational Therapist, Aga Khan University Hospital Author-Name: Shaikh Maria Tabassum Author-Workplace-Name: Occupational Therapist / Lecturer, ZCOT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Urooj Saghir Author-Workplace-Name: Occupational Therapist / Lecturer, ZCOT, Ziauddin University Title: Optimizing Employee Well-Being through Occupational Therapy Interventions: Assessing the Role of Work Environment Adaptation Abstract: This study explores the impact of occupational therapy interventions—work environment adaptation, task modification, and sensory integration techniques—on employee well-being, with employee engagement as a mediator and work-life balance as a moderator. The research was conducted in physical therapy clinics in Karachi, utilizing a structured questionnaire and analyzing the data with SmartPLS. The results demonstrate that all three occupational therapy interventions have a significant positive impact on employee well-being. Work environment adaptation and task modification emerged as particularly influential, while sensory integration techniques also contributed positively, though to a lesser extent. Employee engagement significantly mediated the relationship between the interventions and well-being, indicating that when employees feel engaged, the benefits of these interventions are more pronounced. Furthermore, work-life balance moderated the effect of work environment adaptation on well-being, amplifying its positive impact. These findings are aligned with the Job Demands-Resources Theory, which posits that workplace resources mitigate job demands, leading to higher employee well-being and retention. The study underscores the importance of integrating physical adaptations with policies that support employee engagement and work-life balance. Despite its contributions, the study is limited by its cross-sectional design, geographical focus, and reliance on self-reported data, suggesting future research directions to enhance generalizability and validity. Overall, this research offers valuable insights for clinic managers seeking to optimize employee well-being and performance through occupational therapy interventions and holistic work environment strategies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00465 Keywords: Employee Wellbeing, Occupational Therapy Interventions, Work Life Balance, Work Environment, Job Demand Resource Theory, Employee Engagement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 178-183 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/973/1052 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/973 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:178-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faria Author-Workplace-Name: Chief Business Officer, Star BPO, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Sidra Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Dewan University Author-Name: Muhammad Kariz Kamal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, FAST NUCES Author-Name: Irtisam Rajput Author-Workplace-Name: Student, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Huzaifa Ather Rajar Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Muneeba Maham Author-Workplace-Name: Student, Newport University Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Indus University Title: Integrating Triple Bottom Line in HR Practices: Enhancing Organizational Performance in Pakistan's Confectionary Industry Abstract: This study explores the impact of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) aligned Human Resources (HR) practices on employee engagement and organizational performance within Pakistan's confectionary industry. Utilizing a quantitative research design, the study employs a structured questionnaire to collect data from 350 employees across various confectionary companies. The research framework includes employee well-being programs, sustainable HR practices, and diversity and inclusion initiatives as independent variables, with employee engagement as a mediator and organizational performance as a dependent variable. The study also examines the moderating role of organizational culture in these relationships. Data analysis is performed using Smart PLS 4.0, and results indicate significant positive relationships between each TBL HR practice and employee engagement. Employee engagement, in turn, has a strong positive effect on organizational performance. Mediation analysis confirms that engagement mediates the relationship between TBL HR practices and organizational performance, while moderation analysis reveals that a positive organizational culture enhances the impact of engagement on performance. The findings suggest that integrating TBL principles into HR strategies is crucial for fostering a motivated and committed workforce, which leads to improved organizational outcomes. Despite its contributions, the study is limited by its use of convenience sampling and a cross-sectional design, which may affect generalizability and the ability to observe changes over time. Future research could address these limitations by employing longitudinal studies and diverse sampling methods. The study offers practical implications for HR professionals, emphasizing the need for well-being programs, sustainability, diversity, and a supportive culture to drive organizational success. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00466 Keywords: Triple Bottom Line, Employee Engagement, Sustainable Human Resources Practices, Organizational Performance, Diversity and Inclusion, Confectionary Industry, Organizational Culture Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 184-189 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/974/1053 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/974 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:184-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khan Khalil Akhtar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Student of PhD, ILMA University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Mumtaz Uddin Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Student of PhD, ILMA University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahzad Mumtaz Sodhar Author-Workplace-Name: Student of PhD, ILMA University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Organizational Commitment and Higher Education Institutions Functions: An Aspect of Modern Business Education in Pakistan Abstract: The study analyzes the complex relationships between organizational commitment and educational sustainability in the context of Pakistan's higher education departments, keeping modern business aspects in view. Digital educational concepts and initiatives are bases to consider the administrative regulations, practices, strategies, and functions. The impact of this research depends on investigating phenomena, commitment influence, and modern business work in the Pakistan higher education context. This study collected data by using questionnaires from 300 higher education institutes. The study used SPSS software to conduct the descriptive analysis and SmartPLS software to draw the structural equation modeling statistics for the variables. Organizational commitment influences Higher Education Institutions' functions significantly and positively, and Effective Commitment, Normative Commitment, and Continuous Commitment positively impact the relationships between organizational commitment and higher education institutional functions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00448 Keywords: Organizational Commitment, Higher education institutions, Effective Commitment, Normative Commitment, and Continuous Commitment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 190-196 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/975/1057 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/975 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:190-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Farah Yasser Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ghulam Murtaza Lahbar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Benazir School of Business, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University, Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dua Ali Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Raza Zaidi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Government College University, Hyderabad, Pakistan Title: Assessing the Connection between Intellectual Capital and Financial Success in Islamic Banking: Empirical Analysis Abstract: Intellectual capital (I.C.) and other intangible assets have changed the modern economy, especially knowledge-intensive fields like banking. Utilizing the VAIC model, the study examines the correlation between financial performance and I.C. efficiency in Islamic institutions in Pakistan. This research fills a void in the literature regarding Islamic banking's role in improving financial performance by concentrating on Islamic banking's distinctive context governed via Shariah-compliant principles. The research sample includes 11 Islamic banks; more studies evaluate I.C. components and banks' financial performance through AMOS software. The findings suggest that greater I.C. efficiency, mainly through human and structural capital, positively impacts financial outcomes, offering insights into how Islamic banks optimize intangible assets to enhance financial performance. This research helps banks improve economic competitiveness and sustainability, centred on knowledge and recognition of Islamic banking I.C.'s strategic position. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00469 Keywords: Intellectual capital, HCE, CEE, SCE, Islamic banking, financial performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 197-202 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/979/1066 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/979 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:197-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Usman Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sohail Masood Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Fawad Nasim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Jaffar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Accuracy of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Engine Knock Detection Abstract: This study explores the use of machine learning for real-time detection of engine knocking, aiming to enhance early vehicle fault recognition. We extracted frequency modulation amplitude demodulation (FMAD) features from engine sound data and evaluated various machine-learning algorithms using MATLAB. The coarse decision tree algorithm emerged as the most effective, achieving a classification accuracy of 66.01%. Subsequently, by using deep learning models, we significantly improved the accuracy: a convolutional neural network (CNN) achieved 45.16%. accuracy, a deep learning recurrent neural network (RNN) model in LSTM achieved 90% accuracy, and further refinements pushed the accuracy to 93.55%. Additionally, we introduced a knock index to quantify noise levels during each engine cycle. This index, calculated from the integral of the absolute value of the first derivative of a band-pass-filtered vibration signal, provides a visual representation of knock strength. This approach shows promise for early detection of engine knocking, although further refinement of feature extraction methods and algorithm optimization is necessary for practical application. The study highlights the potential of integrating machine learning into real-time vehicle fault detection systems to improve their reliability and effectiveness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00478 Keywords: Machine Learning, Engine knocking, FMAD, Deep learning. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 203-210 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/940/1067 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/940 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:203-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sania Gulzar Author-Workplace-Name: Executive in Curriculum and Academics at EOTO Author-Name: Fakhr Ud Din Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Sociology, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan Author-Name: Sonia Noor Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics Sub-Campus Multan Author-Name: Muhammad Moaaz Anwar Author-Workplace-Name: National Institute of Science and Technology (NUST) Title: Exploring How Cultural Backgrounds Influence Teaching Methods, Student Expectations, and Educational Success Across Different Societies Abstract: This study explores the influence of cultural backgrounds on teaching methods, student expectations, and academic performance in multicultural classrooms through a mixed-methods approach. The quantitative analysis, involving 315 students, revealed significant positive effects of culturally responsive teaching (B = 0.315, p < 0.001) and cultural socialization (B = 0.212, p = 0.010) on academic success, highlighting that students exposed to inclusive educational practices perform better. The qualitative analysis, based on interviews with 45 teachers, emphasized the necessity of adapting teaching strategies to accommodate diverse cultural needs. Teachers reported that culturally relevant examples and differentiated instruction significantly improved student engagement and achievement. Findings demonstrate that cultural competence and professional development are critical for fostering equitable education and maximizing student outcomes in diverse settings, making inclusive teaching practices essential for academic success. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00479 Keywords: cultural backgrounds, teaching methods, academic performance, culturally responsive teaching, cultural competence, professional development, inclusive education, multicultural classrooms Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 211-218 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/986/1068 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/986 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:211-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Warda Naseem Author-Workplace-Name: Doctoral Researcher, Times Institute, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Allah Baskh Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Dean Faculty of Management Sciences, Times Institute, Multan, Pakistan Title: Evaluating the Impact of Behavioral Stress on Employee Productivity and Innovation in the Higher Education Sector of Pakistan Abstract: This research examines the effect of behavioral stress on employees’ performance and innovativeness in the higher education Industry of Pakistan. This involves forces put on the employees from personal or organizational factors which place psychological and emotional strains on them. In HEIs, these pressures are further compounded by workload, management pressure and expectations, role clarity and identity confusion, and fast technological changes that characterize the sector that could impact on individual and contextual productivity. The proposed research also follows a mixed-methods approach aimed at identifying the correlation between behavioral stress with productivity and innovation of the employees. Using a questionnaire, quantitative data were obtained from academic as well as administrative staff drawn from different universities in Pakistan regarding their stress level, job performance, and innovation capability. More open-ended interviews were conducted to establish which of these causes of stress impinges on the employees’ performance of their creative roles and output. These findings revealed the negative relationship between behavioral stress and averagely poor productivity of the employees since the high levels of stress affected efficiency, job interest, and performance of the employees. Another area, which promote creativity, open-mindedness and freedom, failed as stressed workers said that they had lower probability to experiment or introduce new ideas. Other organizational characteristics like lack of support from managers, role ambiguity and also scarcity of resources compounded the stress level of the employees and thereby limiting their productivity and innovation. But the employees who had positive leadership styles and good organizational climate experienced less stress and worked better in terms of performance and innovation. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that one of the constructs; behavior stress is a key factor that degrades both, productivity and innovation in higher education sector of Pakistan. To overcome this, institutions should come up with supportive policies that will enhance work life balance, communications and counseling services. Therefore, by dealing with stress organizers and self-organizers, higher education institutions can create the best working environment that will be healthy, innovative and productive. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00477 Keywords: Behavioral stress, employee productivity, innovation, higher education institutions, Pakistan, stress management, organizational culture, academic staff, administrative staff, work-life balance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 219-229 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/988/1071 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/988 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:219-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Haroon Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Pakistan Author-Name: Zaheer Alam Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Pakistan Author-Name: Rukhsana Kousar Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Pakistan Author-Name: Jawad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Pakistan Author-Name: Fawad Nasim Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Pakistan Title: Sentiment Analysis of Customer Reviews on E-commerce Platforms: A Machine Learning Approach Abstract: Internet users are a huge segment of the consumer market, and businesses nowadays are trying to enter e-commerce, where customers leave reviews regarding products and services. Sentiment analysis is the process of extracting the customer's real feelings from the reviews of the product or services. This study compares logistic regression, naive Bayes, neural networks, and support vector machine algorithms for sentiment analysis and finds the best-performing classifiers among them. This applied study evaluates the classifiers using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. The dataset was taken from the E-Commence website, on which NLP and other classifiers are employed. The results show that the Naive Bayes model, with 94% accuracy, outperforms the different classifiers, where Logistic Regression and Neural Networks are at a similar level of 93%. In comparison, the SVM gave us an average of about 92%. This study suggests the significance of continuously updating sentiment analysis systems to maintain accuracy and relevance. Real-time sentiment analysis tools are a good technique for any text mining work that can help companies address customer problems based on immediate feedback and improve their products. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00480 Keywords: E-Commerce, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Neural Networks, Sentiment Analysis, SVM Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 230-238 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/908/1069 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/908 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:230-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mazhar Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor (English) Govt. Associate College Jahanian, Pakistan Author-Name: Murk Nizamani Author-Workplace-Name: National Research University, Higher School of Economics Author-Name: Mehak Author-Workplace-Name: National Research University of Modern Languages, Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Analyze How Children Acquire Language and the Cognitive Processes Involved, including the Role of Environmental and Social Factors Abstract: Language acquisition is a multifaceted process through which children develop the ability to understand, produce, and utilize language for communication. This study explores the cognitive processes and social factors involved in language development, with a focus on how environmental contexts such as home, school, and community shape these abilities. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research draws from semi-structured interviews, observations, and case studies of 200 participants, including children, parents, and educators, to investigate the roles of phonological awareness, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics in language acquisition. The study is grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, Bruner’s Interactionist Theory, and Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory, which provide insights into the interaction of social, cognitive, and environmental factors. The research findings emphasize the importance of structured educational activities, a language-rich environment, and positive social interactions in fostering language development. The study reveals that children who engage in targeted phonological activities, such as rhyming games and sound manipulation tasks, exhibit stronger phonological skills, which are critical for early literacy. It also highlights how syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic skills develop through meaningful interactions with caregivers, peers, and teachers. Additionally, the research underscores the significant role of environmental factors, such as verbal interactions at home and interactive teaching methods in the classroom, in supporting language development. This study addresses gaps in the literature by integrating cognitive mechanisms with social interactions and examining the impact of contemporary contexts, including digital media, on language acquisition. The findings offer practical recommendations for educators and parents, emphasizing the need to create supportive language environments and foster interactive learning experiences. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between cognitive processes and environmental influences in language acquisition, providing valuable insights for improving educational practices and supporting children’s linguistic development. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00483 Keywords: Language acquisition, Cognitive development, Phonological awareness, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, Environmental factors Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 239 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/990/1075 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/990 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:239-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonia Noor Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics Sub-Campus Multan Author-Name: Muhammad Adnan Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Punjab, Lahore, BS Applied Psychology Author-Name: Laila Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University Bahawalpur Author-Name: Abubakar Shafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty Member, the Pakistan Audit & Accounts Academy, Gulberg-III, Lahore, MA-Economics (IDP), International University of Japan, Minamiuonoma, Niigata, Japan, MBA (Professional), University of South Asia, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Leadership Styles on Teacher Self-Efficacy and Professional Development Abstract: This study investigates the impact of different leadership styles—transformational transactional and laissez-faire—on teacher self-efficacy and professional development. Employing a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, the research analyzes data from 300 primary and secondary school teachers, gathered through structured questionnaires including the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), and Professional Development Engagement Scale (PDES). The results indicate that transformational leadership significantly enhances teacher self-efficacy (β = 0.40, p < 0.01) and supports professional development (β = 0.35, p < 0.05), while transactional leadership shows minimal impact on these outcomes. Furthermore, teacher self-efficacy mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and professional development (indirect effect = 0.30, p < 0.01). Moderation analysis reveals that years of teaching experience moderates the effect of transformational leadership on self-efficacy with a more pronounced impact observed for teachers with 1-5 years of experience (β = 0.35, p < 0.05). The study underscores the importance of transformational leadership in fostering teacher growth and suggests that leadership training programs should emphasize this style to maximize teacher development and efficacy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00424 Keywords: Leadership Styles, Teacher Self-Efficacy, Professional Development, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Mediation Analysis, Moderation Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 248-255 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/991/1077 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/991 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:248-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zeeshan Haider Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Schools of Economics, Moscow Author-Name: Aysha Zummer Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Garrison University Author-Name: Abdul Waheed Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Author-Name: Muhammad Abuzar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, National College of Business Administration &Economics (Sub Campus) Multan Title: Study How AI Can be Used to Enhance Cognitive Functions, such as Memory or Problem-Solving, and the Psychological Effects of these Enhancements Abstract: This study examined how AI-based tools affect memory, problem-solving, anxiety, motivation, self-efficacy, and creativity. AI therapies were tested for cognitive improvement and psychological well-being. Problem-solving skills including analytical thinking and decision-making improved, as did short-term memory (22.4 to 29.8) and long-term memory (23.5 to 28.6). Cognitive anxiety dropped from 2.5 to 1.8 and bodily anxiety from 2.3 to 1.8. Task-specific confidence increased from 1.8 to 2.5 and intrinsic motivation from 2.1 to 2.8. Still, inventiveness dropped from 75.2 to 70.1 and work ethic dropped marginally. These findings suggest that AI technologies improve cognitive and emotional well-being but may reduce creativity and work ethic. To comprehend AI's full influence, future study should examine its long-term implications on cognitive and psychological characteristics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00485 Keywords: Cognitive, Anxiety, Reduction, Motivation, Work ethic, Psychological Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 256-263 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/992/1078 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/992 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:256-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Quratulain Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Forman Christian College, University, Lahore Author-Name: Gul Jabeen Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Psychology, Hazara University, Present Designation E.S.T, F.G Public School (Girls) AMC Centre Abbottabad Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Imperial College of Business Studies Lahore Author-Name: Zainab Rauf Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Applied Psychology Department, Women University Multan Title: Exploration of How Digital Media and Technology are Changing Narrative Forms and Literary Consumption Abstract: This study explores how digital media and technology are transforming narrative forms and literary consumption. With the rise of e-books, audiobooks, interactive narratives, and social media platforms, traditional linear storytelling is evolving into more interactive and participatory formats. Readers are no longer passive consumers but active participants, shaping narratives through real-time feedback and collaborative storytelling on platforms like Wattpad. The study employs a qualitative, exploratory research design, including interviews, focus groups, and observational analysis, to examine how digital platforms influence reader engagement and narrative structure. Key findings highlight the shift toward nonlinear, reader-driven narratives and the growing role of multimedia in storytelling. Additionally, the research underscores how these changes are democratizing literature, allowing diverse voices to reach global audiences without traditional publishing barriers. The study concludes by discussing the implications for authors, publishers, and literary institutions, as well as offering recommendations for future research on emerging technologies like AI and virtual reality in storytelling. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00486 Keywords: Digital media, interactive storytelling, literary consumption, nonlinear narratives, reader engagement, multimedia narratives, transmedia Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 264-274 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/993/1082 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/993 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:264-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aleena Amir Author-Workplace-Name: NUST Business School, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Author-Workplace-Name: NUST Business School, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Understanding the Influence of Perceived Authenticity of Femvertising on Consumer Buycott Intentions: A Moderated Mediation Model of Consumers’ Extrinsic Attributions and Power Distance Abstract: Building on attribution theory, the study proposes that consumers’ extrinsic attributions towards femvertising mediates the relationship between perceived authenticity of femvertising and consumers’ buycott intention. Furthermore, the study theoretically proposes that power distance as a cultural norms moderates the direct perceived authenticity of femvertising and consumers’ extrinsic attributions towards femvertising. Finally the study contends power distance also moderates the indirect relationship between perceived authenticity of femvertising and consumers’ buycott intention via consumers’ extrinsic attributions towards femvertising. Using data collected from the 413 consumers and analysing using structural equation modelling in Mplus (8.9), the results reveals that all the hypothesized relationship were supported. In so doing the study contributes to the nascent yet growing literature on femvertising as well as offer novel practical insights for the managers and organizations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00487 Keywords: femvertising, extrinsic attributions, consumers’ buycott intention, power distance, structural equation modelling Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 273-281 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/994/1083 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/994 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:273-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Waqas Gujjar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Law and Policy, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Syyad Arslan Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of East London, London, United Kingdom Author-Name: Attiya Anees Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, College of Law, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tahir Mahmood Gondal Author-Workplace-Name: Advocate Supreme Court of Pakistan Title: Intellectual Property Laws in Pakistan Abstract: Copyright, patents, and trademark laws are some of the branches of intellectual property rights that seek to prevent people from using other people’s work and ideas without their permission. To numerous creators and companies, it is a valuable and often under-tapped resource, namely, intellectual property. These laws help protect the works created and invented by individuals, and they can commercially benefit from their work. As a WTO member-state, through its participation in the Marrakesh Agreement that was signed on April 15th, 1994, Pakistan has had to standardize its IPR regimes in compliance with WTO norms. The WTO, effective January 1, 1995, expects signatory nations to enforce IP rights higher than agreements to the GATT. As a result of WTO reiterated protection standards, Pakistan has had to revise and modify its intellectual property regime to accord with the WTO stipulations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00489 Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights, National Law of Pakistan, International Instruments, Protection of Property Rights and International Standards Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 282-289 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/996/1087 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/996 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:282-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Atif Zahid Author-Workplace-Name: Headmaster, School Education Department Punjab Author-Name: Dr. Qaisar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Principal, Al-Fajr College, Mari Indus, Mianwali Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shafqat Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Hazza Institute of Technology, Islamabad Author-Name: Tahira Parveen Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of social sciences and Humanities, My University Islamabad Author-Name: Shazia Tabassum Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Misbah Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: Social-Emotional Competence: A Comparative Study of Pakistani Muslim and Non-Muslim Secondary School Students Abstract: Social-emotional competence plays a vital role in forming students’ emotional regulation, social skills, motivation, engagement, and overall academic performance. This paper aims to explore the social-emotional competence of Pakistani Muslim and Non-Muslim secondary school students. This research study was descriptive in nature and employed a survey technique. The main objective was to compare the social-emotional competence of Pakistani Muslim and Non-Muslim students based on their gender and religion. All secondary school students of the Punjab Province of Pakistan formed the population and a sample of 800 students was selected from four divisions of the Punjab province through purposive sampling technique. An adapted research tool with 25 items was used to collect data from the students. This tool demonstrated appropriate validity and reliability in the literature. However, the researchers also obtained expert opinions for validity and conducted pilot testing for reliability. The value of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was found to be (α = .72). The data were collected by the researchers, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to answer the research objectives. Based on the statistical outcomes, this research revealed significant differences in social-emotional competence based on gender and religion. Students of the Muslim religion had higher social-emotional competence compared to students of other religions. Female students had better social-emotional competence compared to male students. This research recommends that, to enhance emotional regulation, social skills, motivation, engagement, and academic performance, a social-emotional learning (SEL) framework should be incorporated into the current curricula to develop social-emotional competence in all students. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Social-emotional competence, comparison, Muslim & non-Muslim secondary students Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 290-295 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/997/1089 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/997 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:290-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Rafiq Mansoor Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Engineering Management, Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Hamid Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Olayinka Odutola Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher Author-Name: Oyindamola Iwalehin Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher Author-Name: Elizabeth Modupe Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher Title: The Role of Big Data Analytics in HRM Abstract: In recent years, big data analytics has emerged as a transformative tool in various industries, including Human Resource Management (HRM). The integration of big data analytics in HRM has the potential to revolutionize recruitment, employee performance management, talent acquisition, and workforce planning. However, its adoption remains limited in certain sectors, and its impact on organizational performance is still under investigation. This study aims to investigate the role of big data analytics in enhancing HRM practices, specifically examining its influence on recruitment processes, employee engagement, and decision-making efficiency. Additionally, the research explores the challenges faced by organizations in adopting big data analytics in HRM and the potential strategies for overcoming these barriers. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to examine the impact of big data analytics on HR practices. A total of 200 HR managers from various industries participated in the quantitative survey, providing detailed insights into their experiences with big data analytics in recruitment, employee retention, and performance management. Additionally, 30 key decision-makers were selected for in-depth qualitative interviews to explore the practical challenges and benefits of integrating big data analytics in HR. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software, focusing on descriptive and inferential statistics such as percentages and means. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, identifying recurring themes related to challenges and successes in big data adoption within HR departments. The quantitative analysis revealed that 72% of HR managers reported increased efficiency in talent acquisition due to the use of big data analytics, while 65% observed significant improvements in employee engagement and retention. Performance management was also positively impacted, with 68% of participants noting better decision-making capabilities based on data-driven insights. Despite these benefits, 45% of respondents highlighted challenges related to data integration, and 37% raised concerns about data privacy issues. Furthermore, 48% of HR managers cited a lack of technical expertise within their teams as a key barrier to fully leveraging big data analytics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Big Data Analytics in HRM, Data-Driven HR Decision-Making, Predictive Analytics in Human Resource Management, Workforce Analytics for HR Optimization Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 296-302 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/998/1092 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/998 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:296-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ishrat Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Islamia College University Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Ulfat Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, MSc Hon Rural Development Author-Name: Hareem Atif Author-Workplace-Name: Bahria university Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashif Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar, The Islamia University BWP Title: Exploring the Effectiveness of Narrative Techniques in Fostering Emotional Growth and Social Skills Among Students Abstract: This study explores the impact of narrative techniques on enhancing emotional intelligence, social skills, and academic performance among students in higher education institutions in Punjab, specifically in Lahore, Faisalabad, and Multan. Employing a quantitative research design, a sample of 300 students was selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) for emotional intelligence, the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) for social skills, and academic performance indicators including grades and standardized test scores. Statistical analyses, including paired-samples t-tests, regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficients, were conducted to evaluate the hypotheses. The findings revealed significant increases in emotional intelligence (p < .001) and social skills (F(2, 297) = 42.50, p < .001), along with strong positive correlations between engagement with narrative techniques and academic performance (r = .62, p < .001). These results support the effectiveness of narrative-based interventions in fostering emotional and social development, as well as improving academic outcomes, emphasizing the importance of integrating storytelling into educational practices. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Narrative Techniques, Emotional Intelligence, Social Skills, Academic Performance, Higher Education, Educational Interventions Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 303-309 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/999/1093 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/999 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:303-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryum Jamal Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Nisar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Director (Finance), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Employees Social Security Institution, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahsan Ali Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Management Sciences Department, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Marwat Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan Title: Exploring Big Data Analytical Capabilities Influence on Supply Chain Performance: Mediating Role of Supply Chain Resilience Abstract: Big Data Analytics (BDA) capabilities has transformed supply chain performance and emphasizing need in pharmacy industry supply chain. Moreover, resilient approach is necessary given the supply chains dynamic nature. This study explores Supply Chain Resilience (SCR) mediating role in relation among BDA capabilities & Supply Chain Performance (SCP). Using cross-sectional survey of 295 supply chain professionals from pharmacy industry and also employed PLS-SEM to judge hypothetical relationships. Our findings reveal that BDA capabilities positively influence SCP and that SCR significantly mediates this relationship. The findings are expected to offer valuable insights for practitioners seeking to leverage BDA to build more resilient and high-performing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Resilience, Performance, Capabilities, PLS-SEM, Competitive edge Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 310-315 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1001/1121 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1001 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:310-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Murk Nizamani Author-Workplace-Name: National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia Author-Name: Faisal Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Mahnoor Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Title: Investigating How Frequent Interactions with AI Technologies Impact Cognitive and Emotional Processes Abstract: This research explores the cognitive and emotional effects of frequent interactions with Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, utilizing a mixed-method approach. The study involved 300 participants for quantitative analysis and 100 for qualitative insights, focusing on how AI impacts memory retention, decision-making, stress, anxiety, and psychological dependency. Quantitative results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between AI usage frequency and cognitive improvements, such as memory short-term (r = 0.663, p < 0.01) and decision accuracy (r = 0.572, p < 0.01), supporting Hypothesis 1 (H1). However, AI usage was also correlated with increased mental stress (r = 0.468, p < 0.01), aligning with Hypotheses 2 (H2) and 4 (H4). Qualitative analysis revealed themes of emotional strain, cognitive benefits with emotional costs, and psychological dependency on AI, further validating Hypothesis 5 (H5). The study concludes that while AI enhances cognitive functions, it also elevates emotional strain and dependency, highlighting the need for AI systems that balance cognitive improvements with emotional well-being. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: AI Interaction, Cognitive Functioning, Emotional Well-being, Psychological Dependency, Stress, Memory Retention Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 316-325 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1006/1102 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1006 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:316-325 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asad Ullah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: The University of Lahore Author-Name: Ulfat Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Allama Iqbal open university Islamabad, MSc Hon Rural Development Author-Name: Muhammad Rashid Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Islamic Studies Bahuddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Title: Social Norms and Legal Compliance: Understanding the Psychological Factors Influencing Adherence to Laws in Educational Settings Abstract: This study investigates the intricate relationship between social norms and legal compliance, emphasizing how psychological factors, peer influences, community trust, and cultural differences shape individual behavior in relation to laws. Drawing on theories such as Social Identity Theory and procedural justice, we explore how moral beliefs and perceived legitimacy impact individuals' adherence to legal frameworks. The findings reveal that when laws align with personal and group values, compliance increases, while perceptions of injustice lead to resistance. Additionally, the role of social circles and institutional trust emerges as critical in fostering or undermining compliance. Cultural contexts further complicate these dynamics, necessitating context-specific approaches in policy-making and legal interventions. Ultimately, this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of legal behavior, aiming to inform strategies that enhance compliance across diverse populations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Legal Compliance, Social Norms, Psychological Factors, Cultural Differences, Community Trust Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 326-332 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1002/1099 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1002 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:326-332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Aqib Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Finance Student, Institute of Business Management Sciences (IBMS), The Agriculture University of Peshawar, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Institution Ownership on Firm Leverage of Non-Financial Firms Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE) Abstract: This study examines the influence of ownership structures on firm leverage and value among non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE). Moreover, this study aims to offer actionable insights for investors to select utmost effective ownership structures for making good strategic investment decisions. The empirical analysis of this study examines (20) non-financial firms Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE) over 2015-2018. This research employs panel data techniques such as chow test, Breusch-Pagan test, and Hausman test, Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) elect suitable econometric model. Variables of this study leverage dependent variable, institutional ownership independent variable and control variables are managerial ownership, ownership concentration, female in board, MTB ratio, firm size and firm age. The empirical analysis shows that institutional ownership is inverse significant associated with firm leverage. The control variables are ownership concentration, audit committee, and negative and insignificant association with firm leverage. No. of board, MTB, and Firm Size have a negative significant association with firm leverage. Whereas, Non-Executive Director, Audit Committee Non-Executive Director, HR Committee, HR Non-Executive Committee and Firm age have positive insignificant association with firm leverage. The findings of this study highlighted the crucial role of strong corporate governance in sustaining lower leverage ratios. Effective corporate structures, noticeable by significant institutional ownership and active governance, assist to reduce agency conflicts and improve firm value. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Institutional Ownership, Leverage, Random Effect Model, Pakistan Stock Exchange Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 333-337 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1004/1100 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1004 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:333-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kamaran Qader Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Technical College of Administration, Department of Accounting Technique Author-Name: Dr. Kiran Mustufa Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Fahad Shakoor Author-Workplace-Name: MBA HRM, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Azka Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: MBA, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Imperial College of Business Studies Lahore, Pakistan Title: Examining How Removing Trade Barriers Have Influenced GDP Growth in Emerging Economies Abstract: For each of the 119 countries under consideration this paper constructs a trade barrier index out of tariff data. In situations where such data was unavailable total imports corresponding to the structure of the 6-digit HS classification were retrieved from the UNCTAD TRAINS database. Concerning cross-sectional differences of the generated trade barrier indices, econometric tools have been administrated, including bivariate and multivariate and ANOVA estimations. Thus, in light of the current study, it can be inferred that cross-country derived trade barrier indices are not totally different and are a function of differences in per capita income, population, and literacy rate. This article explains the differences between various trade barrier indices by different product classification levels and uses Pakistan as an example. Besides, comparing the rankings of the trade barrier indices between two countries might not, in fact, mean a comparison between trade barrier indices of different industries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: trade barriers, GDP growth, emerging economies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 338-344 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1005/1101 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1005 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:338-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abubakar Shafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty Member, Pakistan Audit & Accounts Academy, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mohammed Duhis Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aneela Kousar Author-Workplace-Name: Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Mugeesa Rubab Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of southern Punjab, Pakistan Title: Climate Change Mitigation Strategies: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Renewable Energy Policies in Urban Environments Abstract: This study evaluates the effectiveness of renewable energy policies in reducing urban carbon emissions, with a focus on key policies such as subsidies, tax incentives, renewable portfolio standards (RPS), feed-in tariffs (FiTs), and carbon pricing. Using secondary data from global energy databases, the study applies a quantitative approach, including correlation analysis and regression modeling, to assess emissions across multiple urban centers. The results reveal strong correlations between higher energy prices and lower emissions, as well as between industrial output and higher emissions. Policies such as subsidies, tax incentives, RPS, and carbon pricing were significantly correlated with emissions reductions, while FiTs showed limited impact. Urban population growth did not exhibit a significant correlation with emissions reductions, underscoring the need for more comprehensive approaches that include industrial decarbonization and energy efficiency standards. The study highlights the importance of integrated policy frameworks to decouple economic growth from carbon emissions and recommends future research on sector-specific impacts, long-term policy effectiveness, and public engagement strategies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Renewable energy policies, Urban carbon emissions, Subsidies, Tax incentives, Carbon pricing, Renewable portfolio standards (RPS), Energy efficiency, Urban sustainability, Correlation analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 345-353 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1007/1103 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1007 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:345-353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Rashid Shabbir Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agriculture and Resources Economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Amnan Javaid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Economics Department, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Rimsha Falak Author-Workplace-Name: National Business School, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ubaidullah Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agriculture and Resources Economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: An Ex-Ante Impact Assessment of the 2016 Child Labour Ordinance on Child Labour Use at Brick Kilns. Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: This study aims to illuminate the significant and transformative impact of the 2016 Child Labour Ordinance on child labour use and employment at brick kilns in Punjab, Pakistan. By identifying various socio-economic factors as potential determinants of child labour use, we can understand the profound changes brought about by this ordinance. This study stands out with its unique descriptive approach, employing descriptive statistics such as averages and differences of means, as well as t-statistics and opportunity costs, to estimate empirical results and assess the effectiveness of the 2016 Child Labour Ordinance. In conclusion, this study has successfully illuminated the positive impact of the 2016 Child Labour Ordinance on child labour use and employment at brick kilns in Punjab, Pakistan. By identifying various socio-economic factors as potential determinants of child labour use, we have effectively demonstrated the transformative power of this ordinance. The study's findings underscore the urgent need for government intervention to provide financial support at the primary level. Despite their interest in education, many children need more resources, leading them to sacrifice their educational aspirations. By ensuring financial support, we can make education accessible to all children, regardless of economic circumstances. Committed voluntary organizations should be involved at the district level regarding the issue of child Labour. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Child labour, brick kilns, Education, Faisalabad, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 364-369 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1009/1107 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1009 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:364-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aisha Sanam Author-Workplace-Name: MBA, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Raj Maham Author-Workplace-Name: Programme Lead, Department of Business Administration, Beaconhouse International College, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Naila Amin Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Management Sciences, Beaconhouse International College, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Navigating Consumer Intent: The Power of Attitude and Social Influence In Pakistan's E-Commerce Abstract: This study investigates consumer behavior in Pakistan's e-commerce sector through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). It examines the impact of three key variables—attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—on online purchase intentions. Using a quantitative research methodology, data was collected from 356 participants in Pakistan, focusing on their e-commerce habits and decisions. The findings reveal that attitude and subjective norms significantly influence purchase intentions, while perceived behavioral control has a lesser effect. This research fills a gap in the literature on TPB's application in Pakistan's growing e-commerce industry, providing insights for marketers and businesses seeking to optimize customer engagement and conversion in digital marketplaces. The study also emphasizes the need for enhancing consumer perceptions of ease and control in online shopping to foster stronger purchasing behavior. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: consumer behavior, social influence, e-commerce Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 370-378 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1011/1113 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1011 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:370-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehwish Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Aimen Hasan Author-Workplace-Name: IM Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Zahid Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Ambreen Kamil Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Director, Sindh Employees Social Security Institution, University of Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Raza Zaidi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Government College University, Hyderabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Sudhair Abbas Bangash Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Science, Department of Business Administration, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Title: HRM Strategies and Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Assessing Strategic Agility Mediating Impact Abstract: The study thoroughly investigates unexplored impact of HRM strategies in less developed countries. It delves into pivotal strategic agility role as mediator among HRM strategies & sustainable competitive advantage. The study aims to establish basic knowledge and emphasize connections linking HRM strategies and SCA, with strategic agility playing mediating role. The information was collected from various internet platforms and analyzed using CB-SEM to assess proposed model. The results found that strategic agility is crucial mediating impact in enhancing HRM strategies influence on competitive advantage. The paper ends by highlighting theoretical and practical contributions, research limitations, and recommendations for future studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00504 Keywords: Agility, HRM, CB-SEM, Competitive Advantage, Globalization Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 379-384 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1014/1117 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/1014 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:379-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Hassan Ajmal Hashmi Author-Workplace-Name: CEO Tech Solutions Lahore-54000 Pakistan, Faculty of Computer Science, KIPS College Lahore-5400 Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: IT Department ,Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital Lahore 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Adeel Hamid Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science, Virtual University Lahore-5400, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abid Ali Hashmi Author-Workplace-Name: Educational Complex Lahore-54000 Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ameer Hamza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Title: Enhanced Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (EWGAN) to Oversample Imbalanced Datasets Abstract: This paper examines WGAN as a more advanced technique for addressing imbalanced data sets in the context of machine learning. A variety of domains, including medical diagnosis and image generation, are affected by the problem of imbalanced datasets since it is essential to represent the minority class to train a satisfactory model and create various types of data. To overcome these challenges WGAN uses some features such as; Residual connections in the critic network, better sampling for minority classes, and some noise and sample reshaping. These innovations contribute to the increased stability of the model, the quality of synthetic data, and the distribution of classes in a dataset. The comparative analysis of WGAN with basic GAN and Improved GAN has shown the effectiveness of the given algorithm in terms of producing high-quality diversified synthetic data that is closer to the real data distribution. The study identifies the future research direction of WGAN in enhancing machine learning based on reliable and diverse synthesized data, providing new insights and directions for future studies and practical applications in tackling data imbalance issues. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00505 Keywords: WGAN, Imbalanced Data, Synthetic Data, Machine Learning, Cancer Diagnosis, Data Sampling, Model Stability, Data Generation, GAN Models Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 385-395 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/914/1119 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/914 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:385-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ASADULLAH LAKHO Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Iqra University,Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHZEB ZULFIQAR Author-Workplace-Name: Digital Marketing Manager, GroupM, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ADNAN Author-Workplace-Name: MBA/MPhil, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: FAIZAN UL HAQ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: KEHKASHAN NIZAM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: A STUDY ON IMPACT OF FACEBOOK BRAND-RELATED USER GENERATED CONTENT (UGC) ON CONSUMER RESPONSES Abstract: The purpose of this study is to propose and test a model that investigates the impact of brand related Facebook UGC on consumer responses. Research objectives include: Understand the impact of brand related UGC with respect to consumer emotional & cognitive responses, Investigate the process by which these cognitive and emotional responses are impacted, and Test whether homophily and brand involvement have any moderating impact on these proposed relationships. SOR Model has been used to drive the proposed model for this study (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974). The SOR model studies the impact of environmental elements on consumer responses; there responses may include behavior, emotion and cognition. Data collection for this research will be done through online survey questionnaires. These questionnaires will be shared online to potential respondents. These questionnaires will also contain a link to dummy Facebook Fan Pages that will work as stimuli, then after being exposed to these stimuli will the respondent be asked the required questions. The respondents will be selected through Purposive Sampling who have the characteristics of being a regular Facebook user and have exposure to E-Commerce. The data of this research will be analyzed through SPSS and AMOS to confirm reliability and validity of our constructs and to test our model. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7108001 Keywords: Social Commerce, Stimuli Organism Response Model,, Social Media,, E-commerce, , S-O-R, SEM-PLS, Homophily,, BrandInvolvement, SocialNetworkingSites, SNS, PurchaseIntention, ConsumerResponses, Facebook Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-15 Volume: 11 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/399/321 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/399 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:3:p:1-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FIAZ AHMAD SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RIZWAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ISMAIL SENTURK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Turkey Title: THE IMPACT OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND FIRM-SPECIFIC FACTORS ON CASH FLOWS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC FIRMS LISTED ON THE PAKISTAN STOCK EXCHANGE Abstract: Cash flow plays a vital role to bring many benefits to the smooth functioning of the financial system and the economy as a whole. So, it is interesting to study factors affecting cash flow. This study has examined the impact of intangible assets and firm-specific factors on cash flow. We have done our empirical analysis of public firms listed on the Pakistan stock exchange for the years 2009 to 2020. The data has been collected from the financial statements of automobile sectors which are listed on public firms on the Pakistan stock exchange (PSX). Cash flow is most significantly influenced in a positive way by the results that are expected to be generated by intangible assets. The firm size has a negative and significant impact on cash flow. The estimated results of firm growth have a significant and positive impact on cash flow. The estimated profitability results have a significant and negative impact on cash flow. The estimated results of earnings volatility have an insignificant and negative impact on cash flow. The overall results conclude that selected explanatory variables play an important role in determining the level of cash flow. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7256783 Keywords: Cash Flow, Intangible Asset, , Firm Siz, , Growth Opportunit, Profitability, Earnings Volatility Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 16-26 Volume: 11 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/401/323 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/401 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:3:p:16-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABDUL SALEEM Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: SHIFA BIBI Author-Workplace-Name: MBA, Faculty of Management Sciences, Szabist, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: ASADULLAH LAKHO Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: SALMAN HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: DETERMINANTS OF CUSTOMER SWITCHING INTENTION IN PAKISTAN: A CASE OF CELLULAR SERVICES Abstract: The basic aim of this research is to find out the correlation (hypothesis) between the informational justice, interpersonal justice, procedural justice, distributive justice to switching intention. The data was collected on the independent variables and dependent variable which were distributive justice, informational justice, interpersonal justice, procedural justice and switching intentions of the customers. The data was collected through questionnaires from the customers of the mobile phone services in Pakistan. The sample size is 450. This research is only talk about one industry which is mobile phone services industry. So, all of the results which are getting from this research cannot be applied in other industries. The data will not be helpful for other than the mobile phone services. These are the limitations for the reader. This research is very helpful or playing a significant part for the experts of the Pakistan’s marketing industry of mobile phone servicers to get the maximum information about their consumers. Pakistan mobile phone services switching intentions customer satisfaction customer behavior procedural justice informational justice, interpersonal justice, distributive justice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: procedural justice, distributive justice, switching intention, marketing industry, informational justice Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 27-36 Volume: 11 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/404/326 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/404 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:3:p:27-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shafiq Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computing and Information Technology, Mir Chakar Khan Rind University of Technology, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, Department of Computer Science, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Lasbela, Baluchistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Gulfam Ahmad Umar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of CS & IT, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi khan, Punjab, 32200, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Aoun Author-Workplace-Name: Department of CS & IT, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi khan, Punjab, 32200, Pakistan Author-Name: Hina Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of CS & IT, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi khan, Punjab, 32200, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Qayoom Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Lasbela, Baluchistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University – BZU, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Haseeb Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, University college of Engineering and Technology, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Advanced Authentication and Access Control for Encrypted Images in the 3D Cube Domain Abstract: Image encryption techniques have been widely employed to protect the privacy of images during transmission and storage. However, the challenge lies in providing secure authentication and access control mechanisms for encrypted images in the 3D cube domain. This research focuses on addressing the issue of authentication and access control for encrypted images within the context of 3D cubes. The 3D cube domain provides a unique and efficient representation for image encryption, allowing for enhanced security and privacy. However, ensuring proper authentication and access control mechanisms while maintaining the encryption's integrity and efficiency poses significant challenges. The proposed methods will aim to provide strong authentication mechanisms to verify the integrity and authenticity of encrypted images, preventing unauthorized access and tampering. By addressing the critical issue of authentication and access control in the 3D cube domain, this research aims to contribute to the development of more secure and reliable image encryption solutions. The outcomes of this research will have implications in various domains, including secure image transmission, cloud storage, and digital rights management, where protecting the confidentiality and access control of encrypted images is of utmost importance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00084 Keywords: Authentication, Access control, Encrypted images, 3D cube domain, Image encryption, Privacy, Security, Cryptographic algorithms Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 640-649 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/577 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:640-649 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sumera Tul Hasan Author-Workplace-Name:Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Lahore Leads University, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Nexus: Educational, Health, and Economic Incentives in Power Looms and their Impacts on Job Satisfaction Abstract: This research endeavors to unravel the intricate relationships among educational, health, and economic incentives within the Power Loom Industry and their consequential impacts on job satisfaction. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the study employs regression analysis to interpret key coefficients and statistical parameters. The results indicate that economic incentives, educational incentives, and health-related incentives significantly influence job satisfaction. Notably, educational incentives emerges as the most impactful factor followed by health-related incentives, and economy incentives. These findings underscore the importance of fostering fairness in organizational practices and providing diverse incentives to enhance overall job satisfaction. The study contributes to the literature by providing nuanced insights into the interplay between incentives and job satisfaction within the context of the Power Loom Industry. As industries seek to optimize workforce well-being, this research serves as a valuable guide for decision-makers aiming to implement targeted policies and practices that cater to the multifaceted needs of employees. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00080 Keywords: Power Loom Industry, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Justice, Economy Incentives, Educational Incentives, Health-related Incentives, Regression Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 635-639 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/572 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:635-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tayyaba Zia Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Public Management, School of Public Management, Yanshan University Hebei China Author-Name: Mazhar Ali Alyani Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Author-Name: Humaira Dogar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department Public Administration, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Raul G. Moldez Author-Workplace-Name: Adjunct Professor, School of Graduate and Professional Studies, Cagayan de Oro College Phinma Education Network, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines Author-Name: Zuhaib Nishtar Author-Workplace-Name: China three Gorges University Yichang City, China Author-Name: Kashif Lodhi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management,Economics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Bergamo via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo (BG), Italy Title: Impact of Online Learning on the Performance of Business Students Abstract: The utilization of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has significantly transformed the education sector by introducing modifications to the execution of diverse educational endeavors. An expanding number of business programs are integrating online and blended learning approaches into their undergraduate, graduate, and executive education programs as a means to address the changing needs of students. The objectives of the study were to find out the effects of online learning on the performance of business students. The qualitative descriptive method was incorporated into the design of this study. Students who were enrolled in the business education program at one of the public institutions in Lahore constituted the participants of this research. The dependent variable was the performance of business pupils, while the independent variable was online education. A structured interview was employed as the instrument for gathering data. The researcher gathered data via in-person visits. Prior to data collection, participants were informed of the purpose of the study through prior appointments, and the confidentiality of their responses was guaranteed. Thematic analysis was employed to examine the data. Results of the study shows that online education has both positive and negative impacts on business education. Moreover, study found some strategies to mitigate the problems during online learning of business students. Ina addition study has some implications for future researches. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00079 Keywords: information and communication technologies, business performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 629-634 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/571/444 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/571 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:629-634 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahsan Pervaiz Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Scholar, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Internationalization of Traditional and E-Business in Finance: A Comparative Study Abstract: The phenomenon of internationalization has been extensively investigated leading to the formulation of frameworks to encapsulate its fundamental principles. However, recent technological innovations have dismantled previously unassailable barriers. This same technological progress has increased digitized enterprises more aptly known as E-Business Companies (EBCs). This study serves a dual purpose: firstly to delve into widely researched conventional market entry theories, and secondly, to scrutinize the relevance of these theories concerning the internationalization process for both traditional and electronic businesses operating within the financial sector. Addressing this intricate subject necessitated a cross-case comparative analysis employing secondary data. Potential distinctions and parallels between the two were underscored by juxtaposing the case study entities. The outcomes revealed a contrast between the gradual expansion of traditional companies and the rapid internationalization process of EBCs largely propelled by Internet technology and relatively unencumbered by traditional market entry barriers. Both firms’ managerial strategies and organizational culture influenced their expansion trajectories. This study contributes by consolidating and aggregating existing literature enhancing its applicability and furnishing a foundation for future research in this domain. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00078 Keywords: internationalization, E-Business Companies, finance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 612-628 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/570/443 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/570 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:612-628 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shah Rukh Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ufaq Adeel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Net Exports, Labor Force and Life Expectancy on CO2 Emission Abstract: An immense collection of information about the connection between energy utilization and CO2 outflows is covered by various factors. We have utilized the factors for example Kuznets bend, future, workforce, CO2 emanation, and environmentally friendly power. Nonetheless, the job of energy creation in the contamination condition remains generally obscure. Current work measures the connection between environmentally friendly power creation, financial development, CO2 emanations, Kuznets bend, workforce, and future. A group of econometric instruments is utilized to accomplish the target of the review. Because of the awareness of the target of the current work, we utilize the unit root test to gauge the security of the boundaries over the period 1991-2021(30 years of information) which we took from the World Bank marker. An autoregressive distributive slack model shows that energy creation from petroleum products is the primary guilty party behind rising CO2 discharges. Moreover, the discoveries of the review state the presence of natural Kuznets bends speculation in the significance of energy creation in Pakistan. It is proposed that contamination can be decreased by creating energy from inexhaustible sources (hydroelectric, sun-oriented, geothermal, and wind energy) and adding more sustainable power to the energy blend. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00077 Keywords: Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Net Exports, Labor Force, Life Expectancy, CO2 Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 601-611 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/569 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:601-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khurram Baig Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Law Scholar Gillani Law College Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Advocate High Court, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Salman Author-Workplace-Name: National Institute of Computer and Advance Studies Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Motasem Hassan Mirza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Munir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: National Professional Officer, Health Department, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Saima Ayyaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Pakistan Title: Social Media Fostering Cybercrimes among Adults in Pakistan: Role of Lack of Empathy Abstract: In criminology, digital environments are generally understood as social spaces which open new possibilities for criminal activity and crime victimization. The rapid and vast use of social media technologies has produced cybercrimes among adults. The current study was conducted to investigate the use of social media and lack of empathy as predictors of cybercrimes. The study was completed through correlational research design. Three self-administered research questionnaires were used to measure the research variables; Use of Social Media Questionnaire (SMQ), Lack of Empathy Questionnaire (LEQ), and Cybercrimes Activity Questionnaire (CAQ). Data were collected through online Google Forms. The 1191 adults provided the data. Findings of the study reveal that excessive use of social media predicts cybercrimes among adult. Moreover, results suggest that lack of empathy among adults also correlated with cybercrimes activity. In addition, both social media and lack of empathy are significant positive predictors of cybercrimes among adults. Furthermore, male adults reported greater tendency of using of social media and indulging criminal activities due to lack of empathy as compared to female adults. Role of lack of empathy is contributing a significant role in predicting cybercrimes among adults. Cybercrimes laws in Pakistan are working poorly and there is no punishment to adults who are the victim of cybercrime activities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00074 Keywords: Social media, lack of empathy, cybercrimes Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 595-600 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/566 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:595-600 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Javed Miraj Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sheraz Haider Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce, Thal University Bhakkar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Qaisar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Iram Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Punjab School Education Department Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zuhaib Nishtar Author-Workplace-Name: China three Gorges University Yichang City, China Author-Name: Kashif Lodhi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Bergamo via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo (BG), Italy Title: Assessing the Effectiveness of Financial Literacy Programs for Business Student Abstract: In recent years, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers have come to realize the significance of financial literacy. Owing to continuous transformations in the financial services sector, personal finance has grown increasingly complex, and the consequences of not obtaining sufficient financial education have escalated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of financial literacy programs aimed at university business students. Research question of the study were to what extent are business students financially literate? how effective are programs for financial literacy that are aimed at business students? and how can business students' financial literacy be improved? There was a quantitative analysis carried out. The study used a survey to collect data, and its design was descriptive in nature. A survey consisting of 20 questions related to various financial literacy was administered to a sample of 200 business students of Private universities in Islamabad Pakistan. Descriptive statistics for the overall financial literacy score and scores for three subtopics: Budgeting, Investment, and Risk Management. To evaluate the data, descriptive statistics are used, such as the mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and t-test. Results shows that with an average Overall Score of 62.0% from the pre-program assessment, business students demonstrated a moderate level of financial literacy. Moreover, Significant improvements were also seen in the risk management, investment, and budgeting scores. Study recommended that more individualized and effective learning experience requires adjusting financial literacy interventions to target particular deficiencies found in the pre-program assessment. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00073 Keywords: Financial Literacy, effectiveness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 587-594 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/565/440 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/565 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:587-594 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahtisham Imtiaz Author-Workplace-Name: Relationship Manager, National Bank of Pakistan Author-Name: Aqueel Imtiaz Wahga Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Fakher Abbas Zaidi Author-Workplace-Name: Business Consultant, STEDEC Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: Safyan Majid Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Finance, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Corporate Hedging and Stock Market Dynamics: Evidence from PSX Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to examine the impact of corporate hedging practices such as derivative usage on stock market behavior of the firms. The study employed the data of financial sector of Pakistan for firms that are listed in the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The economy of Pakistan faced several challenges and risk during the past five years such as Covid-19, climate change, political uncertainty, and economy policy uncertainty. Hence, it provided a solid ground to investigate the viability of derivative usage in the adverse economic environment. The sample consisted of 111 firms. The results indicated that hedging has significant impact on stock returns and stock returns volatility. The study concludes that firms that use derivative can yield positive stock returns and influence volatility in returns DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00072 Keywords: Derivative, Stock Returns, Stock Volatility, Hedging Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 580-586 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/564/439 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/564 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:580-586 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amber Asghar Author-Workplace-Name: Virtual University of Pakistan Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aamir Sanaullah Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Hina Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hanif Author-Workplace-Name: NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Comparative Analysis of Variance Estimation Methods in Two-Phase Sampling: A Focus on Regression-cum-Exponential Estimators with Multiple Auxiliaries Abstract: In this study, we introduce a regression-cum-exponential estimator designed for estimating population variance. Specifically, we focus on the estimation of unknown population variance in a two-phase sampling setup, considering the use of multiple auxiliary variables. We derive and discuss various cases pertaining to this estimation framework. Additionally, we compare the asymptotic properties of existing approaches with those of our proposed estimator. This allows us to assess the performance and efficiency of the different methods. Finally, we conduct a simulation study to evaluate the performance of our proposed estimator in finite samples, specifically utilizing multi-auxiliary variables. This empirical analysis provides insights into the practical effectiveness of the estimators. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00071 Keywords: regression-cum-exponential estimator, two-phase sampling, multi-auxiliary variables, variance estimation, simulation study Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 573-579 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/562/438 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/562 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:573-579 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehak Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Okara University, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Sociology, Lahore Leads University, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sumera Tul Hasan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: Effects of Social Media Usage on Student Academic Performance of University Students Abstract: This quantitative research study involving 200 university students investigates the impact of social media usage on academic performance and various aspects of students' lives. Social media's increasing popularity for interpersonal communication globally is acknowledged, particularly within the educational context where students engage and share knowledge. The study explores factors such as the daily and nightly time spent on social networking sites, reasons for social media use, bedtime habits, and the disruptive influence of social media on educational and learning activities. Findings reveal that social media usage significantly impacts students' academic success, with potential benefits and drawbacks. The study focuses on uneducated rural Pakistanis, with 200 participants, including 100 males and 100 females, representing various academic disciplines. Notably, non-users of social media tend to sleep more than users, and the study highlights a correlation between social media usage and compromised family and personal time. The research underscores the negative effects of social media on education citing issues such as daydreaming, procrastination, and reduced study time. The study also reveals a strong correlation between academics, family, and social media usage, supported by regression analysis. Interestingly, despite potential drawbacks, Pearson's Correlation indicates that social media can improve academic performance by facilitating networking and information exchange. Overall, the study sheds light on the complex relationship between social media usage academic success and various aspects of students' lives. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00070 Keywords: Social Media Impact, Academic Performance, Student Behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 567-572 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/561 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:567-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohsin Raza Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Fayyaz Khokhar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD in Public Management School of Public Administration Yanshan University Qinhuangdao Hebei China Author-Name: Muhammad Zubair Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Zoology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mughesa Rubab Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Title: Impact of Transparent Communication in HR Governance: Fostering Employee Trust and Engagement Abstract: This comprehensive study investigates the dynamic landscape of Human Resources (HR) governance in modern organizations, particularly in the context of diverse industries in Pakistan. Executives specializing in internal communications and HR were interviewed to glean insights into the evolving role of HR and its intersection with effective internal communication strategies. The research employed a qualitative approach, conducting in-depth interviews either face-to-face or via telephone, recording and transcribing the conversations. The participating executives, selected through a snowball technique, provided diverse perspectives from financial services, utilities, retailing, and more. The study employed cluster analysis to code interview data, identify key themes, and visualize patterns using a mindmap. The findings illuminate the heightened significance of employee engagement, the strategic management of organizational reputation, trust-building through dialogue, ownership of communication channels, and the enduring value of face-to-face communication in shaping contemporary HR practices. While the study acknowledges its limitations in sample size, it lays the groundwork for future research directions and contributes valuable insights to the evolving landscape of HR governance in the Pakistani organizational context. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00068 Keywords: Human Resources, HR governance, internal communication, employee engagement, organizational reputation, trust-building, communication channels, face-to-face communication, contemporary organizations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 558-566 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/560/430 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/560 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:558-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Nosheen Rafi Author-Workplace-Name: Head, Department of Commerce, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Mudsir Ismail Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Iqra Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of Business & Management, UET Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Umbrin Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muddassar Bilal Author-Workplace-Name: Head, Department of Economics, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Amna Ilyas Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Title: Impact of Internal and External CSR on Job Satisfaction: Mediating Role of Emotional Labor Abstract: This research paper seeks to investigate the association between internal and external corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and their influence on emotional labor and job satisfaction. Through the exploration of these factors, the study provides valuable insights into the potential advantages of CSR initiatives for both organizations and their employees. Specifically, this research underscores the significance of a holistic CSR strategy that takes into account both internal and external initiatives and their effects on emotional labor and job satisfaction. Ultimately, the aim of this research is to offer practical and actionable recommendations for organizations seeking to strengthen their CSR programs and promote employee satisfaction and retention. Smart PLS 3.0 was used to analyze data collected from 142 employees of a major bank in Pakistan, by using purposive sampling. The results revealed that both Internal and External CSR initiatives have a significant positive impact on job satisfaction. Emotional labor was found to mediate the relationship between CSR and job satisfaction, highlighting the importance of emotional labor management in organizations that prioritize CSR initiatives. The findings of this study have practical implications for organizations in terms of the potential benefits of CSR initiatives for employee well-being and job satisfaction. Theoretical implications based on Social Expectation Theory suggest that employee expectations and perceptions of socially responsible behavior are important factors in shaping employee attitudes and behaviors. The originality of this study lies in its focus on the banking sector in Pakistan and the exploration of the relationship between internal and external CSR initiatives, emotional labor, and job satisfaction. While previous studies have investigated the impact of CSR on employee well-being and job satisfaction, this study contributes to the literature by examining the mediating role of emotional labor in the relationship between CSR and job satisfaction. Additionally, this study uses Smart PLS 3.0, a relatively new method in the field of CSR research, to analyze the data. Overall, the combination of the unique context of the study, the mediating role of emotional labor, and the use of advanced statistical techniques adds to the originality and contribution of this study to the existing literature on CSR and employee well-being. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00065 Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Emotional Labor, Job Satisfaction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 547-557 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/555/429 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/555 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:547-557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Shakeel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Government Islamia Graduate College, Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Najam ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Incharge Department of Economics, Thal University Bhakkar, Pakistan Author-Name: Kalsoom Akhtar Chaudhry Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Naveed Tahir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan Title: What Affects Crop Production in Pakistan: The Role of Agriculture Employment, Machinery and Fertilizer Consumption Abstract: Labor abundant or under developing economies normally rely on their agriculture sector. The performance of agriculture sector depends on the production of cropping livestock fishery and forestry sectors. The contribution of both cropping and livestock sectors in the agriculture production is almost 96.42 percent while the cropping sector contributes almost 33.85 percent during the fiscal year 20-2021 [Pakistan Economic Survey, 2020-2021]. The focus of this study is to investigate the factors which may influence the performance of crop production in Pakistan. For this purpose, bounds testing approach for the sample period from 1976 to 2022 is considered. The empirical results reveal that employment in agriculture sector, agriculture machinery, fertilizer consumption and urban population significantly boost the pace of crop production while the role of raw material imports is witnessed to be insignificant. The above reported results proposes that utilization of latest agriculture machinery, advanced fertilizers and high employability in agriculture sector may be encouraged to uplift the share of cropping sector in agriculture production in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00064 Keywords: Crop Production; Agriculture Employment, Agriculture Machinery, Fertilizer Consumption, Urban Population, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 541-546 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/558/427 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/558 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:541-546 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammad Vaqas Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Sociology and Director of Population Research Center, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khizra Nasir Author-Workplace-Name: Research Assistant, Population Research Center, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Jawad Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of Sociology and Coordinator of Population Research Center, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Yusra Sajid Author-Workplace-Name: Research Intern, Population Research Center, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan Title: Factors Influencing Primary School Dropout in Punjab, Pakistan: Results from MICS 2017-18 Abstract: The study focused on the determinants of primary school dropout in the province of Punjab in Pakistan. The study used the MICS (2017-18) dataset. Out of the MICS (2017-2018) data set, a total of 11621 cases were selected. The selected cases were all between the ages of 5 - 17 years, who were enrolled in a primary school in the year prior to data collection. Primary school dropout was the main dependent variable of the study. Out of the 11612 selected children that were enrolled in primary school in the year prior to data collection a total of 274 (2.4%) children had dropped out. Multiple logistic regression were performed to gauge the relationship between primary school dropout and the various demographic, economic, household level and individual level variables included in the study. The study revealed that some demographic, economic and individual level variables significantly increased the odds of primary school dropout. Specifically, children from urban areas (demographic) or poor families (economic) had a significantly higher likelihood of dropping out. There is a need for a comprehensive policy that provides a holistic strategy for eliminating the incidence of school dropout at the primary level. This strategy should involve multiple stakeholders including the government civil society international organizations and most importantly the communities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00063 Keywords: School dropout, MICS, Punjab, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 536-540 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/557/426 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/557 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:536-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zahid Hussain Sahito Author-Workplace-Name: Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan Author-Name: Liaquat Ali Rahoo Author-Workplace-Name: Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan Author-Name: Zeeshan Murtaza Jatoi Author-Workplace-Name: Librarian, Greenwich University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Industrial Engineering & Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hanif Channar Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Social Media Tools on Knowledge Sharing among Students of Jamshoro Education City Abstract: An effective and inclusive exchange of knowledge is an essential part of a successful and practice-oriented in higher educational institutions. This study examines the factors influencing knowledge sharing among Students of Jamshoro education city higher educational institutions of Sindh province in Pakistan. The study was cross sectional and quantitative in nature. The survey was conducted among Students of 3 public sector higher educational institutions in Jamshoro education city. The convenience sampling technique was used to collect data through questionnaire. The questionnaires consisting of two main parts were used to collect the data. The first part collected demographic data and the second section included questions about social networking factors. Questionnaire distributed and Google form was used for data collection which was emailed to 600 respondents, 470 were respondents and filled the questionnaire, and 450 were evaluable and useful for data analysis. Questionnaire was developed from literature. Smart-PLS 4.0 version was used for measurement model and structural model. Results show that Data sharing, information technology, apparent enjoyment, shared benefit, and Information technology positively influenced knowledge sharing among the students. However, the availability of technology did not affect knowledge sharing among Students. Findings suggest that universities should encourage students to share their knowledge by designing courses notes and exams that integrate data sharing and information technology to promote enjoyment and awareness of the mutual benefits of knowledge sharing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00062 Keywords: Knowledge Sharing, Social networks, HEIs, Students, Technology Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 528-535 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/556/421 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/556 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:528-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liaquat Ali Rahoo Author-Workplace-Name: Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waqas Nazir Arain Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, School of Management and Economics, Xidian University of Electronic Science and Technology, China Author-Name: Naira Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hyderabad Institute of Art, Science and Technology, Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Industrial Engineering & Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan Author-Name: Fahad Atta Author-Workplace-Name: School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University Shaanxi Title: Impact of Entrepreneurial Skills on Business Success: A Mediating Role of Information Technology Competence Abstract: Information technology capabilities and entrepreneurial talents have become more important in recent decades. Because day by day business growing with the help of technology. The purpose of this study is to look into how information technology capability and entrepreneur competencies affect the success of businesses. To evaluate the impact of entrepreneurial skills on business success mediating role of information technology capacity. The research was quantitative in method; a survey questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. The population of the study was Hyderabad city business owners who had founded their enterprises in the recent past, the Hyderabad Chamber of Commerce. Convenience sampling technique was used for data collection. 500 questionnaires were distributed among the respondents; 320 questionnaires were returned. The study's conclusions demonstrated that entrepreneurial skills are positively correlated with business success, and that information technology, which served as a mediating factor, positively correlated with both entrepreneurial skills and business success. Policy makers and businesspeople will find value in the research's conclusions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00061 Keywords: Entrepreneurial, Information technology, Chamber of commerce, Capability, Competence Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 519-527 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/554/424 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/554 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:519-527 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Wasim Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Author-Name: Rao Bahkat Yawar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Title: Assessing the Economic Implications of Climate Change on Agriculture in Punjab in Pakistan: Farmers Perception and Satisfaction Abstract: Climate factors are pivotal for agriculture productivity and unremittingly climatic change are really harmful for agriculture productivity. Farm level adaptation measures preforms effective role to cope up with climate challenges. This research aims to focus on the farmers’ perception and awareness about climate changes and their vulnerable impacts on agriculture productivity. Additionally, this research also explore the farmer’s satisfaction on adaptation strategies to handle the climate change in Punjab, Pakistan. The 360 respondents were selected to get the questionnaire based data from the farmers located in Punjab province. The survey is conduct through multi-stage random and convenient sampling procedure for face to face interviews. For empirical analysis this research was applied frequency analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) through factor analysis to account the farmers’ perception about climate change and satisfaction on adaptive measures. The results show that younger farmers have more knowledge about climate change and adaptation measures. The empirical results indicates that climate change increases the vulnerability of farmers and reducing the per hectare yield over the time. Variation in temperature pattern of precipitation mutable sowing and harvesting time creates alarming situation for agriculture productivity in Punjab, Pakistan. Most of the farmers are not happy with and demanding heat resistant and drought resistant seed varieties. Agriculture extension services are fails to increase the farmer’s perception and satisfaction about climate change. The results show that farmer are not satisfied with performance of climate resilient institutions of Punjab government laws and regulation public private partnership (PPP) the efforts of Research Institutions and NGOs, initiatives of international organizations, community level interventions and poor climate resilient funds. It is recommended that government, research institutions and climate resilient instructions should focus on to educate the farmers and predict new sowing and harvesting patterns water technology introduce the new climate zones and suitable crops for particular zone. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00060 Keywords: Climatic Challenges, Agriculture Output, Farmers Perception, Farmers Satisfaction, Principle Component Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 501-518 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/553/423 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/553 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:501-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Memoona Manzoor Kiani Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Shain Taj Raisani Author-Workplace-Name: Project Officer, Health Department Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Nabeel Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahan Zeb Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashif Lodhi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Bergamo via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo (BG), Italy Title: Impact of International Trade and Globalization on Financial Markets: A Case of Pakistan Abstract: This study investigates the intricate relationship between international trade, globalization, and Pakistan's financial markets through quantitative analysis. Using regression, correlation, time-series, and comparative methodologies, data from 2018 to 2022 was analyzed. Findings indicate a direct correlation between higher trade volumes and improved stock market performance, while a rising globalization index aligns with increased capital inflows. Exchange rate fluctuations reflect the currency's sensitivity to global economic shifts. Comparative analysis with regional counterparts highlights both aligned and divergent financial market trends. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis emphasizes the potential impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on stock market indices. These insights underscore the importance of trade policies, global integration, and FDI in shaping Pakistan's financial market dynamics within the evolving global economic landscape. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00059 Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Policies, Global Integration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 493-500 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/552/422 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/552 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:493-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Najam Ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Economics and Agri. Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Safdar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Agri. Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shaharid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Saboor Author-Workplace-Name: Professor (Dean), Department of Economics and Agri. Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hanif Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Statistics , Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University ,Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Nexus Among Human Capital, Public Expenses and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Developing World Abstract: Public spending and human capital are always focused on appropriate economic growth via a variety of short and long term methods. In this study, government spending, human capital, and economic growth in 31 developing countries are examined from 1986 to 2017. The long-term connections between public spending, human capital, and economic growth are examined in this study. To do this, the research estimates an empirical model that considers human capital public investment and the combined impact of these variables on economic growth. For the unit root, econometric procedures such as the ADF test were employed. Comparably, co-integration has been measured using the Pedroni, Johansen Fisher, and Kao tests. For long-run analysis, the FMOLS and DOLS estimators are employed. In the empirical models, labor force, capital formation, public spending, and human capital are independent variables. Long-run results indicate that labor force, capital formation, public spending, and human capital positively affects economic growth. Significant empirical connection among economic growth public spending and human capital is quantified in this study. The results of this evaluation, which took place in 31 developing nations between 1986 and 2017, have a big impact on human capital accumulation and fiscal policy. Regardless of whether the model is estimated using weighted or pooled DOLS estimators or weighted or pooled FMOLS estimators this relationship is robust from the estimation approach. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00057 Keywords: Economic Growth, Public Expenses, Human Capital, FMOLS, DOLS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 485-492 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/421/433 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/421 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:485-492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Haleema Perveen Author-Workplace-Name: Government Graduate College for Women, Mumtazabad, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Saima Ayyaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Saima Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Cyberjava, Malaysia Author-Name: Muhammad Kamran Sagur Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Rafay Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Motasem Hassan Mirza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Pakistan Title: Psychological Burden of Breast Cancer Predicted Quality of Life: A Case Study of Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology Abstract: Breast cancer is a highly prevalent cancer in females worldwide, with new cases around one million every year. The study was aimed to investigate psychological burden and quality of among women with breast cancer. The nature of study was quantitative that was completed through correlational research design. Questionnaires were administered with breast cancer patients by conducting a survey as method of data collection. Sample of 139 breast cancer patients were recruited from Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology through purposive sampling technique. Findings of study reveal that depression, anxiety and stress are the most frequent psychological disorders in BC patients. In addition, psychological burden due to BC among women is a significant negative predictor of quality of life. Moreover, results suggest that young breast cancer patients reported propounding level of psychological problems. Several psychotherapeutic and supportive approaches have proven effective in managing psychological disorders in BC patients. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00055 Keywords: Breast cancer, psychological burden, quality of life Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 469-472 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/531/415 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/531 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:469-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syeda Aneeqa Touseef Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Zahid Mahmood Zahid Author-Workplace-Name: Management Researcher, M. Phil, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Darakhshan Muslim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Virtual University of Pakistan Title: Factors influencing Customer Contentment in Fast Food Restaurants Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A study from Lahore district Abstract: Fast food restaurants are a big hit in today’s world but there was a huge set back to these restaurants during COVID 19 pandemic. Restaurants face huge losses. They also changed dynamics of their operations offering different services. The dine-in mode changed to takeaways and delivery along with car dine-ins. This paper aims to determine relationship between factors including service quality, cultural and social dynamics, COVID 19 protocols, price and customer satisfaction. This study can be used as a basis for fast food restaurants and other related industries to enhance customer satisfaction worldwide. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00054 Keywords: Structure Equation Modeling, Fast Food Restaurants, COVID 19, Service quality Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 459-468 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/546/414 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/546 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:459-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naima Mubeen Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Abdul Quddus Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Trade Horizons: A Comprehensive Study of Determinants Shaping Export Diversification in Pakistan Abstract: The present study aims at highlighting the determinants and degree diversification of export in Pakistan. The index of exports diversification by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is used to calculate the degree of export diversification. Furthermore using time series data from 1995 to 2022 present study examines the factors that influence export diversification. There are very few studies that address estimating and determinants in the context of Pakistan. To check the unit root problem Augmented Dickey Fuller test is used. The Auto Regressive Distributive Lag method is used in this study to observe long-term relationships in the underlying variables. The regression results indicate that official exchange rates economic globalization and foreign direct investment negatively affect export diversification in Pakistan. While gross fixed capital formation world GDP per capita term of trade and political stability positively affect diversification of exports in the case of Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00053 Keywords: Export diversification, official exchange rate, economic globalization, foreign direct investment, world GDP per capita, gross fixed capital formation, term of trade, political stability Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 446-458 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/545/413 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/545 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:446-458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tuba nafees Bajwa Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Quality & Technology Management (IQTM), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Shafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Dean & Professor, Faculty of Quality & Industrial Systems Engineering (FQISE), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khalid Hafeez Author-Workplace-Name: Vice Chancellor & Professor, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan Title: Investigate relationship of national culture dimensions with entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan: An empirical study Abstract: Many companies have recognized the importance of cultural dimensions influencing overall organizational performance for their aggressive advantage. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship of national culture with entrepreneurial performance in Pakistani manufacturing companies. This was a cross-sectional study with a descriptive research design conducted among staff and managers from the Lahore Chamber of Commerce. A total of 307 respondents were conveniently selected to participate in this study and completed a series of questionnaires. A questionnaire was developed, distributed and collected as the main method of data collection. Descriptive statistics and SEM were used to analyze study data from SPSS and Smartpls4. The study results show that there is a significant correlation between national cultural dimensions and entrepreneurial performance. This study found that power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, individualism/collectivism were significantly and positively correlated with organizational performance. Research has shown that subculture has an impact on how commercial company sport is conducted in a company. Therefore, it affects the overall performance of the company as a whole. Even if managers and their employees have similar attitudes about how performance should be made, this leads to good results in the workplace. The study concluded that all 5 cultural dimensions were drastically and unequivocally correlated with the organization's overall performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00052 Keywords: national culture, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/feminity, individualism/collectivism, short-long term orientation, entrepreneurial performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 437-445 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/544/410 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/544 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:437-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raima Adeel Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Banking & Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia university of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Mohammad Shahab Wajid Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Research Scholar, Institute of Banking & Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Fawad Waseem Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Research Scholar, Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Driving Financial Satisfaction in Technopreneurship: Unveiling the Moderating Influence of Government Support Abstract: Technopreneurship a relatively recent form of entrepreneurship has gained popularity among young people in Pakistan. Despite efforts from influencers and the government awareness about technopreneurship remains limited especially in the post-COVID-19 era, where it faces challenges in developing competitive entrepreneurs. This study aims to explore the link between technopreneurship and financial satisfaction, with a focus on the moderating role of government support. To achieve this, a research model was created based on the concepts of Technopreneurship, government support, and financial satisfaction. Researchers surveyed technopreneurs from across Pakistan using questionnaires and analyzed the collected data using SPSS. The results reveal a significant connection between technopreneurship and financial satisfaction, with this relationship being influenced by the level of government support. However, the findings suggest that the government needs to do more to foster technopreneurship by providing a favorable business environment and financial support. While this research focused on technopreneurs in Pakistan future studies could refine the population scope or explore the impact of other factors on the relationship between technopreneurship and financial satisfaction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00051 Keywords: Technopreneurship, Entrepreneurship, Technology, Financial Satisfaction, Government Support Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 430-436 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/543/408 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/543 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:430-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing & International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Shakeela Kausar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Science, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Aneeta Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing & International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Zunaira Arif Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Research Scholar, Department of Marketing & International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Unveiling Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Study of Business Graduates in South Punjab's Higher Education Institutions with a Focus on Gender Moderation Abstract: In underdeveloped countries like Pakistan there is lack of entreprenurial activities.In order to enhance the entreprenurial activity,it is the need of the hour to identify the personal & socio-economic factors that leads towards the creation of new ventures. Current study was an effort to examine the determinants (entrepreneurial attitudes, lack of fiancé, financial returns and entrepreneurial motivation) of entrepreneurial intentions among business graduates of higher education institutions (HEIs) of southern Punjab, Pakistan with moderating role of gender. The study has used quantitative research design. Population of the study was all the business graduates of HEIs of Southern Punjab. Convenience sampling was used to select the respondents from target population. Sample size was 370.A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data from respondents.SmartPLS & SPSS software was used for the analysis of collected data. The findings have established significant positive relationship of all determinants with entrepreneurial intentions except attitude. Moreover, the results have shown that gender does not moderate the relationship between determinants and entrepreneurial intentions of business graduates. Future research can be conducted to explore the reasons for such unexpected results. This study has made a significant contribution to the literature and came to the conclusion that there is a dire need to encourage entrepreneurial mind-set among youth and to create awareness and skills that are necessary to create new businesses. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00050 Keywords: entrepreneurial attitudes, lack of finance, financial returns, entrepreneurial motivation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 417-429 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/541/405 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/541 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:417-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing & International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Daud Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Scholar, Department of Marketing & International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Shakeela Kausar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Science, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Aneeta Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing & International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Navigating Workplace Fun in the Midst of Crisis: A Study on Employee Engagement Strategies in the Hospitality Industry Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic Abstract: The perception of workplace fun is gaining hold in the hospitality sector as individuals realize how crucial it is to have fun at work. This study employed an employer-push, employee-need technique to thrive a conceptual model of the elements influencing workplace fun during COVID-19. Antecedents were characterized as duo of employee-pull (employee anticipation along with the satisfaction with the working environment) and duoof employer-push (Comparative dominance and open communication channel) factors. At COVID-19 in Multan, 19 frontline personnel (5 frontline managers and 14 frontline staff) from the hospitality industry participated in in-depth, one-on-one interviews in a qualitative format. The findings validated the perspectives of both the employer as well as staff on the workplace fun. The concluding section of this research highlights the key research study consequences and future research aims at workplace fun. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00049 Keywords: Comparative advantage, Communication, Expectation, COVID-19, Hospitality Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 410-416 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/542/404 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/542 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:410-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nijah Akram Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architectural Engineering Technology, Punjab Tianjin University of Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Syed Sohaib Zubair Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Fahad Asghar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zuhaib Nishtar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China Author-Name: Kashif Lodhi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Bergamo via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo (BG), Italy Title: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Construction Projects: A Study on the Utilization, Effectiveness, and Challenges in Pakistan Abstract: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a vital strategy for addressing infrastructure development challenges worldwide including in Pakistan. This study explores the challenges and effectiveness of PPP models in the construction sector in Pakistan focusing on critical aspects of regulatory complexity changing jurisdiction coordination issues financial constraints and the absence of standardized resources. To gauge the effectiveness of different PPP models the study examines the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), Design-Build-Operate-Maintain (DBOM), and Concession Agreement models. The BOT model has proven effective for large-scale infrastructure projects but remains vulnerable to political instability. The DBOM model faces financial and regulatory challenges while concession agreements may encounter public accountability and stakeholder conflict issues. The study highlights that the choice of an appropriate PPP model in Pakistan should align with project-specific requirements and challenges. It underscores the significance of addressing political risks regulatory issues and ensuring transparent communication with stakeholders. In conclusion the study offers insights into the challenges and effectiveness of PPP models in Pakistan's construction sector. It recommends the need for a coordinated approach among government entities robust project screening and evaluation transparent and competitive tendering processes and thorough project monitoring. Additionally it calls for the development of comprehensive guidelines and model documents. Future research should consider the contextual variations in different settings to enhance generalizability and employ a combination of data sources to mitigate interview bias. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on improving PPP implementation in Pakistan with the potential for broader applicability in similar contexts. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00047 Keywords: Public-Private Partnerships, construction projects, effectiveness, challenges Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 402-409 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/539/402 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/539 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:402-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Umair Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: Assist Professor, Department of Public Relations and Advertising, School of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hamza Irfan Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil. Scholar, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashif Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Establishment I, Registrar Office, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Social Media Fuels Polarization in Muslim Countries Abstract: The majority of People are Polarize online in Muslim countries of world. It is very easy to create polarize groups with the use of Social Media. The purpose of the study to measures Polarization and the echo chamber feature of Social Media in Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The results suggested that Social Media Polarization extreme form is existed and also confirmed that Social Media new Algorithms creating echo chambers. The interesting results suggested that our respondent wants diversity not echo chamber. People are politically Polarize because of fake and emotional content. It is the responsibility of the Social Media companies to watch for this type of content which makes people divide socially religiously and politically. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00046 Keywords: Social media, political polarization, religiously, fake and emotional content Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 398-401 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/538/401 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/538 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:398-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saba Sadiq Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Nadia Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Creative Arts, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Darakhshan Muslim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Lecturer, Virtual University of Pakistan Title: Political Comics: An Emerging Trend in Social Media and Its Impact on Youth Abstract: Youth of today is greatly influenced by different social media platforms e.g. Facebook Instagram Twitter or X etc. These social media platforms offer them enormous opportunities to explore and learn new concepts and practices. This research aimed to study the emerging trend of political comics on different social media platforms and how it impacts the youth in Pakistan. This study is composed of survey analysis. This study was survey research in which a close-ended questionnaire was used to collect the data from a sample of 120 undergraduate students of Lahore district including an equal number of male and female. The study explored that political comics have some hidden meanings that have strong psychological impacts on young social media users. T-test analysis shows that political comics have both positive and negative impacts. This research concludes that nationalism and trust on state machinery is strongly damaged if its political leaders have a negative image among youth. This may lead to more political polarization among youth. This study also explores that social media plays a healthy role in political awareness with a strong and extensive impact. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00045 Keywords: Social Media, Political Comics, Impact, Youth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 393-397 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/537/400 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/537 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:393-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hajra Maroof Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Sehla Kausar Anees Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Maryam Sarfraz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Darakhshan Muslim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Muhammad Muslim Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Title: Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Self-Medication during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of academic personals from Lahore Abstract: Healthcare systems were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which encouraged extensive use of self-medication techniques. Self-medication is the use of medicines to treat self-recognized illness or symptoms without the doctor’s prescription. The goal of this study was to fill up the knowledge gap and to determine the prevalence and influencing aspects of self-medication during the COVID-19 and offer suggestions to encourage safe and responsible medication practices, the sorts of drugs that are often used, and the motivations for self-medication during the pandemic in Lahore. 100 respondents in Lahore including students and faculties from different universities with different academic backgrounds were surveyed through simple random sampling using a structured questionnaire which was shared via social media. Using the right statistical techniques, qualitative data gathered from the surveys was examined. Descriptive statistics and inferential techniques, such as chi-square tests, were used to evaluate the data. The findings showed that bodily aches/pains and fever were the most often self-medicated symptoms. The most popular medications for self-medication were painkillers. The main factors that led people to choose self-medication were the accessibility of healthcare services and fear of contracting COVID-19 in healthcare settings. Although the internet and social media were often used to research options for self-medication. Some responders reported negative side effects and consequences from self-medication. In conclusion, this study advances our knowledge of Lahore's COVID-19 pandemic's self-medication practices. The results also highlight the significance of encouraging appropriate self-medication behaviors and making sure that people have access to trustworthy information to protect the public's health in times of medical crisis. These findings may be used by policymakers, healthcare professionals, and public health authorities to create specialized treatments and educational programs that will encourage community members to self-medicate safely and intelligently. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00044 Keywords: COVID-19, Self-medication, Practices Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 385-392 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/536/398 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/536 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:385-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehwish Butt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiza Farwa Amin Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Javed Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Maqbool Hussain Sial Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Najam-ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, Bhakkar Campus, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Mueen-ud-Din Azad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Title: Homogeneously Weighted Moving Average Control Chart for Rayleigh Distribution Abstract: In this paper we have proposed Homogeneously Weighted Moving Average (HWMA) control chart for Rayleigh distribution. The Average Run Length (ARL1) is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed HWMA control charts. The ARL1 performance of HWMA control chart is compared to the Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts with respect to the different shift size (i.e. 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% increase and decrease in shift). The results are calculated using sample size n=5. It is observed that with the increase in shift proposed HWMA chart shows more efficient results i.e. ARL1 values decrease with the increase in shifts. It is found that the proposed HWMA chart for Rayleigh distribution outperforms the existing EWMA control chart. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00043 Keywords: HWMA chart, Average Run Length, Rayleigh distribution, EWMA, Shifts Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 366-384 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/535/397 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/535 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:366-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Wasim Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Author-Name: Rao Bahkat Yawar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Title: Assessing the Economic Implications of Climate Change on Agriculture in Punjab in Pakistan: Farmers Perception and Satisfaction Abstract: Climate factors are pivotal for agriculture productivity and unremittingly climatic change are really harmful for agriculture productivity. Farm level adaptation measures preforms effective role to cope up with climate challenges. This research aims to focus on the farmers’ perception and awareness about climate changes and their vulnerable impacts on agriculture productivity. Additionally, this research also explore the farmer’s satisfaction on adaptation strategies to handle the climate change in Punjab, Pakistan. The 360 respondents were selected to get the questionnaire based data from the farmers located in Punjab province. The survey is conduct through multi-stage, random, and convenient sampling procedure for face to face interviews. For empirical analysis, this research was applied frequency analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) through factor analysis to account the farmers’ perception about climate change and satisfaction on adaptive measures. The results show that younger farmers have more knowledge about climate change and adaptation measures. The empirical results indicates that climate change increases the vulnerability of farmers and reducing the per hectare yield over the time. Variation in temperature, pattern of precipitation, mutable sowing and harvesting time creates alarming situation for agriculture productivity in Punjab, Pakistan. Most of the farmers are not happy with and demanding heat resistant and drought resistant seed varieties. Agriculture extension services are fails to increase the farmer’s perception and satisfaction about climate change. The results show that farmer are not satisfied with performance of climate resilient institutions of Punjab, government laws and regulation, public private partnership(PPP), the efforts of Research Institutions and NGOs, initiatives of international organizations, community level interventions and poor climate resilient funds. It is recommended that government, research institutions and climate resilient instructions should focus on to educate the farmers and predict new sowing and harvesting patterns, water technology, introduce the new climate zones and suitable crops for particular zone. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00042 Keywords: Climatic Challenges, Agriculture Output, Farmers Perception, Farmers Satisfaction, Principle Component Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 348-365 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/534/396 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/534 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:348-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Noraiz Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Saira Akram Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muqarrab Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Aqeel Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer (English), Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Geopolitics of the Central America and USA: An Economic Perspective Abstract: The geopolitics of the United States and Central America have been intricately linked for centuries driven by historical economic and strategic factors. Central America, consisting of seven countries, has long been considered the United States' "backyard," with the U.S. exerting substantial influence in the region. Historically, this influence has often been characterized by interventions, both overt and covert, in the internal affairs of Central American nations, which has left a legacy of political instability and regional tensions. Economically, Central America is a vital trade partner for the United States. The region's geographic proximity has made it a valuable destination for U.S. exports and a source of agricultural products and manufactured goods. Trade agreements like CAFTA-DR have further solidified this economic relationship, benefiting both sides. However, the region also faces challenges such as income inequality, poverty, and crime, which can have a direct impact on the United States particularly concerning immigration and security concerns. While the cultures of the Central America and America in many cases are diametric in relation to each other, the geographical proximity of the two has forged a relationship that can best be described in terms of hegemonic strategy. More importantly for policymakers and scholars to understand and to influence the future liaison between the US and Central America they must reach across time and space into the past to learn the lessons of previous events. This study examines the US in Central America in the 20thcentury to determine possible future U.S. actions in the region. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00032 Keywords: United State, Central America, Latin America, Geopolitics, Economy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 340-347 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/533/469 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/533 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:340-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr.Muhammad Shakeel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Government Islamia Graduate College, Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar (Finance), Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore & Deputy Manager Treasury, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Arooj Zahra Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Aqsa Bakhshi Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar (Finance), Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Role of Consumer Prices, Economic Growth and Rising Population in Determining Unemployment: A Time Series Evidence from Cyprus Economy Abstract: Addressing an important and imperative macroeconomic issue like unemployment always remains among the top priorities of all the policy makers in almost every economy of the world. Increasing unemployment reflects the slowdown or downturn of the economy. Therefore it is important to explore the factors which may influence unemployment in any economy. This study is aimed at investigating the role of CP- consumer prices EG- economic growth and TP- total population on unemployment in Cyprus. After considering sample period from 1977 to 2022 the estimates of ARDL bounds test uncover the significant and positive impact of CP and TP on unemployment while EG leaves significantly inverse impact on unemployment. The study confirms presence of positive sloped Phillips curve while it also confirms presence of Okun’s law in Cyprus economy. Based on these findings this study suggests that EG should be accelerated to condense level of unemployment but CP and TP should be controlled to stop increasing unemployment. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00041 Keywords: Unemployment, Consumer Prices, Economic Growth, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 334-339 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/529/390 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/529 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:334-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Shahzad Munawar Ch Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Political Science, Higher Education Department, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Ahtasham Jan Butt Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Higher Education Department, Pakistan Author-Name: Saira Zaka Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil research Scholar at University of Okara, Pakistan Title: The Influence of Materialism on Politics: An Examination Through the Lens of Karl Marx's Perspective Abstract: Karl Marx's penetrating analysis of the nexus between materialism and politics offers a paradigm-shifting framework that transcends conventional political ideologies. The commodification of political processes, a cornerstone of Marx's perspective, delineates a departure from liberal theories by asserting that under capitalism, political actions become commodified tools serving the interests of the ruling class. This challenges prevailing notions of political autonomy, revealing elections and governance mechanisms as instruments perpetuating existing capitalist structures. Moreover, Marx's emphasis on class struggle as a primary force in political evolution distinguishes his perspective from conservative views, urging a scrutiny of political decisions through the lens of economic interests. The theory of alienation introduces a human dimension to political analysis, contending that capitalism estranges individuals not only from their labor but also from their essential humanity, influencing political engagement. Contrary to historical analyses emphasizing abstract notions Marx's historical materialism roots societal changes in shifts in the material conditions of production. This challenges liberal narratives highlighting that transitions such as from feudalism to capitalism are profound transformations of economic foundations that in turn shape political systems. Marx's perspective encourages a nuanced understanding of the intricate connections between materialism and politics, urging a reevaluation of the impact of economic determinants, class dynamics, human experience, and historical material conditions on the political landscape. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00040 Keywords: Materialism, Politics, Marxism Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 352-355 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/528/389 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/528 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:352-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabia Murtaza Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Shamila Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Alishba Hania Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, Institute of Southern Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Motasem Mirza Author-Workplace-Name: Bahria University Lahore Campus, Pakistan Title: Translation and Validation of Mooney Problem Checklist for Students of High Schools Abstract: The study was conducted to translate and validate the Mooney Problem Checklist of high schools form. The MPCL with eleven dimensions was administered to 150 students of high schools, who were selected from government and private sector of education. Grade 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th of high schools students were considered with age range (12-18) years. This study analyzed correlation frequency and confirmative analysis. The analysis was conducted using SPSS 25th Version to examine the psychometric properties such as item fit statistics, removable items, unidimensionality, local independence, and item polarity validity. The results obtained showed that 329 items from high school form were found to have fulfilled the main assumption and measurement criteria of MPCLs. This study provides a significant contribution to improving the scale development and validation of the MPCL instrument. The results of high school students, there are 55 pairs of dimensions relationship that existed from 11 dimensions of MPCL. The results suggest that 21 pairs of dimensions have a very strong relationship 30 have a strong and 4 pair has a moderate relationship. The findings reveal that the strongest pair MR -CTP (r= 0.892, p=0.000), has a very strong correlation. The weakest pair HPD-CSM (r=0.422, p=0.000) has a moderate correlation. This study shows the strength of the dimensions in MPCL in proving the suitability of the items used for replication in the context of schools. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00039 Keywords: Mooney Problem Checklist, Translation Method, High Schools Students Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 310-329 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/527/425 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/527 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:310-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anila Shakil Author-Workplace-Name: Master of Science in Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Saira Akram Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Sarwat Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Aqeel Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer (English), Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Ayub Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Women Issues in Pakistan’s Politics: A Case of Psychological and Economic Challenges Abstract: Women's issues in Pakistani politics continue to be a pressing concern, reflecting the complex challenges faced by women in the country's political landscape. Women in Pakistan face a range of psychological and economic issues within the realm of politics, which can significantly hinder their full participation in the political arena. Psychologically, many women grapple with the pervasive gender bias and discrimination present in the political landscape. The deeply entrenched patriarchal culture often leads to a lack of recognition and respect for women's contributions, affecting their self-esteem and self-confidence. Women in politics frequently endure derogatory comments harassment and even threats resulting in anxiety and fear that can deter them from active political engagement. While, economically women in Pakistan's politics often struggle due to limited access to resources and funding. Running for office and maintaining a political career can be financially demanding, and many women lack the financial means to compete effectively. Traditional gender roles and societal norms often place economic restrictions on women making it difficult for them to access campaign resources hire staff or travel for political activities. This economic disadvantage hampers their ability to build a strong political presence and may limit their career prospects. However, to address these psychological and economic issues, Pakistan must implement policies and programs that empower women in politics. This study examines the challenges face by women psychologically and economically in Pakistan’s politics and suggests suitable measures to strengthen the role of women in politics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00036 Keywords: Women, Politics, Psychology, Economy, Pakistan, Gender Based Discrimination, Issues and Challenges, Women’s political participation, Women economic and psychological level, Political parties, Equal access, Funding, Training, Opportunities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 303-309 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/524/383 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/524 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:303-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadaf Alam Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Assistant Professor, Bahria Business School, Bahria University Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Syed Haider Ali Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Bahria Business School, Bahria University Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Title: Knowledge Management as a Strategy for Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Study of FMCG Industry in Pakistan Abstract: The research intended to study the effect of knowledge management on attaining sustainable competitive advantage in FMCG sector of Pakistan. The study is an explanatory study and followed quantitative design. A closed-ended questionnaire was used as research instrument using 5-points Likert scale. Knowledge management was measured by means of the Knowledge Management Assessment Instrument (KMAI) built on the theoretical model of the Competing Value Framework (CVF) and Sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) was measured using VIRO framework. Sample of 380 respondents were taken for this study using purposive sampling. Analysis was carried out in AMOS. From this study of knowledge management towards sustainable competitive advantage all outcomes show that knowledge management with its five steps process; knowledge creation, knowledge Organization, Knowledge Storing, Knowledge Dissemination and Knowledge application has significant effect on attaining sustainable competitive advantage in FMCG sector of Pakistan. In this regard results of CFA and SEM were also found supportive. Organizations should allocate resources towards knowledge management as it is a key to enhance the performance of organization in the form of sustainable competitive advantage. Organizations’ systems must be planned in a way that inspires employees for efficient utilization of other resources, which means constant improvement of their knowledge and capabilities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00035 Keywords: Knowledge Management, Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Confirmatory Factor Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 291-302 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/523/384 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/523 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:291-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Afzal Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khalid Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Teacher Education, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Syed Abdul Waheed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Studies, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: A Gender-Based Comparison of Science Teachers’ Knowledge about Instructional Strategies Abstract: This research study delves into the realm of science education, specifically focusing on the knowledge and utilization of instructional strategies by science teachers. The primary objective is to investigate whether there are discernible gender-based differences in science teachers' awareness, understanding, and implementation of various instructional strategies, encompassing lecture-based methods, demonstration techniques, problem-solving approaches, questioning and inquiry-based strategies, as well as cooperative learning strategies within the classroom. The study employs a quantitative methodology, utilizing multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQs) to gather data from a diverse sample of 826 secondary school science teachers and analyze the gender-based level of secondary school science teachers’ knowledge about instructional strategies using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS-24). This study uncovers that gender-based differences exist not only in the level of awareness and understanding of instructional strategies but also in their practical implementation. The outcomes of this study hold significance for both educational theory and practice. By identifying gender-related trends in science teachers' instructional strategy awareness and application, science teachers, administrators, and policymakers can gain insights into areas that might necessitate targeted professional development or intervention. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00034 Keywords: Instructional strategies, lecture strategies, demonstration strategies, problem-solving strategies, questioning strategies, and cooperative learning strategies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 283-290 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/520/382 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/520 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:283-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Imran Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khalid Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Teacher Education, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Tahir Khan Farooqi Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Understanding the School Climate Contributions to Students’ Socialization Abstract: The objective of research study was to analyze the relationship between school climate and students’ socialization at public secondary schools of the province of South Punjab. Schooling life may play an important role regarding students’ socialization. But certain factors of school related to physical, social, and learning environment are being ignored that enriches the socialization process of students. The study was quantitative in nature, and correlational research design was used. Population of the study was students of Grade 10 from public high schools of South Punjab Province. Sampling was carried out using multi-stage sampling. The sample size of the study was n=419 including (52% male and 48% female students). Data was analyzed through SPSS. It was found that was a significant positive relationship between school climate and students’ socialization. School management should take steps to enhance students’ socialization with the positive role of school climate. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00033 Keywords: School Climate, Secondary Level of Education, Students’ Socialization Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 278-282 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/519/381 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/519 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:278-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Saleem Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Momina Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Asset Quality on Financial Stability of Islamic Banks in Pakistan: A Moderating Role of Corporate Image Abstract: The study encompasses the financial stability management in the Islamic banking industry in Pakistan keeping in view the impact of asset quality and moderating role of corporate governance. Five Islamic banks were selected for the study, and secondary data was analyzed and obtained from the annual financial reports for eleven years from 2010-to 2020. After using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, variance inflation factor, regression analysis, and fixed and random effect model, results show that CAR and LDR significant impact on z-score whereas Bs, Bind, and CEO duality are positively significantly associated with z-score. Moreover, the mean average value of financial ratios shows that LDR and CAR have a better impact on z-score than the NPL. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00028 Keywords: Financial Stability, Asset Quality, Corporate Governance, Islamic Banking Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 268-277 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/518/380 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/518 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:268-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jahanzeb Jahan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Urooj Fatima Alvi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Corpus Analysis of Hate Speech in Pakistani Political Discourse on Twitter Abstract: This paper is a corpus-based quantitative study on language change that has arisen during national political events, such as the no-confidence movement against Imran Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan. This event, including many others, has given rise to the hate speech in Pakistani community online. In this paper, language change is discussed in terms of hate speech, collocation patterns, frequency of words (Nouns, Adjectives), N-Grams and Urdu hate speech words. A certain political time period is selected to make a comparison of the use of language and explore whether any variations have transpired during the political upheavals. These dynamics are explored because the frequency of hate speech words may suggest that how much aggressive the online political discourse has become. Moreover, it may also suggest that what kind of image is presented to the rest of the world through such usage of words. To find out the case, a data of 50,000 tweets was gathered using Tweetarchivist.com. This data was analyzed through sketch engine. The major findings from the research reported in this paper show that many of the tweets through their collocations and frequency contain hate speech elements which convey a negative image of the country across the globe. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00031 Keywords: Hate Speech, Language change, Collocation patterns, Frequency Patterns, Tweets Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 260-267 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/517/376 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/517 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:260-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Saira Zaka Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Research Scholar, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqar Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Research Scholar, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: Teachers Stress and its Impact on Their Self-Efficacy: An Evidence from Okara District Abstract: Stress is an important area of study in social sciences as it result in multiple complications. People suffering from stress encounter issues of productivity. It is the case with the teachers when they suffer from stress affect their self-efficacy. The current study attempted to find out the relationship between teacher’s stress and self-efficacy. The study is based on quantitative research technique and a sample size of 622 teachers selected through multistage sampling technique. Regression analysis was applied to determine the relationship between the variables. the findings of the study show that increase in the stress decreases the self-efficacy among teachers. The Adjusted R Square value of .898 suggests that the model is a good fit, as it takes into account the number of predictors included in the model. Similarly, for every one unit increase in Parent/ Teachers Relations, Time Management, Employee/ Administrator Relation, or Teacher/ Teacher Relations, the Teacher Self Efficacy score is expected to decrease by -.397 -.383 -.395 and -.396 units respectively holding all other predictor variables constant. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00030 Keywords: Stress, Self-efficacy, Regression Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 253-259 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/516/375 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/516 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:253-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aqsa Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Govt. Graduate College for Women, Kamokee, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Urooj Fatima Alvi Author-Workplace-Name: University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Jahanzeb Jahan Author-Workplace-Name: Jahan Title: A Comparative Multidimensional Study of Online University Prospectus of Pakistan and UK: A Corpus-based Analysis Abstract: The online university prospectus has become a key promotional tool in the field of education, designed to capture the attention of potential students and promote the institution's courses. The emergence of online prospectuses has added an extra dimension to the marketization of universities and their strategies to promote themselves. With the increasing use of technology, online university prospectuses have become a widely-used tool in educational contexts worldwide. The purpose of the present study is to conduct a multidimensional comparative analysis of online university prospectuses from Pakistan and the United Kingdom. The study aims to identify a set of linguistic features through multidimensional analysis, which involves three out of five dimensions proposed by Biber, including involved versus informational discourse, narrative versus non-narrative concerns, and explicit versus situation-dependent discourse. By analyzing these dimensions, the research aims to highlight the similarities and differences between online university prospectuses from Pakistan and the UK. The research will play a vital role in helping to identify the language used on online university websites to represent educational institutions, which is beneficial for both native and non-native speakers. The findings of this research paper will help educational institutions in designing their prospectuses to attract more students. The findings of the research will contribute to the development of cross-cultural perspectives in the field of education. In conclusion, the analysis of online university prospectuses in Pakistan and the UK through multidimensional analysis provides valuable insights into the promotional language and strategies used by universities. It is significant as it contributes to the development of cross-cultural perspectives in the field of education and provides insight into the similarities and differences in the language of online university prospectuses from two culturally different countries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00029 Keywords: Online university prospectuse, , Linguistic variation, Multidimensional analysis, Cross-cultural perspectives Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 241-252 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/515/374 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/515 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:241-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abid Irshad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Naeem Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: ICT Adoption in TVET Sector of Pakistan Abstract: This research examines the challenges that impede the adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the field of Technical Education and Vocational Training (TVET) accredited institutions in the Punjab, Pakistan and explores the potential of ICT to improve the TVET sector and alleviate poverty. The study employs a descriptive survey design, which is a type of research used to identify current conditions, processes, and relationships, as well as to determine the key characteristics of variables of importance in each context. The focus of the study is to analyze the adoption rates of ICT in TVET institutions and to validate the Technology Organization Environment (TOE) framework for the TVET sector, which aims to incorporate ICT. The scope of this research is to identify challenges that hinder the adoption of ICT, assess the levels of availability and usage of ICT, and determine what is needed by TVET-accredited institutions to overcome these challenges. With the aid of ICT, everyone who interacts with TVET institutions can process store retrieve and transfer information which can improve the quality of education and help alleviate poverty in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00018 Keywords: ICT Adoption in TVET, , echnical Education and Vocation Training,, Poverty Alleviationthrough TVET Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 233-240 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/514/372 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/514 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:233-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moazzam Moazzam Author-Name: Muhammad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management &Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan. Author-Name: Abid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management &Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan. Author-Name: Muhammad Azeem Akram Title: Examining the Factors That Shape Green Purchase Behavior: The Role of Subjective Norms, Self-Efficacy, Attitude and Intention Abstract: This study main objective is to analyze the emerging phenomenon of eco-friendly green environments in the domain of marketing. It is essential to increasing the market penetration of ecological products to get consumers to adopt a positive attitude toward green purchasing. Specifically the study examined the role of green self-efficacy subjective norms and green purchase attitude in predicting the effect of intention in green purchase on the association among these factors and actual green purchase behavior. Data from 224 consumers with prior experience buying eco-friendly products is used. Results showed that subjective norms, green self-efficacy, and green purchase attitude important impact on intention to green purchase, which leads to predicted actual green purchase behavior. The mediation of intention toward green purchase was found to be partial. Therefore, this study suggests that interventions aimed at promoting green purchase behavior should focus on enhancing consumers' green self-efficacy subjective norms and green purchase attitude as well as strengthening the intention-behavior relationship. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00027 Keywords: Green Self-Efficacy, Green Purchase Attitude, Subjective Norms, Green Purchase Intention, Green Purchase Behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 221-232 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/512/369 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/512 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:221-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Munir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan Author-Name: Khadija Parvaiz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan Author-Name: Abid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Subject Specialist Commerce, SED Punjab, Pakistan Title: Relationship Between High-Performance Work Systems and Innovation Performance (Low-Level Employee’s Perception) with Mediating Role of Dynamic Capabilities and Moderating Role of Hierarchal Culture Abstract: In this research, we examined theoretically how human resource practices such as high-performance work systems help build dynamic capabilities which enhance an organization's innovation performance. We also theorized that firms within a hierarchical culture where employees follow a structured system would not have a strong influence in transforming dynamic capabilities into innovation. We analyzed and tested our hypothetical model by using cross-sectional studies from 50 pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. Our findings demonstrate that dynamic capabilities (DCs) serve as a mediator in the relationship between high-performance work systems and innovation performance (IP). Moreover, the association of dynamic capabilities (DCs) and innovation performance is found to be significantly moderated by hierarchical culture (IP). We found that the relationship of high-performance work systems innovation performance and dynamic capacities were not significantly influenced by hierarchical culture. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00026 Keywords: High-performance work system,, Employee’s perception, Hierarchal culture, Dynamic capabilities, Innovation performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 211-220 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/513/368 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/513 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:211-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shafiq Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: School of Finance and Banking, University of Utara Malaysia, Sintok 06010, Kedah, Malaysia Author-Name: Sajjad Nawaz Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Waseem Subhani Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Iftikhar Mehboob Author-Workplace-Name: Director (Public Private Partnership), National Highway Authority, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Noman Yaseen Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Qayoom Author-Workplace-Name: NCBA&E Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Fintech Investment on Central Bank Policy and Monetary Policy Effectiveness Abstract: Central banks confront enormous hurdles in preserving the efficiency of their monetary policies in the face of rapid technological improvements in the financial industry. The effects of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) adoption, fintech investment, and regulatory flexibility by central banks on the effectiveness of monetary policy is investigated in this paper. Data were gathered quantitatively through surveys of financial professionals, policymakers, and central bank officials. The findings demonstrated that DLT adoption, fintech investment, and regulatory flexibility have a considerable positive effect on the effectiveness of monetary policy. The study not only validates but also extends previous material and provides policymakers with practical consequences. Limitations and future research directions are also highlighted. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00022 Keywords: Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Fintech Investment, Central Bank Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 202-210 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/532/394 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/532 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:202-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zaira Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Iqra university Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Pakistan Title: Impact of Internal Remittances on Labour Participation and Employment Choice in Pakistan Abstract: This study examines internal remittances’ effects on Pakistan’s labour market outcomes. The study utilises data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement – Household Integrated Economic Survey (PSLM – HIES 2018-2019). The study uses Logit and Multinomial Logit models to estimate the effect of internal remittances on labour participation and employment choices. The study’s findings suggest that individuals from households receiving internal remittances are less likely to participate in the labour market than those from households that do not receive remittances. Moreover, internal remittances lower the likelihood to participate in the labour market. Amongst the labour participating, the individuals of remittance-receiving households are more inclined to participate in farming vis-à-vis non-receiving individuals. It is also observed that a rise in remittances results in a greater likelihood of farming activities. The study’s findings have important implications pertaining to understanding the entrepreneurial level and economic activities in remittance-receiving households. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00021 Keywords: internal remittances, labour participation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 192-201 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/507/13 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/507 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:192-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AYESHA LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. IMRAN AKBAR SAIFI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD MOBEEN AJMAL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: INSPECTING THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRADE OPENNESS ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF DANISH ECONOMY Abstract: The performance of the firms is effected bythe changes in the macroeconomic environment in any economy. Considering this perspective, the research study explores the role of economic growth, foreign assets, trade openness, natural resourcesand the rule of law while targetingtheperformance of 36 multi-sector Danish firms. After considering fully modified and dynamic ordinary least square methods from 2015 to 2022, this research provides evidence of the significantly accelerating role of economic growth, foreign assets, natural resources and the rule of law in promoting the performance of selected firms in Denmark. The results further reveal that trade liberalization is, in fact, significantly discouraging the firm performance. Based on these results, we propose that promoting natural resources and domestic production may help expand Denmark's firms' return on assets and equity.The administrative authorities may also need to look into the trade openness factor that is not increasing the performance of the firms in Denmark. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00017 Keywords: Natural Resources, Economic Growth, Trade Opennes, Firm Performance, Denmark Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 185-191 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/504/15 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/504 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:185-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABID HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: National Professional Officer Health Department, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD BUX BURDEY Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Public Administration University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Title: MEDIATING ROLE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE BETWEEN THE RELATIONSHIP OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND CLINICAL PERFORMANCE AMONG NURSES Abstract: Nurses are going through the extensive physical and emotional burden, directing them to occupational stress. The shortfall of nurses is alarming after the pandemic of COVID -19. This study aimed to explore the ways to reduce occupational stress among nurses. It will help to alleviate their clinical performance. Frame-work of emotional intelligence is used as a mediating variable between occupational stress and clinical performance among nurses. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Multan, Pakistan in 2022. The population was nurses (currently employed) from four main hospitals (C.M.H, Nishter, Children Complex, and Cardiology Center). The sample size was 251 respondents and the survey method was used to gain data. Data were analyzed through SPSS. The results indicate that occupational stress is negatively correlated with emotional intelligence and clinical performance among nurses. Emotional intelligence is positively correlated with clinical performance. The significant impact of occupational stress on clinical performance is significant. Emotional intelligence had a fully mediating role between occupational stress and clinical performance among nurses. Married nurses reported to have higher occupational stress and lower emotional intelligence and clinical performance while nurses below 30 years reported high emotional intelligence and clinical performance but low occupational stress. Developing emotional intelligence and providing support and opportunities are crucial strategies to reduce occupational stress among nurses. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00016 Keywords: Occupational Stress, Emotional Intelligence, Clinical Performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 177-184 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/503/16 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/503 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:177-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. ZARGHAM ULLAH KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: NAVEED ALAM Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: AYESHA BADAR Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD BILAL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF EMPLOYEE TURNOVER ON ORGANIZATIONAL PROFIT WITH MODERATING ROLE OF RECRUITMENT Abstract: Turnover rate is an important factor to consider as it relates to the performance of employees intending to leave, thus significantly impacting the company’s profitability. This study aims to examine the impact of employee turnover on organizational profit. Employee turnover is examined on organizational profitability with the moderating role of recruitment. This study used quantitative research with a descriptive approach. The finding indicates a significant negative association between employee turnover and organizational profit. Furthermore, the analysis also confirmed the moderation role of recruitment influences organizational profit. This research delivers essential perceptions for organizations about what may influence employee turnover. The research signifies possible pathways to decrease employee turnover and increase productivity in the organization. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00015 Keywords: Employee turnover, recruitment, employee satisfaction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 169-176 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/502/17 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/502 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:169-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AIMAL KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Candidate, School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. ANWAR SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. GHULAM MUSTAFA Author-Workplace-Name: Research fellow at PIDE, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: MINIMUM WAGE COMPLIANCE IN PAKISTAN: A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Abstract: This research study explores compliance with minimum wage legislation in the context of the Pakistan labor market. Despite the laws governing the enforcement of minimum wages, compliance varies among demographic and occupational groups. Based on data from the 2018-19 and 2020-21 Labor Force Surveys, our study shows that compliance is lowest among young and old workers, while noncompliance tends to be greater among female workers, those with lower education levels, contractual employees, and those working in the informal sector. These findings highlight the challenging nature of minimum wage enforcement in Pakistan the need for targeted policy interventions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00013 Keywords: Minimum wage, labor force survey,, demographicanalysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 159-168 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/488/28 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/488 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:159-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TAYYEBAH SEHAR Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, IQRA University, & Islamabad Remote Research Associate, A Project of Industry-Academia Linkage Department, UW-Madison, USA Author-Name: SALIMA HAFEEZ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, IQRA University, Islamabad, & Lecturer, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD WAQAS RAJA Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Business Administration, IQRA University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: WASEEM RAFIQ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Al Hamd University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Business Administration, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: HOW TO STAY UNTAPPED FROM HIDDEN TRAPS? A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF IMPACT OF FASHION CONSCIOUSNESS, MATERIALISM AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE EVALUATION INVESTMENT BIAS ON ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE FROM RECRUITMENT PERSPECTIVE Abstract: This quantitative research study investigates the influence of fashion consciousness, materialism, and physical appearance evaluation bias on organizational justice within the context of recruitment processes. Drawing upon the framework of Psychological Contract Theory, the study utilizes a sample of 400 employees to explore the relationships among these variables and their impact on perceptions of fairness during the hiring process. Data for this research were gathered through a self-reporting survey employing a convenient sampling technique. Statistical analysis using SPSS was employed to assess correlations and predict the effects of these factors on organizational justice. The study's results yield insights into how attributes such as fashion consciousness and materialism may shape recruitment practices and how biases associated with physical appearance can influence perceptions of fairness in the workplace. These findings carry implications for future recruitment strategies and organizational policies, aiming to promote fairness and equity within the workplace. Furthermore, this research contributes to the evolving body of knowledge in the domains of organizational psychology and human resource management, emphasizing the significance of fostering a recruitment environment aligned with principles of fairness and justice to enhance overall organizational effectiveness and employee satisfaction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Materialism,, Fashion Consciousness, Recruitment Bias, Workplace Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 150-158 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/471/470 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/471 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:150-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. ALI RAZA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. SHEEMA MATLOOB Author-Workplace-Name: School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia Author-Name: DR. MUZAFAR HUSSAIN SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Newports Institute of communication and economics, Karachi, Pakista Author-Name: DR. IRSHAD HUSSAIN SARKI Author-Workplace-Name: NCBA&E Campus Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: LEADERSHIP STYLES AND SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE IN PAKISTANI SMES: AN INDUSTRY 4.0 PERSPECTIVE Abstract: Previous research has primarily concentrated on the technological and operational aspects of Industry 4.0 in SMEs, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of the leadership's role in this context. This article aforesaid gap by empirically investigating impact of entrepreneurial leadership, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and ethical leadership on the sustainable competitive performance of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan within the context of Industry 4.0. The study adopts a quantitative approach and collects data from Pakistani SMEs sector, including manufacturing sports, and textiles, using purposive sampling. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed. The study's findings reveal that entrepreneurial leadership and ethical leadership significantly influence organizational learning. Furthermore a significant relationship is observed between organizational learning and sustainable competitive performance. However, the study does not find a significant relationship between transactional leadership and organizational learning. Moreover the research highlights a significant mediating relationship between organizational learning and the impact of entrepreneurial leadership, ethical leadership, and transformational leadership on sustainable competitive performance. However, transactional leadership does not exhibit a significant mediating effect. The study's contributions to the existing literature on Industry 4.0 are valuable as they shed light on the role of leadership styles in the context of SMEs in Pakistan. In the era of Industry 4.0, where technological advancements are transforming industries, understanding the impact of leadership on sustainable competitive performance is crucial. This research offers insights into which leadership styles are most effective in this rapidly changing landscape. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00011 Keywords: Leadership, Industry 4.0, SMEs, Organizational Learning, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 138-149 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/492/26 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/492 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:138-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. ZUNNOORAIN KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, City University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: SHANDANA ZAFAR Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: AAMIR SHAHZAD Title: UNPACKING THE ROLE OF RELATIONAL COORDINATION: A PERSPECTIVE OF HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS Abstract: Relational coordination emphasizes high-quality, frequent, and timely communication among individuals and teams. This involves both formal and informal communication channels. Building and maintaining strong, positive relationships among team members is essential. Trust, respect, and mutual understanding are key components of effective relational coordination. Teams should have a clear understanding of their shared goals and objectives. When everyone is aligned with the same mission, it becomes easier to coordinate efforts. Role Clarity: Each team member should have a clear understanding of their role and responsibilities within the team. Role ambiguity can lead to confusion and coordination breakdowns. Relational coordination encourages collaborative problem-solving. When issues arise, teams work together to find solutions rather than assigning blame. Continuous feedback loops are important for learning and improvement. Teams should provide feedback to each other and use it to make necessary adjustments. Relational coordination has been found to be particularly relevant in healthcare settings, where it can improve patient outcomes, reduce medical errors, and enhance the overall quality of care. In these contexts, it often involves better coordination between different healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, technicians, etc.) and departments (e.g., radiology, surgery, pharmacy). To implement relational coordination successfully, organizations often need to invest in training, leadership support, and cultural changes that promote open communication and collaboration. The goal is to create a work environment where individuals and teams are empowered to work together effectively to achieve common goals ultimately improving performance and outcomes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Relational coordination, Communication, Role clarity Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 132-137 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/482/33 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/482 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:132-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SYED EJAZ HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: RABIA MUMTAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar and manager DHA SUFFA University Sindh Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIMA SARDAR KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer DHA SUFFA University Sindh Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: ERUM FATIMA Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD NAEEM SHAHID Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, DHA Suffa University Karachi, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF GREEN HRM PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION: EVIDENCE FROM THE SMES’ SECTOR OF BAHAWALPUR Abstract: Green HRM is an emerging concept in management that integrates environment-friendly practices with HR to achieve sustainable growth. This paper aims to determine the impact of Green HRM practices on organizational Sustainability and Employee Retention; Evidence from the SMEs Sector of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The data was collected through primary source and used convenience sampling. The sample targeted to SMEs Sector of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The System equational model adopted for the data analysis and interpretation done on SMART PSL 4. Finally, this study results revealed that Green HRM practices have significant impact on the organizational sustainability and on employee’s retention. The research is limited due to the time constraints, and limited availability of the data. Furthers studies can be conducted to different settings such as hospitals, food sector, and Business institution to find the impacts of green practices on the organizational sustainability and employee’s retention. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00002 Keywords: Green HRM Practices, Employees’ Retention,, Organizational Sustainability and SMEs,, Sector Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 124-131 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/486/29 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/486 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:124-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AMJAD ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ZOHAIB UL HASAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: QASIM ABBASI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: FIAZ AHMAD SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: BUSINESS OR POLITICS: EXPLORING THE DETERMINANTS OF POLICY MIX IN SOUTH ASIA Abstract: This study explores the determinants of policy mix in South Asia from 2000 to 2022 by using panel least squares and fixed/random effect models. We have used defense spending, health and education expenditures, corruption levels, and financial development, whereas policy mix, monetary freedom and fiscal freedom have been used as dependent variables. In South Asian nations, defense spending have statistically insignificant and adverse affect on policy mix. Conversely, higher investments in health and education show a notable positive impact on the policy mix, contributing to overall well-being and economic stability. Corruption levels and financial development do not significantly correlate with the policy mix. Our study also uncovers distinct relationships between these independent variables and fiscal and monetary freedom. Defense expenditures negatively affect fiscal freedom, while health and education spending plays a positive role. A well-educated and healthy workforce significantly enhances fiscal freedom. Corruption levels have no significant linear relationship with fiscal freedom but financial development creates a trade-off between financial stability and fiscal freedom. Interestingly, defense expenditures positively affect monetary freedom, highlighting their role in creating a secure environment for investments. Education spending also positively impacts monetary freedom. Corruption levels do not significantly correlate with monetary freedom, but financial development negatively affects it, indicating a trade-off between financial development and monetary freedom. To enhance policy mix and economic and monetary stability in South Asia, we recommend strategically allocating more resources to the health and education sectors. Careful assessment and possible reallocation of defense budgets can reduce the fiscal burden and promote efficient resource utilization. Balancing defense spending with economic priorities can maximize its positive impact on monetary freedom, stimulating economic growth in the region. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00001 Keywords: policy mix, monetary freedom, fiscal freedom, defense spending, health and education expenditures Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 114-123 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/490/486 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/490 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:114-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SALIMA HAFEEZ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, IQRA University, Islamabad, & Lecturer, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD WAQAS RAJA Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Business Administration, IQRA University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: TAYYEBAH SEHAR Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, IQRA University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: RASHID MEHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Director, National Metrology Institute of Pakistan (NMIP), Ministry of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: THE MODERATING IMPACT OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND VENTURE PERFORMANCE Abstract: This research investigates how women's entrepreneurial orientation relates to venture performance in Pakistan, considering the influence of the glass ceiling and gender discrimination. The study examines how the glass ceiling mediates this relationship, representing hidden barriers to women's career advancement. Additionally, it explores how gender discrimination moderates the links between women's entrepreneurial orientation, the glass ceiling, and venture performance. The study adopts a quantitative approach and uses a survey method to collect data from 414 women entrepreneurs in different sectors and regions of Pakistan. The data are analyzed using structural equation modeling with Smart PLS software. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8387415 Keywords: Glass ceiling, Entrepreneurial activities, Gender discrimination Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 94-113 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/467/52 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/467 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:94-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NOMAN YASEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Comsats University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: AQSA IQBAL Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: IFTIKHAR MEHBOOB Author-Workplace-Name: Director (Public Private Partnership), National Highway Authority, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MAOOZ RAFAY Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration National College of Business Administration & Economics Lahore, (Sub-Campus Multan), Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAFIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: IFRA RIAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: ASAD QAYOOM Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration National College of Business Administration & Economics Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE MEDITATING ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL BETWEEN INNOVATION, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND FIRM PERFORMANCE OF THE SMES OF PAKISTAN Abstract: This study aims to explore the mediating effect of intellectual capital (IC) on the relationship between innovation corporate governance (CG), and firm performance specifically within the SME sector in Pakistan. Data was collected through questionnaires through random sampling. PLS-SAM is used for data analysis. CG and innovation have positive relations with firm performance. Intellectual capital also indicates the relation between CG and firm performance. The current research is useful for policy makers and mangers which provides the foundation for knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and the development of innovative products processes and business models. Additionally effective CG practices are essential for promoting transparency accountability and responsible decision-making within SMEs. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8364583 Keywords: intellectual capital, innovation,, corporate governance, firm performancefirm performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 89-93 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/472/46 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/472 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:89-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ALI RAZA ELAHI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce & Finance, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ANUM IQBAL Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Department of Commerce & Finance, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: BILAL AHMAD MINHAS Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting & Finance, Kaplan Business School, Adelaide Australia Author-Name: FOUZIA ASHFAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE BEHAVIOR RISK BIASES AND SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENT DECISION Abstract: This study explores how economic, environmental, social, and governance (EESG) factors have a role in investment decision-making as a part of sustainable business practices (SBP). The study investigates the interaction between SBP and investors' three key behavioral risk biases: risk perception, risk-taking propensity and loss aversion. The study aims to uncover characteristics of private investors that prioritize sustainability above return and assess the degree to which they are prepared to forego returns in favor of a more sustainable investment fund by evaluating the personality traits of investors. The study employs a questionnaire to collect new data from individuals who have invested in the stock market in Pakistan. The study used the PLS-SEM analytical bootstrapping approach to assess the study hypotheses and smart PLS for data analysis. The findings reveal a significant link between investor behavior, risk aversion, and particular investment decisions, supported by data on validity, discriminant validity convergent validity reliability assessment measurement model and structural model. The study's findings will help businesses looking for funding and investors understand how SBP affects investment decisions. This study provides a deeper understanding of how sustainable practices affect investment decisions by illuminating the complex interactions between EESG factors SBP and investor behavior. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8374330 Keywords: Behavior Risk Biases, Sustainable Business Practices, Investment Decision Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 74-88 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/470/50 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/470 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:74-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SAIMA MEHBOOB Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Education, GGHS No Havali Lakha, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHNEELA AZAD Author-Workplace-Name: FG Public School (Girls) Multan Cantt, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD NADEEM IQBAL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Special Education, Pakistan Author-Name: SOBIA YASMEEN Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil, Educational Administration, Institute of Education and Research University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: SABA AKRAM Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Higher Education College, Mian Channu, Pakistan Title: EFFECTIVENESS OF COGNITIVE CONFLICT STRATEGY FOR THE LATERAL SCIENCE THINKING ABILITY AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL Abstract: The challenges of lateral thinking in science need to provide adequate opportunities to make observations experiments and investigations of the problems related to scientific reasoning. This research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of cognitive conflict strategy to assess the improvement between students exposed to cognitive conflict strategy and those exposed to traditional methods of teaching science. This experimental study has a group pretest and a post-test research design. A pretest is used to check students' prior knowledge about science, and the post-test is used to analyze the change in thinking after the intervention of the cognitive conflict strategy. A total of 94 pupils from Section A of the eighth grade were used in the study. They were split into control and experimental groups; 47 students in the control group were subjected to the traditional approach, and 47 students in the experimental group were treated to the cognitive conflict strategy. The scores of the students exposed to cognitive conflict strategies were compared to those exposed to traditional methods by comparing both groups' pre-and post-test results experimental and control. Paired sample t-test was used to interpret the data for analysis. The results in the experimental group are more significant than the control group. The mean score of the post-test post-test (M=22.3) is significantly higher than the mean value of the pretest (M=13.73). There is an interaction between learning types and prior science knowledge of students. Thus, lateral thinking questions can minimize students' difficulties in completing the science difficulties. Cognitive conflict strategy helps the students cope with difficulties and enhance their lateral science ability. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8336746 Keywords: Cognitive Conflict Strategy, Lateral Scientific Ability, , Effectiveness, Bloom Taxonomy, Learning Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 66-73 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/463/308 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/463 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:66-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari, Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: ABDUL-UR- REHMAN JOYA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari, Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NOMAN YASEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari, Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: SAAD MUNIR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari, Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIF UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: EFFECT OF MISTREATMENT AND POOR LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEES’ MORALE WITH MODERATING ROLE OF GRATITUDE INTERVENTION Abstract: The aim of the study is to examine the relation between mistreatment, poor leadership and employee morale along with moderating role of gratitude intervention of employees of district judiciary of southern Punjab. Respondents of the study are employees of district judiciary of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Collection of data is through structured questionnaire. Target population is the lower judiciary system employees with sample size of 316. SPSS is used for measurement and analysis. Key findings of the study revealed that there is significant impact between mistreatment, poor leadership and employees’ morale. Results of the study also depicts that gratitude intervention has a positive impact on employee morale as moderator. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8318595 Keywords: Mistreatment, poor leadership, employee morale, gratitude intervention and employees of district judiciary of southern Punjab Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 55-65 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/450/359 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/450 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:55-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: NISAR AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD TAYYEB KHALIL Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: JAMSHAID UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES ON THEIR SUSTAINABLE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE Abstract: Academics are currently emphasizing the sustainable financial growth of business firms through the preservation of the environment. Environmentally conscious firms would have more growth prospects in the future. These firms would be able to get more relief in taxes, financing, and technical support from the government. Therefore, to achieve long-term sustainability in financial performance, firms need to pay more attention to their environmental performance. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the effect of the environmental performance of automobile firms on their sustainable financial performance. For analysis, the data of 11 automobile firms listed on PSX were collected from their annual reports for the period from 2013 to 2022. Results of regression analysis show the environmental performance of firms has a significant and positive effect on their sustainable financial performance. It implies that firms' efforts to adopt eco-friendly technologies are paying them well and are also contributing to their sustainable financial performance. Thus environmentally conscious firms can attract more business and save more on taxes and penalties. However, to achieve sustainability through finance, the financial system must be rebuilt and modified to consider the unique requirements of sustainable development. The findings of the study suggest that policymakers should facilitate firms in adopting eco-friendly technologies by providing various incentives like tax rebates, easy access to subsidized finance, and technical support. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8318556 Keywords: Environmental performance, Sustainable financial performance, Automobile companies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 44-54 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/449/11 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/449 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:44-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: USMAN SARWAR Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD BILAL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD MUBEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: IRHA FATIMA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD REHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Pakistan Title: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABILITY DISCLOSURE IN HIGH POLLUTING INDUSTRIES Abstract: This bibliometric analysis aims to comprehensively examine the sustainability disclosure for heavy polluting industries. To achieve this goal, we meticulously reviewed a collection of 76 scholarly documents encompassing journal articles focused on sustainability disclosure in high-polluting sectors. The timeframe for this study spanned from 1981 to 2021. To facilitate our analysis, we leveraged the biblioshiny web interface, which operates on the bibliometrix 3.0 R-package. our investigation revealed that the preeminent journal in this domain is "Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management." Among the pivotal works, a standout article is titled "Global Warming, Commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, and Accounting Disclosures by the Largest Global Public Firms from Polluting Industries." Moreover, scrutinizing the citation impact, two prominent nations emerged as the focal points of scholarly attention: China and the USA. across titles, abstracts, author keywords, and keyword plus fields the term "environmental disclosure" surfaced as the most recurrent. upon delving into the co-occurrence network we identified four distinct research streams. These streams encompass the relationship between environmental disclosure and corporate performance, particularly concerning a company's environmental impact. additionally, the focus extends to electric utilities and their disclosure patterns in alignment with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework. Another stream investigates the interplay between environmental disclosure and ownership structures. Lastly, the connection between environmental financial reporting and the GRI standards constitutes the fourth research avenue. we utilized a thematic mapping approach to classify themes into categories such as basic, emergent, declining, and highly developed. This segmentation facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape, enabling insights into current trends and guiding future research trajectories. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8318525 Keywords: Sustainability disclosure, high polluting industries, conceptual structure, bibliometric analysis, biblioshiny Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 28-43 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/448/10 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/448 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:28-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MOEID HAMID ANSARI Author-Workplace-Name: Manager Facilities, People's Primary Healthcare Initiative (PPHI), Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: ADE PRANAJAYA Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: SUNDAS RAUF Author-Workplace-Name: IMBA/MPhil, Department of Business Administration, Chongqing University Chongqing, China Author-Name: ASADULLAH LAKHO Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: EXAMINING CUSTOMER RETENTION DYNAMICS: IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN Abstract: The main objective of this research was to check the relationship between customer retention and its three variables, namely implementation of work/task/Project, Team skills and attributes, and after sales service, Effect of Pricing and customer and vendor engagement in Karachi Pakistan organization. This study was conducted using an approach known as deductive. Fourty customers from various Sectors were randomly chosen, and data was collected from them using Google Forms as the platform to administer questionnaires. The study findings were demonstrated using a quantitative approach. Data analysis is being done with SPSS software. Information about our respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the relationship between independent and dependent variables was examined using Pearson's correlation. The result of the study shows that all of three hypotheses were positive impact and two have negative impact. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Customer Retention, Team skills and attributes, Implementation of work/task/Project, after sales service, Effect of pricing, Customer vendor Engagement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 18-27 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/435/9 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/435 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:18-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: NAHEEDA ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Law, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan610:27 AM 9/23/202454 Title: ISLAMIC FINANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF MAQASID’SHARIAH UNDER: ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCES Abstract: This research base on the Shariah- acquiescent article and services thorough understanding of the Islamic jurisprudence in the light of Maqasid al shariah, regarding problems based on financial Islamic article and services. it is found to contradict Maqasid al Shariah. This study explores and identifies the concepts of Maslaha and Maqasid al-Shariah in Islamic financing operations with a holistic understanding. This article develops a framework to assess Islamic financial operations, this approach can help overcome the methodological deficiencies in measuring performance in Islamic finance by focusing on the process of decision-making that leads to the outcomes of legality of contracts. The framework outlines the conditions under which an activity that is considered legal and permissible contractually could lead to some suggestions are provided on ways to improve and develop the Shariah Supervisory Board to be more resilient and competitive through the understanding of Maqasid al-Shariah for the well-being of the society. This study is grounded in the principles of Shariah compliance and aims to provide a comprehensive grasp of Islamic jurisprudence about Maqasid al Shariah. It specifically addresses issues related to financial articles and services within an Islamic framework. This research delves into the examination and elucidation of the notions of Maslaha and Maqasid al-Shariah within the context of Islamic financial operations, aiming to provide a comprehensive comprehension. The concept of Maqasid al-Shariah, which refers to the objectives and goals of Islamic jurisprudence is a fundamental aspect of Islamic finance. It serves as a guiding principle for developing and implementing various financial products and services under Shariah. The study also includes a comprehensive examination of the use of these methodologies within the framework of systematic jurisprudence. This methodology has the potential to address the methodological limitations associated with performance measurement in the field of Islamic finance. It does this by emphasizing the decision-making process determining the legitimacy of contracts. The framework delineates the circumstances in which an activity that is deemed lawful and contractually permissible may result in specific recommendations being offered on how to enhance and advance the Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB), which plays a crucial role in overseeing the operations of Islamic banking and ensuring adherence to Islamic principles, in order to become more robust and competitive by comprehending Maqasid al-Shariah for the betterment of society. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8306355 Keywords: Maqasid’Shariah, Product of Islamic Finance, Islamic Jurisprudences, Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB), Islamic Banking Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 12-18 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/442/8 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/442 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:12-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. ARFAN LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. RUKHSANA BASHIR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: ZOYA YAQUB Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CYBER-BULLYING AND SELF-ESTEEM OF THE YOUTH: EVIDENCE FROM DISTRICT OKARA Abstract: This research delves into the intricate association between cyberbullying and youth self-esteem within the Pakistani context. Leveraging a sample of 500 students from District Okara, systematic sampling was employed to gather data on cyberbullying experiences and self-esteem levels. The study reveals a robust negative correlation (-0.67) between cyberbullying scores and youth self-esteem, aligning with global research findings. This correlation underscores the detrimental impact of cyberbullying on young individuals, particularly in a cultural milieu that emphasizes honor and conformity. The findings emphasize the urgency of addressing cyberbullying within Pakistan's digital landscape, advocating for awareness campaigns, digital literacy initiatives, and supportive counseling services. Acknowledging the distinct cultural nuances, this research contributes to the formulation of contextually relevant interventions that foster a safer online environment for Pakistani youth, thereby promoting their emotional well-being and psychological resilience. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8306322 Keywords: Cyber-bullying, self-esteem, resilience Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 7-11 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/441/7 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/441 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:7-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. AYSHA SAMI LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Quaid e Azam College of Commerce, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: SYED HASSAN BUKHARI Author-Workplace-Name: Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD MAHMOOD SHAH KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore-Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY, FINANCIAL INCLUSION, AND INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED ASIAN COUNTRIES Abstract: The existing research makes an effort to check the impact of institutional quality, financial inclusion, and information communication technology on economic growth in eight Asian countries. The sample countries include Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan and Philippines. Analysis is done through sysGMM panel estimator on the data from 2012 to 2022. The study has taken GDP per capita as dependent variable and institutional quality, financial inclusion, and information communication technology are used as independent variables. SysGMM results revealed that institutional quality, financial inclusion, and information communication technology are positively related with the economic growth of the selected eight Asian economies. Implication of this research is improvement and development in institutional quality, financial inclusion and information communication technology is of profound importance in economic growth. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8306320 Keywords: institutional quality, information and communication technology, economicgrowth, financial inclusion Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-6 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/440/6 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/440 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Saima Hanif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Nosheen Fatima Warraich Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Institute of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Demographic Effect on Information Practices of Pakistan’s Urban Youth Abstract: This study aims to investigate the effect of demographics such as number of siblings, province, gender, and age on youth’s everyday information using, managing, and sharing practices. It also exposes the demographic differences regarding information-seeking practices. A good number of studies have been carried out on youth and their information behavior but to observe their everyday information behavior and the impact of demographics very little literature is available. This study is an effort to understand the demographic effects and differences that may lead to designing systems to fulfill their everyday information needs. A quantitative approach was applied with a sample size of 1000 Pakistani urban teen students of private and public sector schools all over Pakistan. Survey methodology was applied; cluster sampling was done with a 5-point Likert scale. The data was collected through Google Forms and all the provinces were part of this survey including ICT and Gilgit Baltistan. Data Analysis was done through SPSS-21. The results revealed demographic variables were found to have a great effect on EIP, these variables were also found to polish up the proficiency of urban teen's everyday information practices. The findings would assist in developing helpful guidelines for urban teens to improve their EIP. This study will also respond to a gap in research by explaining the everyday information practices of urban teens. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00099 Keywords: Information seeking, Information use, Information sharing, Everyday information practices, Urban Teens, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 699-705 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/592 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:699-705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nusrat Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Government Graduate Fatima Jinnah College for Women, Chuna Mandi, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Electoral Politics during 1951 Provincial Elections in the Punjab: A Progression of Authoritarian Legacy Abstract: This research paper explored electoral patterns in the Punjab after independence focusing on the first provincial elections of Punjab. Did the voters have any real choice? How was the religion card employed in the absence of non-Muslims? And how important were ethnic and geographical affiliations in a newly independent, conventional Punjab. How fluidity of displaced people affected the electoral behaviour and results. These important inquiries have important implications for the present scenario. Muslim League became a major political party and incumbent government during the early years of independence. The provincial election helped its splinter groups into new political parties. Victimhood, blaming, national unity, and the Kashmir issue were top trends in campaign rhetoric. Rural election campaigns focused on biradri, clan or village heads. Both male and female voter registration and vote casting still needed to improve. Muslim League was accused of using officials and rigging. Research noticed that the electoral reforms improved the election process while acceptance of election results could not make its place. Press lacked objectivity and the government imposed censorship on its critics. The Punjabi electors voted Muslim League as well as opposition with conventional thinking rejecting radical call against Muslim League, popular at that time in East Bengal. This article contributes to understanding early electoral behaviour of Punjab, particularly and the present scenario of elections in both Punjab and Pakistan in general. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00098 Keywords: Punjab elections, election campaign, provincial election, party factions, Pakistan electoral politics, authoritarian politics Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 692-698 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/591/474 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/591 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:692-698 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wajid Bhatti Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Azeem Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Michael Samuel Author-Workplace-Name: Field Researcher, Pakistan Title: An Idiosyncratic Overview on the History of Christian Churches and its Architecture in Lahore Abstract: This study is an attempt to explore, investigate and analyze the origin, growth, development and history of Christian churches and its architecture in Lahore. It further encapsulates that Churches in Pakistan are not only an inescapable feature of the landscape of our major cities and town; they elegantly portray the religious diversity and well-being of our vibrant Christian minority. It also navigates that their distinctive architecture attracts the locals and tourist alike. This research work presents fact finding analysis that the Christian churches are not just the beautiful building. They are an important part of our cultural history, mostly well preserved and documented. They tell the story of the colonial rulers and the Christians in this part of the world. The new churches demonstrate a happy blend of modern and indigenous trends and stand in harmony with the surroundings like the communities who share a common history, a common culture and collective aspirations as Pakistanis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00093 Keywords: Churches, Christianity, Architecture, Development, Lahore Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 683-691 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/586/464 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/586 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:683-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raul G. Moldez Author-Workplace-Name: Adjunct Professor, Graduate School, Cagayan de Oro College-Phinma Education Network, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines Author-Name: Dr. Qaisar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur, Sindh Pakistan Author-Name: Humaira Dogar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Public Administration, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Saima Nasreen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of Education, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Sajid Hasan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Education, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashif Lodhi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Bergamo via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo (BG), Italy Title: The Impact of Online Business Courses on Student Performance Abstract: Online education and its methods have been challenged by researchers since its widespread adoption. Over the past few decades, technology, globalization, and business model innovation have transformed business. Objectives of the study were to assess the effects of online learning on the performance of business students, explore the challenges that hinder online learning of business students and to provide strategies to improve online learning of business students. This study may help online course developers and teachers conceive, develop, and deploy online learning methods. Support staff who help establish curriculum, support services, and professional development may benefit from developing ways to satisfy students' requirements. There was a quantitative analysis carried out. The study used a survey to collect data, and its design was descriptive in nature. A survey consisting close ended questions related to various study variables were administered to a sample of 250 business students of Private universities in Islamabad Pakistan. Data collection was done through personal visits of the researcher. To evaluate the data, descriptive statistics are used, such as the mean, standard deviation and T-test. Study found the positive perceptions of academic performance and skills development which suggest that online learning can effectively contribute to students' educational outcomes. Furthermore, study identified challenges, such as technical issues and motivational barriers, underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve the online learning experience. Fostering interactive online content is recommended by the study, as it correlates positively with critical thinking and collaboration, key skills that contribute to academic success. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00092 Keywords: technology, globalization, transformed business Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 677-682 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/585 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:677-682 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mushaf Ismail Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Quality & Technology Management (IQTM), University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ahmad Sohail Lodhi Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Institute of Education & Research (IER), University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rida Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Exploring Perceptions and Realities of Online Shopping: A Study on Youth E-Consumers in Lahore, Pakistan Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore perceptions and realities of online shopping: A study on youth e-consumers in Lahore, Pakistan using a qualitative research method. Sixteen e-consumers were purposefully selected for conducting face-to-face, audio recorded semi-structured interviews. Self-designed interview guide was used for data collection. Useful information was extracted through manual generated codes for thematic data analysis. Analysis of data revealed that perceived non-financial benefit i.e. convenience and financial benefits i.e. cost saving and Cash-On-Delivery (COD) positively influence the online shopping, however, perceived risk i.e. health and security risks have an negative impact on the online shopping. Moreover, demerits of the online shopping i.e. lack of regularity authority, inflated prices, lack of empathy, burden of delivery charges, and fixed prices affects the online shopping preferences negatively. In future, the sample size shall be increased with the scope encompassing other cities of Pakistan to further refine the findings. In addition to this, the e-commerce websites analyzed in this study can also be critically compared in relation to their services and policies with other international well known E-commerce platforms like Amazon, eBay etc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00091 Keywords: Online shopping in Pakistan, E-commerce, E-Preferences, Qualitative research Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 667-676 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/584/465 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/584 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:667-676 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Bano Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education in Government of Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Iqra University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Touseef Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: School of Commerce and Accountancy, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Fatima Ejaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education in Government of Punjab, Pakistan Title: The Performance of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Punjab: A Moderating Role of Corporate Image Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to check the factors affecting the performance of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Punjab. These factors include quality certification open innovation organizational culture and corporate philanthropy. Moreover to check the moderating effect of corporate image between corporate philanthropy and SMEs’ performance. Quantitative research approach is used in this study because it is based on primary quantitative data which is collected by adapted questionnaire. Managerial level employees of SMEs located in Lahore were selected as population. Simple Random Sampling technique was used to collect data. Reliability and validity of model was checked and hypotheses were tested by using SMART PLS-SEM. The results of this study revealed that quality certification, open innovation, organizational culture and corporate philanthropy positively and significantly related to SMEs’ performance. Moreover, moderating variable, corporate image significantly moderates the relationship between corporate philanthropy and SMEs’ performance. Above mentioned practices play key role in boosting the performance of SMEs in Punjab Pakistan. The results of this study are significant for the strategists policy makers managers and owners of SMEs located in Punjab Pakistan or elsewhere. Results suggested them to incorporate such practices for enhancing their businesses’ performance. It will ultimately enhance the contribution of SMEs in the growth of economy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00090 Keywords: SMEs’ Performance, Organizational Culture, Corporate Philanthropy, Corporate Image, Innovation, Punjab Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 650-666 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/578/457 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/578 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:650-666 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anam Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil (Education) Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: Effects of Teachers’ Favouritism on Students’ Motivation towards Learning at University Level Abstract: Teachers’ favouritism is considered a key to success or failure in every educational institute. So every university needs to be overcome the effects of teachers’ favouritism. The aim of this research is to study the effects of teachers’ favouritism on students’ motivation towards learning at university level. This study was descriptive as well as inferential in nature and utilized survey research technique. The population of this research study were students of University of Okara. For data collection research scale was adapted. The questionnaire reliability was 0.853. The questionnaire was used to collect data from participants. Sample of this study were 355 students from six faculties. One hundred and seventy-one (171) male and one hundred and eighty-four (184) females were the part of this research study. Two hundred and twenty (220) students belonged to Urban areas and one hundred and thirty-five (135) students from rural areas. The data were analysed by applying descriptive statistic t-test One-way ANOVA and Two-way ANOVA. The results presented that the teachers’ favouritism has a significant effect on students’ motivation towards learning. So the results are statistically significant. Researcher conclude that the students’ motivation towards learning is negatively affected by teachers’ favouritism. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00421 Keywords: Teachers’ Favouritism, Students’ Motivation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 935-942 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/288/1027 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/288 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:935-942 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faria Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar at Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Pakistan Title: Impact of Sustainable Supply Chain Management on Environmental Performance: Moderating Role of Top Management Commitment and Mediating Role of Supply Chain Ambidexterity Abstract: The sustainability of civilization and the operation of our global economy both depend heavily on the supply chain. This paper aims to assess how sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) influences sustainable supply chain ambidexterity (SCA) to achieve environmental performance (EP) for textile sector of an under developed economy such as Pakistan, besides exploring whether top management commitment (TMC) moderates the relationship between SSCM and EP. This study collected survey data from 240 exporters in the textile sector. It employed the PLS-SEM (Partial Least-Squares Structural Equation Modeling) technique to evaluate the hypothesized relationships. This study found that SSCM positively, directly and indirectly, impacted EP. SCA partially mediated the correlation between SSCM and EP. Additionally, TMC moderated the relationship between SSCM and SCA. TMC had a direct and positive effect on SCA. The insights into how SSCM influences SCA to achieve EP for textile sector in an emerging economy like Pakistan provides an original value. Moreover, the novelty of this study is further reinforced by the coverage of the newfound mechanism, where TMC moderates the relationship between SSCM and SCA, directly and positively enhancing SCA. These contributions could interest business practitioners and academics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00347 Keywords: Sustainable supply chain management, Supply chain ambidexterity, Environmental performance, Top management commitment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 922-934 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/386/851 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/386 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:922-934 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqar Muhammad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Moniba Sana Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahid Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Title: The Effect of Petroleum Prices on Basic Food and Energy Commodities: An investigation through Sequential ADF tests Abstract: This study examines the correlation between fluctuations in petrol prices and essential commodities in a developing economy, specifically Pakistan. Data from January 2012 to August 2022 has been collected from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), focusing on the most crucial commodities. Through a thorough analysis of a comprehensive dataset covering multiple years, study has delve into the impact of changes in petrol prices on a range of crucial food items and energy variables. This research has uncovered noteworthy connections between the cost of petrol and important everyday items like wheat, sugar, ghee, LPG, gas, and electricity. Findings indicate that there is a direct correlation between petrol prices and the prices of essential food items such as wheat, sugar, and ghee. This suggests that fluctuations in petrol prices can contribute to inflationary pressures on these commodities. In addition, analysis emphasizes the correlation between petrol prices and energy costs. It is found that when petrol prices experience sudden changes, it results in higher prices for LPG, gas, and electricity. In addition, specific commodities like electric charges, gas charges, and veg ghee can demonstrate explosive behaviors, suggesting significant volatility and the possibility of price distortions. According to our research, we suggest a range of policy recommendations. These include the management of vital costs for food, tackling the cost of energy and the welfare of consumers, fostering competition in the markets along with price regulation, diversified sources of energy, carrying out watching and early warning systems, bolstering the efficiency of the market, and enhancing food security. Implementing these policy interventions can effectively address the effects of petrol price fluctuations on essential commodities. This will lead to price stability, safeguard consumer welfare, and enhance food security even in the midst of external shocks. However, additional research and analysis are required to evaluate the practicality and potential consequences of these suggestions within the particular socio-economic setting. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00296 Keywords: Petroleum Prices, Food and Energy Commodities, Sequential ADF Tests Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 912-921 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/803/769 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/803 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:912-921 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nazik Maqsood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, National College of business administration and economics Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tanveer Ahmad Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Commerce and Economics, University of Central Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hina Amir Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Kanwal Bilal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan Title: Symmetric impact of Trade, exchange rate, and inflation rate on Stock Market in Pakistan: New evidence from Macroeconomic variables Abstract: This study's primary objective is to investigate how the stock market affects the rate of inflation exchange rate US dollar and trade are related to each other or not. The regression analysis or Pearson correlation is used. Secondary and monthly data is used. This research solve the Pakistan stock market is considerably impacted inflation rate exchange rate US dollar and trade. The findings indicate that there is a considerable positive correlation between the inflation rate and the stock market. The US dollar exchange rate has a substantial negative correlation with the Pakistani stock market. Conversely trade and the Pakistani stock market have a strong positive correlation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00292 Keywords: Inflation rate, Exchange rate US dollar, Trade, KSE100 Index, Regression and Correlation test Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 903-911 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/799/764 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/799 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:903-911 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Akmal Soomro Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Political Science, Public Relations Officer, University of Home Economics Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mir Waheed Akhlaq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor in the Department of Politics and International Studies at Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan Title: British Indian Railways: The Economic Wheel of Colonization and Imperialism Abstract: The British Crown ruled in Sub-Continent for over two centuries, this was the era of darkness, slavery, the plundering of Indian resources, and ruthless economics & political policies. Indian land remained a consumer society and the producer of raw materials for the British Empire from the eighteen to the twentieth century, whereas, the vast and modern network of railways in India is considered to be Britain's greatest gift to the Indians. Undoubtedly, these railways have been an important means of transportation in India, but the British Colonizers did not build this system of railways in the public interest rather it was laid to serve the colonial interest. This research article identifies Britain’s strategic and economic interests in building railways in India. Construction of railways in India began in 1850 and European companies had been awarded contracts to build railway tracks, in return for the contracts, the companies were guaranteed five percent investment security. The companies were also given access to free land for 99 years and millions of pounds in fines were paid to the companies from the Indian exchequer for non-payment of guaranteed income. The main purpose of building the railway was to speed up the export of cotton, jute, iron, minerals, etc. from India to European countries, while from a strategic point of view, military equipment and supplies were also transferred by rail to military bases across India. This research paper explores how the railway track was built keeping in view the importance of military barracks. Under the British colonial policy, European companies invested heavily in the railways, but during 200 years of British rule, India's industrial growth rate fell from 3% to 10%. All the agreements made by the British colonizers with the railway companies were unilateral. The agreements provided financial benefits from the Indian treasury to companies. This research also reveals that India's railway network was built by the government through private companies, which included European capitalists and retired officers of the colonial army, who were having control over the London-based secretary of state of India. These companies were so powerful, that whenever the Government of India complained of a breach of contract and tried to end it, it was the Secretary of the state who rejected the decisions of the Governor-General of India. On the other hand, the expense for the construction of railways was £15000 more per mile than it was in the United States and Europe. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00282 Keywords: Indian Railways, British Imperialism, British Colonial Policy, Plundering Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 895-902 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/788/749 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/788 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:895-902 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khurram Baig Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar University Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ahsan Iqbal Hashmi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Law BZU Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Syeda Tooba Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor (Deputy Registrar Legal Cell) College of Law, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Naseer Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: LLM Scholar, TIMES Institute, Multan, Pakistan Title: Analysis of Judicial Review: The Role of Higher Courts in Assessing Legislative and Executive Actions in the Context of Pakistan Abstract: In Pakistan higher courts are responsible for evaluating legislative and executive decisions through the process of judicial review. However this study investigates the role that higher courts of Pakistan play significant role in the judicial review process. This study examined through the doctrinal legal research method to study statutes, legal frameworks, commentaries books and relevant cases decided by the higher courts of Pakistan under the authority of the judicial review and an investigated that their judgments have had on the legal landscape of the country are the goals of this exercise. The purpose of this study is to provide light on the growing jurisprudence surrounding judicial review in Pakistan by conducting a thorough analysis of pertinent case law, laws and academic publications. The investigation reveals that the higher courts in Pakistan play a significant part in ensuring that the Constitution remains supreme. In conclusion the examination of the activities of the legislative and executive branches to determine whether or not they are in accordance with constitutional principles and basic rights. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00244 Keywords: Pakistan, higher courts, judicial review, legislative activities, executive actions Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 888-894 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/753/688 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/753 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:888-894 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Mateen Author-Workplace-Name: UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Rana Yassir Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Shujah-ur- Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: Economic Fluctuations and Mutual Fund Performance in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Analysis Including the COVID-19 Period Abstract: This study delves into a decade-long analysis of mutual fund performance in Pakistan, spanning from July 2012 to June 2022. It encompasses the role of macroeconomic determinants on performance of mutual funds (i.e., Shariah-compliant and conventional funds). The objective is to provide precise insights for investors and fund managers, enhancing their ability to navigate the complex mutual fund landscape. Our empirical investigation unearths macroeconomic factors affecting mutual funds. Factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, and the disruptive influence of the COVID-19 pandemic have presented formidable challenges. Conversely, the study identifies resilience in mutual fund performance linked to population trends, the KSE100 index's enduring strength, worker remittances, fiscal policy effectiveness, and trade prosperity. Importantly, these patterns hold true for both Shariah-compliant and conventional mutual funds, underlining their consistency across a range of performance metrics. Our findings offer invaluable guidance for investors and contributes to the decision-making toolkit and empowering them with actionable insights. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00199 Keywords: Macroeconomic Determinants, Mutual Funds, Sharp Ratio, GMM, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 878-887 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/698/627 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/698 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:878-887 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Saleem Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Imtiaz Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: The Parliamentary System of Government in Pakistan and Progression in Financial Dependability of Pakistan (1947 - 2002) Abstract: The British Parliamentary System in India has straightforwardly added to the development of parliament in Pakistan. The regular authoritative bodies picked the individuals from the Constituent Assembly. In the following study the evaluation of the History of Parliamentary System of Government in Pakistan from 1947 to 2002 was analyzed. It might be said that the historical backdrop of a democratic organization in Pakistan was a background marked by overturning ubiquity based establishments and a past filled with making new assumptions with every misfortune. The fundamental motivation behind this paper was to incorporate the historical backdrop of parliamentary arrangement of Pakistan from its introduction to the world to year 2002. The following study likewise centers around the progressions in the financial dependability of Pakistan because of Parliamentary vote based system. This study draws together writing on the total history of the parliament and the parliamentary vote based system alongside its impact on the financial security of the Pakistan. The information was assembled by using qualitative analysis. Pakistan keeps on making progress toward accomplishing an irrefutable and solid structure in view of well-known request. Vote based change to democratization included a verifiable cycle. This paper's system was subjective in nature. All through most of the parliamentary structure as organization in administrative issues was continuously being deterred. With the heaviness of Martial Law, the administrative framework was at last unhindered. When contrasted with parliamentary, the authority structure has reliably outperformed it in Pakistan's situation on the grounds that to its more evolved economy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00179 Keywords: Parliamentary System, Financial Dependability, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 873-877 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/675/595 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/675 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:873-877 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayza Shoukat Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghulam Muhammad Qamri Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of International Economics and Collaborative Innovation Center for China Economy, Nankai University Tianjin 300071, China Author-Name: Muzammal Rafique Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Beyond Borders: Understanding How Globalization Affects Employment in Pakistan Abstract: The research examines the determinants of employment in the era of globalization in Pakistan. The study employed data from 1980 to 2019. The ADF test confirmed data stationarity, revealing variables and series as mixed-order stationary. ARDL appeared the most suitable for regression analysis due to its mix order capability. The empirical evidence shows that globalization has positive and significant impacts on the labor force participation rate. Other control variables are also positively affecting employment in Pakistan. The study suggests that Pakistan should prioritize family planning and a suitable environment for domestic and foreign investment to enhance employment opportunities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00168 Keywords: Globalization, Employment,, Investment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 866-872 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/658/575 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/658 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:866-872 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Tayyab Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khawaja Hisham-Ul-Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Commerce Department, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Farhana Akmal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecture, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Causes and Effects of Poverty on Academic Achievements of Rural Secondary School Students: Case of Secondary School in Bahawlanagar District Abstract: Exchange to teaching is one of the significant uncomplicated social honesties in totally cultures. In Pakistan, the running of education has been one of the greatest serious matters of management public strategy particularly subsequently afterward individuality in 1947. Poverty has still continued a tentative block for maximum persons to achieve this simple right. This study required to examine the reasons and things of lack on educational success in the Bahawalnagar secondary school. The education required to representation the experiments shortage secondary school pupils’ expression in their mission for education, afterward important them to descent out of school. The procedure supervisory this study was a case study. Records were collected using forms, expression to expression meetings and document analysis. The study discovered that death of workers; joblessness and lack of education are the major reasons of deficiency in the Bahawalnagar public. The consequences of this study showed that shortage harmfully impressions on the educational success of scholars. The study consequently mentions that institute establishments stumble expense of school dues in instruction to accommodate the fewer fortunate scholars. The study additional mentions that the contributor public network capitals to education and feed students who originated from disadvantaged circumstances. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00155 Keywords: poverty, academic achievements, rural secondary school Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 461-865 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/653/557 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/653 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:461-865 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rao Aisha Sadiq Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Lecturer Department of English Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Saba Mohy-Ud-Din Chishti Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of English Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Hania Iftikhar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of English Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Title: Historicity of Text and Textuality of History: A New Historicist Analysis of Sorayya Khan’s City of Spies Abstract: Literary works are informed by the historical context. This is vividly traceable in the Pakistani fiction writers who re-enact history in more truthful way. The present study intends to explore the historicity of text and textuality of history in Sorayya Khan’s City of Spies. It highlights the reconstruction of traditional history through Khan's art of writing back of the history of Military coup in the mould of new historical scenario. The text traces the events of 1970s coup through a young protagonist’s perspective. The research objectives are: to explore the historicity of text and textuality of history and to trace out the new historicist aspects of City of Spies. While using the qualitative research paradigm the researcher applies theoretical lens of Louis Montrose derived from Professing the Renaissance: The Poetics and Politics of Culture, to the textual analysis of Khan’s text. The research findings endorse that the text is history-oriented and proffers an alternative vision of history. The study is significant for future research to interpret literary text new historically. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00151 Keywords: History, Historicity, Textuality, New Historicism, Pakistani Writers Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 850-854 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/648/551 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/648 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:850-854 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qamar Sumaira Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Majid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: English Language Instructor, Nishat Group of Schools and Colleges, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Khalil Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D scholar and Lecturer in English, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Title: Deconstructing the Metaphor of Feminine Idealism: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistani Adverts Abstract: Fairclough (1994) claims that language is not only a tool of communication but also constructs social interactions and meaning in specific contexts. Advertisement is one of the most effective and influential genre in non-literary texts which informs persuades and impacts its audience in a limited time frame. Impact can be equally positive or negative on the target audience but it is more dependent on the ideological representation through signs and symbols portrayed in it. In the present study, two Pakistani advertisements have been analyzed through Fairclough’s (1994) 3-Dimensional Approach, which suggests that a text along with its embedded ideology is constructed to create its own social domain. The findings exposed that adverts are the main source to bring cultural change and ideological shift about a woman in society. Fashion Trends are adopted and eradicated as suggested in ads so it acts like an opinion-maker and compliment to shape the physical appearance of a woman apart of what society believes in her on regional and religious grounds. The conclusion suggests that the government and related bodies must have a check on ill-considerations to produce such content which may cultivate some unethical norms in the society. Also unlike men women are negatively portrayed and objectified in multiple ways in media campaigns. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00150 Keywords: Media, Advertisements, Critical Discourse Analysis, Ideology, Objectification of women Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 844-849 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/647/550 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/647 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:844-849 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammamd Shaukat Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Fareeha Malik` Author-Workplace-Name: Research scholar, Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Laraib Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Research Scholar, Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Effect of Human Resource Management Practices and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure on Employee Outcomes: Examining the Moderating Role of Trust in Management Abstract: This paper has examined the relationship among HRM practices CSR disclosure and employee outcomes. This study contributes to previous literature by examining the moderating impact of trust in management among HRM practices employee outcomes and CSR disclosure_employee outcomes relationships. Based on theory of Social information processing (SIP) trust in management was taken as moderator among HRM practices and employee outcomes. While on the basis of Social exchange theory (SET) trust in management was taken as moderator among CSR disclosure and employee outcomes. This study sample consist of 250 managerial employees from banking sector of Pakistan. Primary data was collected through physical distribution of structured questionnaires and analysed using various statistical tools like, correlation and regression analysis with the help of SPSS software. Results showed affirmative link among HRM practices, CSR disclosure and employee outcomes. Moderation of trust in management among above relations is also confirmed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00149 Keywords: HRM, CSR disclosure, Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, Trust in Management & SET Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 835-843 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/646/549 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/646 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:835-843 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saif Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Independent researcher, MPhil in Public Administration, institute of administrative sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Naveed Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Deputy Director, quality enhancement cell national college of arts, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Maria Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Information management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sufi Nouman Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Independent researcher, MPhil in Public Administration, institute of administrative sciences, university of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Comparative Analysis of Service Quality Instruments: Evidence from Higher Education Sector of Pakistan Abstract: The aim of this paper is to compare five alternative models in terms of service quality in higher education institutions of Lahore Pakistan. The current study used the five service quality models named Higher Education Performance (HEDPERF), Service Quality (SERVQUAL), Weighted SERVQUAL, Service Performance (SERVPERF) and Weighted SERVPERF to draw the inferences. Data was gathered from 400 students by utilizing the structured questionnaire from four universities of Lahore, Pakistan. Gathered data was then arranged in a consequential way and then five models were compared in terms of reliability, validity and explained variance. Results of the study revealed that two out of five models HEDPERF and SERVPERF are more feasible in terms of reliability, validity and explained variance. Since the study only examined the measurement capabilities of the five instruments at Lahore city only, the collection of more data in other cities is required in order to provide more general results. All the multiple-item scale express insights about the features that can be studied or observed in order to maintain or handle the underrated quality service. All higher education institutions can be benefitted with these measurement scales to cope with the quality service-related issues. The results of the study are much helpful for the HE leaders to remove deficiencies in different service quality dimensions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00146 Keywords: Service quality, Service Performance, Higher Education, Student Satisfaction, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 825-834 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/642/541 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/642 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:825-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonia Ismat Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of Management Sciences, Pakistan Author-Name: Mazhar Ali Alyani Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Inam Makki Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Chang An University xian Shaanxi China, School of Economics and Management, China Author-Name: Dr. Wajiha Yasir Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Army Burnhall College for Girls Abbottabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Azhar Ali Alyani Author-Workplace-Name: Student of Bachelor of Public Administration at University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Title: Factors Affecting Consumer Brand Loyalty in Pakistan Abstract: This study explores the relationship between customer brand loyalty, brand experience, and image. The proposed model is formulated within the framework of Pakistan's aviation industry. Customers and brands are said to have a stronger bond when there is brand loyalty. Here, an effort is made to investigate clients' preferences for purchasing services regularly. This study's examination reveals the elements that drive brand loyalty among consumers. The problem of brand loyalty in Pakistan's aviation industry has been noted, and insightful solutions are being offered to address this issue. Future researchers will benefit from the theoretical framework's improved understanding of concepts and foundation for use in many service situations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00142 Keywords: customer, brand loyalty, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 855-860 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/638 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:855-860 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Naeem Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: muhammadnaeemzafar044@gmail.com Title: India National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) and BJP: A Comparative Study Abstract: This article focusses on the formation of a new alliance, namely the India National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA). The Indian National Congress, which has long dominated Indian politics, leads the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance. Opposition parties formed the India National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) to challenge the BJP in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections. The coalition contends that the BJP is endangering India’s multiparty democracy and secular principles. The Collective Resolve campaign includes a pledge to preserve and uphold the idea of India as it is expressed in the Constitution of India. Efforts are being done to resist the claimed systemic conspiracy by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to target, punish, and suppress specific Indians and address polarization. Findings of the reveal that there have been instances of Hindu extremist groups initiating anti-Muslim operations, resulting in numerous casualties and injuries among the Muslim community, as well as other minority groups within the region. The BJP challenged the Indian National Congress the Nehruvian state and secular democracy. The policies implemented by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) from 2014 to 2019 were highly detrimental to society, as they strategically employed the Hindutva ideology for political gain and suppressed minority groups through their uncompromising ideological stance. Contrarily, the policies implemented by Congress subsequent to 2009 exhibited a greater emphasis on principles such as freedom economic growth liberalism and prioritization of the welfare of the populace. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00133 Keywords: INDIA, BJP, Secular Democracy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 819-821 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/629/518 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/629 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:819-821 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Umar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashaf Zahra Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Aqsa Urooj Sumbal Palwasha Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Khinat Khan Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Munir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Areeba Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Title: Impact of Social Anxiety on Assertiveness: Role of Gender Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the impact of social anxiety on assertiveness a role of gender. Social anxiety is a persistent fear of social interactions due to severe evaluation apprehension. Assertiveness is an important social skill which promotes personal well-being. Correlational research design was used. Survey was conducted as a method of data collection. Students were selected through convenient sampling technique. Sample size was 200 (n=100 male, n=100 female) college students. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) by Prendergast (2021) and the Rathus Assertiveness Scale (RAS) by Spencer Rathus (1973) were used to measure social anxiety and assertiveness. Findings of the study reveal that there was significant negative correlation between social anxiety and assertiveness. Moreover results suggest that social anxiety is a negative predictor of assertiveness among college students. Female college students report higher level of social anxiety as compared to male. In addition, male are more assertive in their college life than females. To overcome the social anxiety education department gave the exposure of coping strategies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00132 Keywords: Social anxiety, assertiveness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 815-818 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/628/520 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/628 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:815-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arooj Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Areeba Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Umar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sahar Javed Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Khinat Khan Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashaf Zahra Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Title: Comparison of Meaning in Life and Self-control between Orphans and Non-orphans Abstract: Pakistan has a population of 200 million including 65.3 million children under the age of 14 years. Over 4.6 million children are orphans. The study was designed to investigate the comparison of meaning in life and self-control between orphan and non-orphan. Correlational research design was used. Survey was conducted as a method of data collection by using purpose sampling technique to select sample of study 240 orphans and non-orphans (n=121, n=119). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006) and The Self-Restraint subscale from the Adolescents’ Self-Consciousness Scale (Nie et al., 2014) was utilized to measure participants’ self-control ability. The collected data were analyzed on SPSS. Results indicate that there is positive relationship between meaning in life and self-control ability among orphans and non-orphans. Moreover, the findings of the study reveal that meaning in life is a significant positive predictor of self-control. In addition, the level of meaning in life and self-control significantly greater in non-orphans as compared to orphans. It is recommended that counseling should be provided to orphans to enhance the level of self-control ability and maiming in life. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00131 Keywords: Meaning in life, self-control, orphans Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 811-814 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/627 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:811-814 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabia Umar Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mishal Nazir Author-Workplace-Name:City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Anamaza Mazhar Author-Workplace-Name:City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Umar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zainab Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Areeba Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Title: Academic Procrastination as a Predictor of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among College Students Abstract: Procrastination is associated with negative consequences concerning mental health performance as well as physical and psychological well-being. Procrastination has been found to be an instinctive response to depression, anxiety and stress among college students. The study was conducted to investigate the impact of academic procrastination on psychological burden among students. This quantitative nature of study was completed through correlational research design. Survey was conducted as a method of data collection. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample of 251 college students. The collected data were analyzed on SPSS. Inferential statistics was utilized to test hypotheses. Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis was performed. Findings of the study reveal that academic procrastination is significant positive predictor of psychological burden (depression, anxiety and stress) among college students. Moreover, there is positive relationship between academic procrastination depression anxiety and stress. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00130 Keywords: Academic procrastination, depression, anxiety, stress Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 807-810 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/626/589 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/626 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:807-810 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonia Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sania Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Kaleem ullah Tarar Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Umar Hyat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zainab Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Huzaifa Nasreen Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Title: Understanding the relationship between Cognitive Failure and Psychological Burden: Role of Gender Abstract: Cognitive failure is associated with memory and concentration problems. Cognitive failures are minor errors in thinking reported by clinical and non-clinical individuals during everyday life. The current study was conducted to explore the relationship of cognitive failure, depression, anxiety and stress. Sample of 167 male and female were selected through convenient sampling technique. Two research instrument were used to measure variables; Cognitive Failures Questionnaire by Broadbent (1982) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale by Coker et al. (2018). Findings of the study reveal that there is negative relationship between cognitive failure, depression, anxiety and stress among non-clinical individuals. Moreover it was found that level of cognitive failure during everyday life activities was greater among female as compared to male. In addition, results suggest that psychological burden such as depression, anxiety and stress due to cognitive distortion was significant higher among females than male. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00128 Keywords: Cognitive failure, depression, anxiety, stress Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 803-806 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/625/512 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/625 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:803-806 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mahnoor Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mehwish Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Iram Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Umar Hyat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zainab Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Noor ul ain Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Title: Role of Marital Status in the Impact of Forgiveness on Psychological Resilience among Women Abstract: Mental health includes several components of living a healthy life such as one’s ability to enjoy life and to cope with stresses. Forgiveness is also one path to mental health. Present study aimed to investigate the role of marital status in the impact of forgiveness on psychological resilience. 289 women (married=151, unmarried=138) aged between 21-40 participated in the study and provided data on Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Thompson et al., 2005) and The Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et. al., 2008). Results showed a significant positive impact of forgiveness on psychological resilience among women. Findings further revealed that marital status was the significant determinant of forgiveness and resilience among women. It was found that married women have significant effects on forgiveness and resilience. Study has the implication to enhance the mental health by learning forgiveness skills because universal forgiveness exercises can help to find best strategies to deal with feeling of stress hurt pain revenge resentment and so on. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00127 Keywords: Forgiveness, psychological resilience, marital status Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 799-802 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/624 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:799-802 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rimsha Nisar Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Huzaifa Nasreen Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Junaid Javaid Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Umar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zainab Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Noor ul ain Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Title: Impact of Occupational Stress on Clinical Performance among Nurses: A Case Study of District Multan Abstract: There is an increasing attention to identify the occupational stressors on clinical performance among nurses due to the shortfall of paramedical staff especially nurses to an alarming extent globally. We develop a research framework to examine the impact of occupational stress on nurses’ clinical performance. A cross-sectional research design was used for data collection (n= 251). Data collection was accomplished by conducting a survey as a method. Data were analyzed through SPSS. The results indicate that occupational stress is negatively correlated with clinical performance among nurses. Work demand, work-family conflicts, occupational hazards, and occupational issues have a significant impact on nurses’ clinical performance. Moreover, interpersonal relationships and workplace violence are found to be the insignificant impact on clinical performance. Demographic variables like marital status and computer skills have significant differences in occupational stress and clinical performance. Married nurses have a higher level of occupational stress and lower level clinical performance as compared to unmarried. Nurses with computer skills have low occupational stress and higher clinical performance than those without computer skills. The results of the study have theoretical as well as practical implications, needed to be addressed on a priority basis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00126 Keywords: Occupational stressors, clinical performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 792-798 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/623 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:792-798 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Umar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub Campus, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Noor ul ain Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Iqra Fida Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zainab Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Huzaifa Nasreen Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sonia Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: City College University Campus Multan, Pakistan Title: Understanding When Diabetic Patients’ Psychological Burden affects their Marital Satisfaction Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the impact of psychological burden on marital satisfaction. Correlation research design was used to complete the study. Survey was designed as a method of data collection. Sample of 150 diabetic patients were selected through purposive sampling technique. Findings reveal that marital satisfaction is negatively correlated with psychological burden. Moreover psychological burden is a significant negative predictor of marital satisfaction. In addition, female diabetic patients reported the greater level of psychological burden and lower level of marital satisfaction as compared to male. Statistically significant difference was examined on psychological burden with respect to education of patients, type of diabetes, number of children and working status but there was no mean score difference associated with socio-economic status. The results of comparison on marital satisfaction related to patient’s education, type of diabetes, number of children, working status and patient’s socio-economic status were not statistically significant. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00125 Keywords: Diabetes, depression, stress, anxiety, marital satisfaction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 786-791 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/622/509 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/622 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:786-791 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saima Nazeer Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar (Education), The Superior College Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Author-Workplace-Name: 2Associate Professor of Education, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aneela Kosar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Centre for Teacher Education Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China Title: Investigating the Attitude of School Teachers Towards Teaching of Nazra-E-Quran in Primary Schools of Punjab Abstract: The primary focus of the study was to find out "The Attitude of Primary School Teachers towards the Teaching of the Nazra Quran in District Pakpattan. In order to derive the objectives of the descriptive study method of research was used. The relevant data for this research was collected by using a quantitative method. The researcher used a self-developed questionnaire. Research experts checked the tool's validity at the university, and it was also checked through a pilot study. The reliability of the tool was checked by cronbach alpha. The population of the study was the primary school teachers of District Pakpattan. This study used a multi-phase sampling technique. In first phase school were selected randomly, and then a convenient sampling technique was used to select the teachers. The researcher got the data personally by visiting different schools. The data was gathered for this study from 300 primary school teachers. The collected data were analyzed on SPSS 22 using frequencies, mean, standard deviation t-test and cross-tabulation. The results of this study revealed that most teachers have a positive attitude towards Nazra Quran because most teachers have taken the training in Nazra Quran. They have already experienced the Nazra Quran's teachings. The majority of the teachers have the opinion that training in the Nazra Quran is necessary for all primary school teachers. There is less time to manage the teaching of the Nazra Quran in one period. It was recommended that training in Nazra Quran is compulsory for all the teachers, and the proper time is given to the Nazra Quran in classes there must be an appointed religious teacher. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00123 Keywords: Teaching, QURAN, PRIMARY SCHOOLS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 778-785 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/619 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:778-785 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasir Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Minhaj University, Township, Lahore Author-Name: Hafiz Shabir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, University of Okara Author-Name: Moheez Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Punjab Group of Colleges, Jehlam Title: Workplace Discrimination and Strain Theory: A Case of District Okara Police Force Abstract: This study investigates the impact of workplace discrimination on gender job satisfaction with a particular focus on police officers in District Okara including DepalPur Renala Khurd and Okara. Additionally we examine how work environment police culture thread and harassment contribute to gender job satisfaction and the adoption of strain theory. The research is based on a sample of 440 District Okara police officers, and primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey. Descriptive statistics, Correlation Coefficient, regression analysis, F-test, multivariate Generalized Linear Model (GLM), and two-way ANOVA were employed for data analysis using SPSS and R software. Minitab, Amos used for graphical representation. The study aims to shed light on the relationship between workplace discrimination and gender job satisfaction among District Okara police officers, especially considering the experiences of female officers. It was observed that both female and male officers face workplace discrimination. Notably female officers exhibited higher levels of job dissatisfaction compared to their male counterparts. These findings are crucial for promoting gender equality and creating a supportive work environment in the District Okara police force. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00119 Keywords: Workplace discrimination, Strain Theory, District Okara, Police Force Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 770-777 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/613/504 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/613 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:770-777 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faiza Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ali Sajjad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, , Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waqas Farooq Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Business and Management Sciences Department, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Financial Inclusion (FI) Mediates the Relationship Between Financial Literacy (FL) and Women’s Economic Empowerment (WEE) Abstract: This examination expects to investigate the relationship between financial literacy (FL) and financial inclusion (FI) and to dissect how FI goes about as a mediated in the relationship between FL and women's economic empowerment. Furthermore the review dives into the control impact of social capital (SC) use as a moderating variable in FL and FI. Used positivism philosophy and deductive approach and variables scale was adopted. The study collected 350 reliable answers from women working in private universities in the educational sector in Lahore through self-filled surveys using a simple random sampling method on a five-point Likert scale. This research used the AMOS-21 software. This software runs different types of tests e.g. confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) which confirms the variable items, and also uses structural equation modelling (SEM) to confirm or reject the research hypotheses. A p-value < 0.05 supports the first hypothesis (H1) which states that there is a substantial and beneficial relationship between financial inclusion (FI) and financial literacy (FL). Going on to the second hypothesis (H2) it is established that financial inclusion (FI) and women's economic empowerment (WEE) have a favourable and significant relationship. The third hypothesis (H3) suggests a partial mediation effect by arguing that financial inclusion is mediated by the association between financial literacy and women's economic empowerment. According to the fourth hypothesis (H4) social capital has a moderating effect on the importance and strength of the relationship between financial inclusion and financial literacy. The study's conclusions highlight social capital's strong moderating effect on this relationship. The study emphasises how important financial inclusion and financial literacy are to enhancing women's economic empowerment. It highlights the importance of policymakers and educational institutions recognizing the factors and providing opportunities and resources to enhance women's financial knowledge and skills. The findings underscore the need for proactive measures in the education sector to empower women economically. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00118 Keywords: Financial Literacy, Financial Inclusion, Women’s Economic Empowerment, Social Capital, Education Sector, Lahore Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 761-769 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/610 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:761-769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Afsheen Hashmat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, the University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghulam Ghouse Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, the University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Nawaz Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Research Professor, Al-Baraiem Al-Khadhra, Dubai, UAE Title: Impact of Economic and Environmental Dynamics on Human Development: An Analysis of HDI Classifications Abstract: The whole world is facing the issue of altering climate and bad environmental quality due to the extreme increase in carbon emissions. Against the backdrop, this study plans to examine the effect of environmental degradation on human development controlling for income inequality education inequality gender inequality unemployment GDPPC institutional quality and urbanization in the context of very high high medium and low HDI economies during the time scope from 1996 to 2021. For measuring environmental impact we use both ecological footprints and carbon dioxide emission (CO2) figures for these countries. Overall, the generalized method of moments analysis confirms the strong relationship among the study variables. GMM analysis confirms that environmental quality by surging the ecological footprints and carbon emission deteriorates human development of the selected nations. Similarly, disparities in the form of income, education and gender impose an adverse impact on human development as unemployment also has a contrary impact on human development. While GDP institutional quality and urbanization are evidenced to ensure human welfare. Hence considering these key outcomes a set of relevant human welfare-related policies needs to be recommended in the context of selected countries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00112 Keywords: Human development index, Ecological footprints, Carbon dioxide emissions, Inequalities, Institutional quality, Urbanization Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 738-751 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/605 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:738-751 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqar Muhammad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Moniba Sana Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Safia Mansab Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Bagh, Pakistan Title: Contributing Features that Alter Purchasing Behaviour of Cash and Carry Customers in Pakistan Abstract: The main objective of this research was to identify and analyse the factors that influence purchasing behaviour of cash and carry customers during purchasing. This study was used different variables including some moderating variables that influence purchasing behaviour of people. The data was collected from 400 respondents through questionnaire, 200 respondents selected from Bagh Azad Jammu & Kashmir and 200 from Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan that visited to the selected cash and carry during data collection period. Convenient Sampling technique was used to collect data and Reliability Analysis, Regression Analysis (RA) and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) were used for comparative data analysis and hypothesis testing. According to results, people change their behaviour moderately during purchasing in city Bagh more than people in city Rawalpindi respectively, that means sometime individuals were purchased unplanned products and sometime only planned good will be purchased. Results indicate that some variables have positive impact and some have negative but significant impact on dependent variable (purchasing behaviour) was discussed. This study includes only those variables that have significant impact on dependent variables insignificant variables are excluded. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00111 Keywords: purchasing behavior, case study, cash and carry, regression analysis, statistical package for social sciences, Bagh Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Rawalpindi/Islamabad Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 722-737 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/604/489 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/604 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:722-737 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafia Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar (Economics), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Iqra Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, University of Layyah, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nadir Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Government College University Faisalabad, Layyah Campus, Pakistan Title: Impact of Oil Price and Exchange Rate on Economic Growth of Pakistan Abstract: The primary goal of this study was to investigate how oil price and exchange rate effect the economic growth of Pakistan from 1992 to 2021. The rising oil prices are the major concern for all the developing economies and Pakistan is suffering from it. The unit root test, correlation test, bound test was used to examine the economic trend. The result from multiple linear regression model describe that there is short run and long run relationship between the variables. It indicates that there is a positive impact of oil price on economic growth. The countries like Pakistan who are oil importers should purchase crude oil on less prices. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00110 Keywords: GDP, Oil Price, Exchange Rate, Consumer Price Index, Direct Investment and Labor Force Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 716-721 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/603 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:716-721 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ali Nasir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Agrieconomics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 46300 Author-Name: Gulnaz Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Agrieconomics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 46300 Author-Name: Abdul Saboor Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Agrieconomics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 46300 Author-Name: Fayyaz ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 46300 Title: Netting Multidimensionality of Energy for Indoor Space Heating Across Rural Households of Rawalpindi division: A Multi-Tier Frame Work Approach Abstract: Energy make a emergence a good sufficient and just life. The worldwide endorsement of "energy access for all" has come from Sustainable Development Goal 7. Fifty-six percent of people in Pakistan still rely on conventional biomass fuels. Current study aimed to evaluate the space heating access of rural household in districts of Rawalpindi division. For this intend, a framework has been operationalized put up by Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) World Bank for the very first time. This framework involves a comprehensive comparison of dimensional storage to determine various aspects of energy access i.e. electricity cooking solutions, and space heating.. Primary data of 730 rural households of the Rawalpindi division using Multi stage random sampling techniques was collected through a wellself-structured questionnaire from districts namely Rawalpindi Attock Jhelum and Chakwal. There are varying reflections of energy access of heating among districts of Rawalpindi division. Results of the analysis referred that Heating access rate was predominantly spoiled by collection time of fuel and lack of capacity to get their localities warm at desirable level in district Jhelum by scoring 56,8 points Weekly more than 7 hours is being spent on collection of fuel across rural households in all Districts. 40 % of the time households are not able to get themselves warm in face of cold conditions. The study recommends that in order to place sixty percent households of lower tiers to finish in arena of higher energy access rate and with mission to escaping energy poverty, rigorous efforts would be required, through implementation of area specific interventions rather more generalized endorsements. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00109 Keywords: Energy Access, Indoor Space Heating, Energy Poverty, Multitier Framework (MTF), Rural Household Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 706-715 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/602/487 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/602 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:3:p:706-715 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FIAZ AHMAD SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: NOOR FATIMA Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: NEXUS AMONG COMMODITY MARKETS AND STOCK MARKETS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES BEFORE & DURING COVID Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the CM on the SM during & before Covid. Data for the APO region was used from 2017 to 2021. ADF's unit-roots test shows the stationarity of SRs. In both cases, all series are stationary & significant at 1%. Additionally, all regression models with predictor variables fit the data better than models without predictor variables, as shown by the F-test p-values below the significance level (5%). Since CMs performed better than SM during the covid period, investors should invest in them rather than SM. Second, inflation can raise commodity prices, undermining the value of stocks & bonds. Even though commodities have performed well during high inflation, investors should be aware that they can be volatile. Furthermore, this study has implications for policymakers as wel, since they can use the relationship between SRs & CMs to determine whether one market's price shock will affect others, & thus formulate regulatory policies accordingly. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7679084 Keywords: COVID, stock markets, commodity markets, uncertainty Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-14 Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/420/340 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/420 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:4:p:1-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RASHID MEHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: ADDRESSING THE FINANCIAL CRISIS IN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS: LESSONS FROM PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES Abstract: This study examines the underlying causes of the financial crisis faced by government departments in Pakistan focusing on factors such as inadequate planning, political interference, corruption, inefficient management, and resource mismanagement. The study highlights the urgent need for immediate corrective measures to overcome these challenges and foster progress. Drawing insights from the case of Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), the study emphasizes the importance of generating sufficient revenue through cost-effective operations. It advocates for gradual rehabilitation initiatives, including the elimination of unnecessary expenses, merit-based hiring practices, and performance-based compensation. Moreover, the study underscores the significance of upholding ethical conduct and removing individuals who violate organizational codes. The study also recommends engaging in constructive negotiations with government officials and proposing strategies such as fare adjustments and route optimization to alleviate financial burdens. These measures can help conserve financial technical and human resources ultimately leading to improved financial stability. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7987817 Keywords: Financial crisis, government departments, proper plannin, , political interference, corruption, inefficient management, resource wastag, , Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 15-24 Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/430/347 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/430 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:4:p:15-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN ASIF Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Finance, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN ISLAMIC BANKING: ENHANCING ACCOUNTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE Abstract: Corporate governance plays a pivotal role in shaping the operations and outcomes of Islamic banking institutions. This research paper delves into the importance of corporate governance within the context of Islamic banking, focusing on its role in promoting accountability and improving performance. By adopting a comprehensive and Sharia-compliant framework for corporate governance, Islamic banks can enhance their transparency, ethical behavior, and stakeholder engagement. The paper explores the principles and values underpinning corporate governance in Islamic banking, emphasizing the need for effective governance structures, board practices, risk management mechanisms, and disclosure standards. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of robust corporate governance practices on the financial stability, public trust, and long-term sustainability of Islamic banks. The findings of this research underscore the vital role of corporate governance in fostering the growth and development of Islamic banking, contributing to a more resilient and responsible financial system. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7987827 Keywords: Corporate governance, Islamic banking, Accountability, Performance, Sharia-compliant framework Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 25-32 Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/431/348 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/431 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:4:p:25-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TAHIR LIAQUAT Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Finance, Karachi University, Pakistan Title: OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE: EVALUATING THE DETERMINANTS AND TRENDS IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN Abstract: This study focuses on evaluating the determinants and trends in the capital structure of the automobile industry, with a specific emphasis on the case of Toyota Motors and Atlas Honda. The research highlights the significance of adopting an optimal capital structure to mitigate risks and prevent potential damages, such as insolvency resulting from the inability to repay debt. The study emphasizes the need for firms to carefully determine the appropriate level of debt financing that aligns with their unique circumstances. Debt financing offers advantages such as easier accessibility and lower cost of capital compared to equity financing, along with the benefit of a tax shield. However, firms must consider the financial costs associated with debt, particularly the interest payments required to service borrowed funds. On the other hand, equity financing entails its own cost in the form of the cost of equity, which includes the opportunity cost. By analyzing the financial data of Toyota Motors and Atlas Honda it was observed that these companies maintained a debt-to-capital ratio of less than 50%. This suggests that they rely less on external sources for fund generation. The findings support the hypothesis that a capital structure with less than 50% debt is preferable for firms. Consequently, firms should carefully evaluate their debt-to-equity ratio and strive to maintain a balance that aligns with their financial goals and risk tolerance. This research provides valuable insights into the determinants and trends in capital structure within the automobile industry. It underscores the importance of making informed decisions regarding debt and equity financing and highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and optimization of capital structure to enhance financial stability and maximize long-term profitability. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7987831 Keywords: capital structure, debt financing, equity financing, , determinants, trends, automobile industry Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 33-42 Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/432/349 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/432 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:4:p:33-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HAFIZ MUHAMMAD MUSHTAQ Author-Workplace-Name: University of Management & Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: KANWAL IQBAL KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: ADEEL NASIR Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: NAHEEDA ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Law, The University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Pakistan Title: EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF ISLAMIC AND NON-ISLAMIC MUTUAL FUNDS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Abstract: Mutual funds are splendidly contributing to the flourishing of the financial market around the world. This role is extremely vital in emerging economies like Pakistan, where prospective investors lack the essential financial knowledge and risk aptitude to put direct resources in risky stocks. Mutual funds are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) to protect investors and develop the capital market. This research aims to evaluate the risk-return and compare the performance of 140 Islamic and non-Islamic mutual funds for a period of 4 years, from 2017-2020 in Pakistan. The impact of five micro and three macro country factors on their returns was evaluated. Fixed and random effect models were used for analysis. The results expressed that the factors impacting Islamic mutual fund return are management fee, inflation rate, expense ratio, and GDP statistically significant. In contrast, real interest rate, fund age, and fund size are insignificant. Moreover, GDP, real interest rate, total expense ratio, and fund size have statistically significant on non-Islamic mutual fund returns, while management fees, inflation rate, and age of the fund are insignificant. As a result, while making investment decisions, investors must consider both country-level factors and fund-specific features.Random Effect Model DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Islamic Mutual Fund, Non-Islamic Mutual Fund, Risk, Return,, Fixed Effect Model, Random Effect Model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 184-196 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/400/322 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/400 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:184-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ADNAN ALI SHAHZAD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SHABBIR AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: NAVEED HAYAT Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lower Mall, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD IMRAN Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Assistant Professor, School of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: JAMSHAID UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, GC University, Lahore Title: IMPACT OF OIL PRICE, EXCHANGE RATE, AND INTEREST RATE ON STOCK MARKET OF PAKISTAN Abstract: Stock market is important for the development of a country since it provides liquidity for the production process. Exchange rate and oil prices are the most vital economic variables that affect the stock market of an economy besides the interest rate which evidently have significant impact on stock returns. This study examines the impact of oil prices changes, exchange rate variations, and interest rate changes on stock returns of Pakistani stock market represented by KSE 100 index. Using monthly data for the period of January 2000 - December 2021 and employing bound testing approach to auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling, the short and long run relationship between these variables is examined. The study finds that oil prices, exchange rate and interest rate have significant impact on stock returns in Pakistan. The short run dynamics and interactions of these variables are further analysed by an appropriate error correction model. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7256470 Keywords: Exchange rate, interest rate, oil price,, stock market Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 172-183 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/402/324 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/402 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:172-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FATIMA GULZAR Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: IMRAN SHARIF CHAUDHRY Author-Workplace-Name: Professor and Director, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: ENERGY INTENSITY, ENERGY MIX AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN EUROPEAN REGIONS: A DYNAMIC AND HETEROGENEITY ANALYSIS Abstract: This study investigates the impact of energy intensity on economic performance of European countries with heterogeneity analysis which differ across regions. Applied technique is panel two step GMM from 1990-2020. This study estimated by using GMM estimation and the results have been reported on the basis of probability values of F-statistics, Hansen-J statistics and under-identification tests. The Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistic with chi-square p-values of under-identification test are used to check the identification of the model. The chi-square probability values of Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistics in all of the models of current study are highly significant which shows that model is identified. Moreover, Hansen J statistics are included to check validity of instruments. Results predict that the coefficient of energy intensity is negative and statistically significant in almost all regions of Europe. The probability values of F-statistics of model reveal that the model used in the study are highly significant. Results of concerned variables in this variability of energy economic progress is same with aspect to region wise heterogeneity but South European region is slightly less energy efficient and having more energy intensities than Nordic and Central European regions. Based on the aforementioned results, here provide a set of recommendations for policy implication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7107485 Keywords: Energy intensity,, economic performance, region heterogeneity analysis, two step GMM, European counties Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 153-162 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/405/327 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/405 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:153-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SYED WAHID ALI SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan (BZU), Sub-campus Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: TARIQ KHALID Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan (BZU), Sub-campus Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: SANA FAYYAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan (BZU), Sub-campus Vehari, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, POPULATION DENSITY, CONSUMPTION OF OIL AND GAS ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN PAKISTAN Abstract: This study focuses on the factors which have destructive impacts on climate in Pakistan. Carbon-Dioxide-Emission is taken as the proxy of the environmental degradation in Pakistan and taken as the dependent variable. Foreign Direct Investment, Population Density, consumption of gas and consumption of oil are taken as independent variable. Time Series Data from 1993 to 2021 is used and OLS technique is used to estimate the results. Our empirical evidence concludes that foreign direct investment, population density, oil consumption and gas consumption have significant effect on CO2 emission in Pakistan. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7256470 Keywords: Foreign direct investment, Environmental Degradation,, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 163-171 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/406/328 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/406 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:163-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: JAMSHAID UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, GC University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SEHRISH FAREEN Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Department of Economics, GC University Lahore Author-Name: SHABBIR AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management & Administrative Science, University of Education Lahore Author-Name: AFTAB ANWAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management & Administrative Science, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Title: DYNAMIC IMPACT OF EXTERNAL SHOCKS ON MACROECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS OF SELECTED SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES Abstract: This research investigates the relative importance of a set of exogenous shocks in deriving the fluctuations in macroeconomic fundamentals of selected South Asian countries. We have employed the panel structural VAR model to cater to the idiosyncratic and contagion impact of shocks, for 1999Q1-2018Q2, relying on a set of exogenous shocks (Oil Price shock, Trade shock, MSCI world shock, and structural shock (GFC). The variance decomposition forecasting error and impulse response function confirm pronounce impact of external shocks on macroeconomic fundamentals, particularly in the pre-global financial crises GFC period. Moreover, the oil price shock and trade shock have a significant effect on macroeconomic fundamentals for South Asian countries with more asymmetric response vis-à-vis to financial shocks. Variance decompositions and impulse-response functions display that South Asian countries appear more sensitive to the trade channel rather than to the financial channel. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7326988 Keywords: External shock, real output, prices, interest rates, exchange rates, , PSVAR model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 197-207 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/411/331 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/411 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:197-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HUMA RASHEED Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Public Policy, Riphah International University, Pakistan Author-Name: KINZA KANWAL Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Public Policy, Riphah International University, Pakistan Author-Name: NIDA ABBAS Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, FUSST, Pakistan Title: CPEC AND THE CHALLENGES FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR OF PAKISTAN Abstract: hina launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, with the broad objective of connecting over 65 nations in Asia, Europe, and Africa through infrastructural investment and economic development. The development of energy infrastructures is a key component of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a centerpiece of the BRI. It has been said that CPEC will "alter the game" for Pakistan. The present energy situation is a severe problem for Pakistan. This study examines the difficulties that Pakistan's energy industry must overcome and how CPEC might aid in overcoming those difficulties. The analysis in this study discusses several energy projects launched under CPEC. In light of the energy industry challenges, this article finds that CPEC appears beneficial. However, because progress on these initiatives is being made slowly, Pakistani authorities must alter their approach if they want to profit fully from CPEC. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7327008 Keywords: CPEC, Pakistan, energy sector, challenges for Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 222-227 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/412/332 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/412 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:222-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD IRFAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, UE Business School, Division of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ZEESHAN RAFIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, UE Business School, Division of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ADNAN SIAL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, UE Business School, Division of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: BUSHRA SANI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Education Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE EFFECT OF SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION AND IT USE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON SERVICE INDUSTRIES Abstract: Supply chain integration (SCI) has been widely discussed area in supply chain literature. Based on extended resource based view (RBV) and resource orchestration theory (ROT), our study was conducted to analyze the effects of SCI (i.e. information integration, process integration and measurement integration) on firm’s performance (i.e. operational, business) in service industries in Pakistan. In addition, we investigate the contingency effect of IT use (i.e. Transaction management, order delivery and customer services, planning & control) on the relationship of integrative Supply chain practices and firm’s performance. We follow step wise hierarchical regression approach by pair wise comparison of performance effect of IT use and each dimension of SCI. Survey data were collected from a sample of firms in food, hospitality, fashion, telecom, IT and retail industries in Pakistan. The empirical results indicate that IT use strengthen the effects of SCI on firm’s performance by significantly moderating the aforementioned relationship. The results demonstrate best model fitted with pair wise interaction between IT use and SCI mechanisms. The study contributes to supply chain literature by analyzing pivotal role of IT use in integrating various supply chain activities in B2 B and B2 C markets. The research has implications for retail managers, service supply chain planners and distribution companies to use IT in integrating supply chain and materializing performance. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7327008 Keywords: Supply chain integration, Firm performance, IT use Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 208-221 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/414/334 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/414 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:208-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WASEEM KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: JAMIL KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: AYESHA GUL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Social Work Department, SBK Women's University Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: ARAB NAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Dean Faculty of Social Sciecnes, University of Mlalakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Title: MASCULINITY AND FAMILY VIOLENCE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PAKHTUNS’ VIOLENT MASCULINITIES IN PARENTAL & SPOUSAL RELATIONS Abstract: Violence by no means is restricted to an ethnicity, culture, or society, rather is a universally prevalent phenomenon existing since the human’s existence. Men by their prime nature and nurture are harsh, hard, rough, and tough, which compel them to dominate any of the social situations. Particularly, Pakhtun men are more dominant because of the cultural provision and traditional space to them. Such dominance is evident in all spheres of life ranging from simple form of socialization to complex economic and political decisions and protection of the family. To elaborate such conception, the current study is qualitatively framed by studying Pakhtun men incarcerated in central prisons of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province for violent crimes like murder and assault. The in-depth interviews from the selected sample size reveal that violence is compulsion in Pakhtun society for men because it’s a matter of survival and existence. Violence is committed for ensuring peace at home and bringing social order and social control in family. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7627699 Keywords: Pakhtun men, masculinity, violence, family Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 228-233 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/417/337 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/417 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:228-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RABIA SAGHIR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics & Finance, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIQA SADDIQA QURESHI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: HINA HAYAT Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: INTERNATIONALIZATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFLATION AND MONEY SUPPLY POLICIES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN Abstract: This study finds out the determinants of inflation by using cointegration and error corrections techniques, respectively. Money supply, real GDP, and foreign inflation significantly and positively impact inflation. This study recommends that state bank is responsible for maintaining a stable inflation level by controlling the money supply level. Similarly, state banks should provide domestic credit for capital formation goods to enhance economic growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Inflation, , Money Supply,, Real GDP Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 234-239 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/419/339 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/419 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:234-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABDUL QUDDOUS Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Mir Chakar khan Rind University, Sibi, Pakistan Author-Name: AFTAB ANWAR SHAIKH Author-Workplace-Name: Advocate High Court of Balochistan, Pakistan Title: A DILEMMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Continued efforts to create suitable mental health legislation in Pakistan resulted in the Mental Health Ordinance of 2001. However, following the 18th amendment to the constitution and the devolution of health responsibilities to provincial governments, it became the responsibility of each province to enact its own mental health laws through their respective assemblies. Currently, the mental health legislative landscape is fragmented and inadequate. Only the provinces of Sindh and Punjab have enacted mental health acts, highlighting an urgent need for similar legislative frameworks in other provinces to protect the rights of individuals with mental illness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00327 Keywords: mental health, legislative framework Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 240-242 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/838/818 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/838 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:240-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AMIR JUNAID SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Instructor Physical Education Elementary & Secondary Education Department Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHZADA KHURRAM IQBAL Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Education Department Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD IFTIKHAR Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar Sports Science & Physical Education Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: ASMAT TAHIRA ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Instructor Physical Education Elementary & Secondary Education Department Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: SHUMAILA NAZ Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Health, Physical Education & Sports Science Isra University Islamabad Campus Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NAEEM SHAUKAT Author-Workplace-Name: PET, Government Elementary School Tanzeem Islami Maddrsa Mella Galli Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: SYEDA KHALIDA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports Science & Physical Education, Gomal University D I Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD WAQAS AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Instructor Physical Education Elementary & Secondary Education Department Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: NAGHMA PARVEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports Science & Physical Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON SPORTS INDUSTRY: A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF PAKISTANI SPORTS GOODS Abstract: The goods industry is a key contributor to the advancement of society as whole, economy, exports and financial services. Goods industry has potential to be the backbone of society's infrastructure, an engine of economic growth, creation of jobs, and a producer of essential goods and services for businesses and households. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the economic effect of covid-19 on sports industry crisis due to pandemic and introduce their resilience solutions. This research was qualitative, with the convenient sampling technique was used to conduct it. The researchers used close ended online questionnaire through WhatsApp for data collection in which had 25 statements. The data was analyzed through SPSS 20.0 version and the state indicates that the formulated hypothesis was accepted and the result shows that here was negative effect of covid-19 on sports sector in Pakistan having mean of the tasting variable was 2.7106, SD was 0.43188 and sig difference was 0.071. The findings of the study stated that covid-19 has negative effect on sports sector and the study linked with another that COVID-19 pandemic affected all economic activities and crashed stock markets across the globe (Şenol, Z., & Zeren, F. 2020). According to the available evidence in this pandemic situation, there is no practical and complete planning, even after several months of the COVID pandemic. Therefore, planning to solve the economic problems of sports sector obviously requires time to gather information, conferences and plan. In addition, sports business owners expect that in such a situation, appropriate facilities will be provided for taxes and other possible facilities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506//01.00423 Keywords: Covid-19, Sports Industry, Sports Goods Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 243-246 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/383/1059 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/383 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:243-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: NAMRA MUNIR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore (Vehari Campus) Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ASIF SHAHZAD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore (Vehari Campus) Author-Name: NAVID JAMIL MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot Title: SOURCES OF CHILD LABOR AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PUNJAB PROVINCE Abstract: Education is essential for every human being, but there are several reasons why working children cannot attend school or even obtain a primary education. These reasons are to blame because working children cannot enroll in school. The issue of child labor affects the entire world and is included in the goals for sustainable development. The research aims to investigate the many social and economic factors that contribute to the prevalence of child work among primary school pupils. A survey was utilized as the methodology to carry out the study and achieve the study's goals. A total of two hundred and fifty primary school pupils participated in the survey. SPSS was used to perform an analysis of the raw data, and the statistical methods of frequency and percentage were employed to investigate the study's findings. According to the study results, one of the primary reasons children are forced to work is because they are required to do so for their families to survive in this day and age when advanced technology and modern living standards are the norms. The study's findings indicate that certain socio-economic conditions are to blame for the detrimental effects on children's social and mental development experienced during their elementary school years. The research would suggest that stakeholders make an effort to guarantee 100 percent enrollment and attendance at schools ranging from elementary to secondary levels, all the way up to high schools, to eradicate child labor. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/6643258 Keywords: Child labor, Primary school students,, Socio-economics status Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 313-319 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/373/298 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/373 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:313-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MAHWISH SHAMIM Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of English, Air University, Islamabad Author-Name: AFIA KANWAL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of English, Air University, Islamabad Title: INVESTIGATING PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGERS IN PAKISTANI POLITICAL MEMOIRS Abstract: Perception and interpretation of presupposition triggers depend on the use of pragmatic context. For some decades, many researchers have explored these triggers to reveal the implicit meanings of utterances. This article explores the types and functions of presupposition triggers used in Pakistani political memoirs. Two Pakistani political memoirs, Pakistan: A personal history by Imran Khan and In the Line of Fire: A memoir by Pervaiz Musharaf were explored according to the model of George Yule (1996). A corpus pragmatic approach with mixed method research was selected for the present study and through AntConc 3.5 the types of presupposition triggers were selected. The functions of these triggers were analyzed qualitatively. The findings revealed that both writers pointed towards different political events through different presupposition triggers. The results also showed that existential and factive presupposition triggers were used at the maximum level in both memoirs. Counter factual conditionals lexical presupposition triggers structural presupposition triggers and non-factive items were used in descending order. It was found that functions of these presupposition triggers in political memoirs aroused different assumptions. At the same time a few differences were also found in both of the memoirs however they were not very significant. Mainly they trigger political and personal functions in the texts. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/6643250 Keywords: presupposition triggers, contextual influence, political memoirs Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 320-330 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/374/299 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/374 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:320-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AREEJ ZARA Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Business Studies Department, Kinnaird College for Women (KCW), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ALINA SHEHZAD Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Business Studies Department, Kinnaird College for Women (KCW), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MARYAM ZAMEER Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Business Studies Department, Kinnaird College for Women (KCW), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: NAYMAL ARSHAD Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Business Studies Department, Kinnaird College for Women (KCW), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ANAM TARIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Business Studies Department, Kinnaird College for Women (KCW), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: GHULAM ABID Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Business Studies Department, Kinnaird College for Women (KCW), Lahore, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF EMPLOYEE AUTONOMY AND FAMILY MOTIVATION ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: MEDIATION OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND MODERATION OF FAIRNESS PERCEPTION Abstract: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) holds great significance for organizations. The present research investigates the influence of employee autonomy and family motivation on OCB through the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation and moderating role of fairness perception on the association between employee autonomy and OCB. Using the convenience sampling techniques, data were collected from 418 teachers working in private and government schools. Our findings support the hypothesized model, suggesting the significant role of intrinsic motivation in explaining the association between employee autonomy, family motivation, and OCB. Furthermore, the significantly negative interactional impact of employee autonomy and fairness perception shows that individuals with high fairness perception tend to invest lesser in organizational citizenship behavior. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/6643243 Keywords: Employee Autonomy, Family Motivation, ntrinsic Motivation, Organizational Citizenship Behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 292-301 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/376/301 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/376 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:292-301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RAKESH PARKASH Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Iqra University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: SAMINA RIAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Studies, Bahria University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AKRAM Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Bahria University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ALI Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Graduate, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: DOES CORRUPTION NEGATIVELY IMPACT ECONOMIC GROWTH OF A COUNTRY? EVIDENCE FROM BRIC COUNTRIES Abstract: The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of Corruption, FDI and Investments on Economic Growth (GDP). This study explains the vigorous relation between the variables that is corruption, FDI and economic growth in BRIC Countries includes: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The Secondary data in this study is sourced from Transparency International (Corruption Perception Index) and (World Bank) Statistics database. The data period ranges from 1998 till 2017.This study uses time series to examine the casual relationship, therefore Unit root tests and panel least square regression are applied. The results illustrates that there is a negative and significant relationship between economic growth (GDP) and corruption, which mean that whenever corruption increases, GDP shall be decreased. However, when corruption decreases, the GDP will be increased. The results shows that the relationship between GDP and FDI is positive and significant. The results indicate that when FDI increases, it will increase GDP and vice versa. The results shows that the relationship between GDP and domestic investment is positive and significant. This research can also be utilized by government representatives to review how corruption and political stability become obstacles for country growth and deters the inflow of investments in a country. This is first and latest research to investigate the impact of Corruption, FDI and Investments on Economic Growth (GDP) on BRIC countries. This study provides as growing literature to explore the studies regarding the determinants and consequences of corruption driving diverse outcomes. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/6647501 Keywords: Corruption, Investment,, Economic Growth, BRIC countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 302-312 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/378/303 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/378 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:302-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AKMAL Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: KHAWAJA KHALID MEHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: THE INFLUENCE OF PERSON JOB FIT ON INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR THROUGH INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND CREATIVE SELF-EFFICACY Abstract: The primary purpose of this research has been to explore the influence of person-job fit on innovative work behavior using serial mediators (intrinsic motivation & creative self-efficacy). The research developed and tested the hypotheses on the basis of self-determination theory, social cognitive theory, and adaption–innovation theory. The research design was causal and explanatory, and this study gathered primary data from technical sales officers working in pesticide companies of Pakistan through questionnaires. The final sample has been 310 respondents serving in 22 pesticide companies which are operating all over Pakistan. AMOS was used for hypotheses testing based on structural equation modeling technique. The results showed that person-job fit significantly & positively influenced innovative work behavior directly and indirectly with intrinsic motivation and creative self-efficacy as serial mediators. Thus, it provides genuine contribution in testing mediating role of these mediators between person-job fit and innovative work behavior. This research provides invaluable guidelines for pesticide firms' management for the improvement of innovative work behavior in their organizations. Specifically, companies can encourage innovative work behavior by ensuring person-job fit in their HR process which would enhance intrinsic motivation and further creative self-efficacy of individuals thus leading to high innovative work behavior. DOI: https://zenodo.org/record/6720499 Keywords: Person-job fit,, intrinsic motivation, innovative work behavior, creative self-efficacy, pesticide firms Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 331-341 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/380/304 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/380 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:331-341 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NASIR HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Student NCBAE, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAMZAN SHEIKH Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: BABAR HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Economics, IIIE, international Islamic University, H10, Islamabad Author-Name: ASAD ABBAS Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: AN ESTIMATION OF MONETARY POLICY REACTION FUNCTION IN PAKISTAN Abstract: This study has analyzed the monetary policy reaction function of Pakistan's economy. To attain the objective of the estimation of the Taylor rule, we have used quarterly data from 2005q1-2020q3.Static and dynamic rules for the closed and open economy are estimated to investigate the monetary policy reaction function. For this purpose, we have used the OLS technique. We also have investigated the issue of non-linearity of the monetary policy reaction function in terms of the output gap and inflation rate, assuming asymmetric monetary authority preferences. The monetary policy tool has a lot of inertia and the exchange rate highlights fluctuation in interest rate. The State bank of Pakistan does not consider the nominal exchange rate in its monetary policy. In the first rule, we find the consumer price index appears to be significantly positive with average treasury bills and average call money rate but insignificant with an average coupon rate. In the second rule, we find the nominal effective exchange rate insignificant to the average Treasury bill, average coupon rate and average call money rate which shows that the state bank of Pakistan does not consider the nominal exchange rate in its monetary policy. In the third Rule, we find the lag of the average Treasury bill which appears positive and significant with all variables which reflects that the lag of the average Treasury bill has a more powerful impact than other variables to estimate the monetary in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Taylor Rule, Treasurybills, Couponrate, Call money rate, Outputgap, inflation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 342-349 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/381/311 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/381 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:342-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SADIA SAFDAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Author-Name: AZRA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Author-Name: IHTSHAM UL HAQ PADDA Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Author-Name: MADIHA ABID Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (FUUAST), Pakistan Title: LINKAGES AMONG INSTITUTIONS, INVESTMENT AND GROWTH: THE CASE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Abstract: The study explores the impact of institutions on foreign and domestic investment as well as analyze the combined effect of institutional quality and investment in fostering economic growth of developing countries. We took the data of 29 developing countries from the list provided by the World Bank, spanning over 2000 to 2018. Six institutional indicators have been employed i.e. political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, control of corruption and voice and accountability. The other determinants along with institutional indicators are GDP, trade openness, inflation rate, tariff rate and mobile phone subscribers. The findings show that government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption have significantly positive influence on FDI while all the institutional indicators positively contribute to domestic investment. Moreover, findings show that FDI exert substantially positive effect on economic growth with association to better institutional quality. We evaluated twofold impact of domestic investment on economic growth, independently and via through the channel of institutions. Domestic investment has a considerable impact on economic growth individually, but greater impact with the existence of better institutional quality. We infer from our findings that policy makers should give priority to institutional reforms while formulating policies in order to augment FDI influxes in developing countries, and providing suitable environment for domestic investors. It is the need of hour; governments of developing countries should work on to make their institutional quality better as it is the only way to overcome their development disparities across countries. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/6792451 Keywords: institutionalquality, securityofpropertyrights, foreigndirectinvestment,, meantariffrate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 350-361 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/384/312 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/384 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:350-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SADAF SHAHAB Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ MAHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: THE ROLE OF POLITICAL STABILITY AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH: ANALYSIS OF SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES Abstract: The recent economic growth of upper-middle income countries has not helped to lower the inequality of these nations, and the growth episodes of last two decades have not decreased the gap between top and bottom. This lays a big question mark about the generalizability of the Kuznets hypothesis. In this study we focus on the role of inequality and political instability on economic growth, using a simple endogenous growth model including human capital as moderator in the south Asia. We have used panel data of selected south Asian economies. Our estimation procedure is pooled EGLS. Analysis shows that the income inequality obstructs the socio-economic structure of the economy and political stability is crucial with economic growth to overcome the issue of differences between rich and poor. The results indicate that the human capital plays a regressive role in the nexus between inequality and political stability. However, inequality hampers growth; both directly and indirectly. The elasticity coefficients of growth to all the variables are very sensitive to the inclusion and exclusion of the control variables. Our results imply that the policy makers in developing South Asia have to solve the economic puzzle of choices between slow growth leading fairer distribution and the fast growth with more inequality. Current inequality may impede future economic growth through the channels of political instability and restlessness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: income inequality,, political instability,, economic growth,, human capital, pooled EGLS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 362-368 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/390/317 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/390 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:362-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD HARIS Author-Workplace-Name: Student, Master of Business Administration Superior College, Lahore Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAFIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Management Sciences Superior College, Lahore Title: KINGDOM OF TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE (PRIVATE) LIMITED: CASE STUDY Abstract: In modern era the it has been realized the importance of information technology for the development of business organizations. The major objective of this study was to determine the Contribution of information communication and technology and consultancy firm providing competitively priced outsourcing services to companies worldwide. For this purpose, kingdom of technology enterprise (private) limited 73 Jail Road Gulberg 9th Floor, Tricon Corporate Centre in Lahore, Pakistan was selected. It was conducted the interview from the CEO of this business organization and ask the questions how to develop and face the challenges. This case is ideally for MBA class students. This case will accelerate the learning of MBA Students with some basics about new techniques of computer software development, promote their business in the global market in getting reasonable profits. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/6877788 Keywords: Enterprises Private Limited, Software and Technology, , Consultancy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 369-371 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/394/318 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/394 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:369-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SYEDA TABINDA RUBAB Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: NADIA HANIF Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Bank Road Campus Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SYEDA AMBREEN FATIMA BUKHARI Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar & FCMA, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Virtual Campus & Faculty member at ICMA International Author-Name: UMER MUNIR Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty member & ACMA, School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore & ICMA International Author-Name: MUBASHER MUHAMMAD KAMRAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Sociology, Minhaj University Lahore Title: THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS LISTED AT PAKISTAN STOCK EXCHANGE Abstract: The matter of firm financial performance and financial distress has prevailed in ample rational discussion in the last two decades. Financial performance is the company’s ability to manage and control its resources. The financial robustness of the firm is determined by its financial performance over a specific period of time. The main purpose of this study is to determine the impact of financial distress on the financial performance of manufacturing firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. This research is conduct to assess the financial distress condition in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The random effect regression model and the KMV (distance to default) model are use in this study to investigate the impact of financial distress on firm financial performance from 2016 to 2020 by using an unbalanced panel data set. The data used in this study is secondary data involving 130 manufacturing firms listed at PSX. Statistically, the hypothesis claims that financial distress has a negative and significant impact on firm financial performance, and other control variables such as firm size, net profit margin, and sales growth have a positive and significant impact on firm financial performance, or market to book value has a positive but insignificant impact on financial performance. This study concludes that financial distress has a negative impact on manufacturing sector firm financial performance by using the KMV (distance to default) model in the case of Pakistan. The consequences of this research is beneficial for the management of manufacturing sector, and also adds up value in existing body of literature. For the shareholders and creditors of the manufacturing organization, this study add value by providing the information regarding financial health of the organizations. Policy makers would be better able to frame effective policies regarding manufacturing sector financial performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Firm financial performance, financialdistress, KMV model,, Distance to Default,, Netprofit margin Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 382-391 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/397/853 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/397 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:382-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SANA FAYYAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan (BZU), Sub-campus Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: SYED WAHID ALI SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan (BZU), Sub-campus Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: TARIQ KHALID Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan (BZU), Sub-campus Vehari, Pakistan Title: ROLE OF MICROCREDIT AND LITERACY IN EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN: EVIDENCE FROM SLUM HOUSEHOLDS OF BAHAWALPUR IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Women domiciliary participants faced with many more complications than men due to their numerous simultaneous roles. Their performance has greatly contributed in the improvement of household life, especially in welfare of their families. The driving force of the purpose of this research is to assess the role of women in improving the household life of slum area Bahawalpur Pakistan. The on-going intellectual package of study based on 400 women household borrowers were selected from three randomly selected financial institutions NRSP, TMBL and KBL using stratified random sampling technique. The data was analyzed through suitable descriptive analysis and method of Multinomial Logit Model by applying STATA 15 statistical software. This study found that Microcredit to women is not simplest role in reduction of poverty and for bring the sustainability in financial system of a country or specific area. But it's also presentation of top notch development in financial enablement of the women, which can establish the improved well-being, social and economic empowerment for ladies. Therefore, it can say that the Micro financing to women can be a best step to remove the gender equality and establishment of women standard in the society. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/7256470 Keywords: Women empowerment, Microcredit,, women as borrowers, Slum areas of Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 392-397 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/408/330 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/408 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:392-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHAKILA HASHIM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: REHANA SAEED HASHMI Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE STRUGGLE FOR REPRESENTATION: A STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Democracy refers to such a system of government where elected members of a state run the affairs of government. There are different electoral systems used around the world to choose public representatives. The choice of electoral system is considered as one of the most important institutional decisions which has significant effects on the future political life of the country. Pakistan is currently using First Past The Post (FPTP) system which is the form of plurality system. The prime objective of an electoral system is to produce the true and factual representation which reflects all classes of the society. A qualitative and case study based research was conducted to find out whether the current electoral system of Pakistan is best suited to ensure true and factual representation for the people of Pakistan? Findings of the study show certain problems in the current electoral system of Pakistan due to which, National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies are not truly representative. Major issues highlighted by the study were the absence of poor or working class in legislature and political apathy among the voters. Only elites constitute the legislature, and in this way the interests of the poor class are seriously undermined. Thus, there is a need to make poor class, part of the parliament and assemblies. The study also revealed that the current electoral system is not fully fair and free, the influence of the powerful people i.e. feudal and industrialists always remain on the system in manipulating the elections results. Mixed-Member System as electoral formula is proposed by the study to provide a chance of representation to smaller political parties in legislature as well as the requirement of qualified legislators in assemblies. Findings of the study also indicated that there should be a difference of the power of vote of an educated and an illiterate voter in making the choice of public representatives. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Electoral System,, Public Representatives, Elections, Legislature, Voter Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 398-409 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/429/346 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/429 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:398-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rowshon Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Bachelor in Computer Science and Technology, Chang’an University, China Author-Name: Tafsirul Islam Author-Workplace-Name: Bachelor in Computer Science and Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh Author-Name: Bishwajit Roy Prato Author-Workplace-Name: Bachelor in Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China Author-Name: Sakib Chowdhury Author-Workplace-Name: Bachelor In Electronics and Information Engineering. Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China Author-Name: Abdullah Al Rakib Author-Workplace-Name: Bachelor In Microelectronics Science and Engineering. Yangzhou University, China Title: Human-Centered Design in Human-Robot Interaction Evaluating User Experience and Usability Abstract: Social robotics is a fledgling field with a lot of potential. For several decades, it was a concept defined by research and theoretical approaches. Robots have gradually found their way into various aspects of our society as scientific and technological breakthroughs have allowed them to do, and they are now ready to leave the industry and enter our daily lives. In this regard, user experience is critical to ensuring an effortless and natural connection between robots and people. This study concentrated on the user interface approach in terms of a robot's embodiment, focusing on its motions, gestures, and dialogues. The goal was to examine how robotic platforms and people interact, as well as what differences should be considered while building robot activities. To accomplish this goal, a quantitative and qualitative investigation based on actual conversations between many human beings and the artificially intelligent platform was done. The information was acquired by capturing each interaction and having every participant fill out a questionnaire. The findings revealed that participants enjoyed communicating with a robot and considered it engaging, which resulted in increased trust and pleasure. However, the robot's response delays and faults created dissatisfaction and disconnection. The study discovered that adding embodiment into the robot's design increased its user experience and that the robot's personality and conduct were important elements. It was established that robotic platforms, as well as their look, movements, and mode of communication, had a significant impact on user perception and interaction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00148 Keywords: Human-robot interaction, Evaluation methods, Frameworks, Human Centered Design Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 454-45 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/645/547 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/645 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:454-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hussnain Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hamayun Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Irfan Uddin Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rana Waleed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Samra Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: An Efficient E-Commerce Web Platform Based on Deep Integration of MEAN Stack Technologies Abstract: In the dynamic landscape of modern business, staying attuned to customer demands is imperative for success. The ability to seamlessly bring buying and selling activities online empowers customers to access a diverse range of products effortlessly, influencing their daily lives and fostering a thriving online marketplace. E-commerce has become an integral part of the lifestyle, particularly for the younger generation. This project focuses on the development of an e-commerce platform that not only showcases an array of products but also enables registered users to swiftly purchase desired items through various payment options. The project's goal is to provide a user-friendly interface for buyers and sellers while offering efficient order management tools for business owners. To achieve this, an in-depth exploration of technologies has been undertaken. The selected technology stack comprises Angular.js for the frontend, MongoDB for the database, Node.js for server-side scripting, and Express.js for building the application's backend. This paper discusses the essential aspects of each technology incorporated in creating and implementing the e-commerce platform. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00147 Keywords: AngularJS, NodeJS, MongoDB, ExpressJS, Optimization using MEAN Stack Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 447-453 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/643/597 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/643 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:447-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ali Akber Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Environmental Management, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Iftekhar Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Head of Department Environment Management, NCBA&E Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Houda Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Professor NCBA&E Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehreem Aqsa Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer Ncba&E Lahore, Pakistan Title: Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies in Pakistan Abstract: The site of Pakistan in a region which is seismically active lends urgency to earthquake disaster risks. Seismic susceptibility implied by historical earthquake tremors continues to emphasize needs for sound disaster risk management approaches. This study seeks to critically analyze the current earthquake risk picture in Pakistan, a detailed appraisal of existing Disaster Management mechanisms and systems practice as well as implementation of policies. Using global standards, guides and practices as well as case studies, the study relative to best practice in earthquake risk reduction will be identified with a focus on application potential within Pakistan. Additionally, seismic zoning, vulnerability assessment and exposure analysis will be studied in the research to perform a comprehensive risk assessment of earthquake for the country. Through analyzing the existing challenges and gaps in the system, this paper is going to propose specialized risk reduction strategies for earthquake disaster that will integrate early warning systems implementation into building code implementing communities. The aim is as such to provide workable recommendations for the policymakers and stakeholders in order to lay down a resilient prepared response strategy towards an earthquake disaster risk reduction plan in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00144 Keywords: earthquake, risk management Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 433-446 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/640/542 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/640 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:433-446 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Sociology University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rauf Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil research scholar, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: Socio-Economic Factors and Subjective Well-Being Among Women of Reproductive Age: A Secondary Analysis of Punjab Abstract: Subjective Well-Being (SWB) of women in Punjab, Pakistan is remained an unattended topic of research since the independence. SWB is a multidimensional phenomenon and based upon numerous socioeconomic factors. These factors differ grounded on geographical split-ups, culture and societal traditions. In countries like Pakistan, evaluation of SWB of women involves many complexities. In this study, the first ever data collected on this subject via Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) -2014 is utilized for statistical modeling of SWB of women for age bracket 15-24 years. The Multiple Regression Modeling technique is used in which SWB of women is taken as response variable along with relevant socioeconomic factors such as age, marital status, economic status, employment, and access to mass media etc. as predictors. The finalized model suggests a positive relationship of SWB of women with age, use of internet, watching T.V. and negative with a number of household members and employment status. While, women belonging to poor economic status are more satisfied than that of moderate and rich class. In region wise comparison, women living in southern Punjab have better SWB as compare to northern and central region of the Punjab. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00143 Keywords: socio-economic factors, subjective well-being, women Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 425-432 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/639/537 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/639 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:425-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saira Zaka Author-Workplace-Name: MPHIL Research Scholar at University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Sociology University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Anser Ali Author-Workplace-Name: BS Scholar University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: MPHIL Scholar at University of Okara, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Social Media Addiction on Exacerbating Loneliness among Youth Abstract: In the early 21st century, social media platforms grew worldwide. Since then, these sites have become a big part of people's lives, especially Youth. Many people use social media, particularly Facebook, to interact with others, learn, grow, and improve their social life. Social networking sites expand people's social circles, improve their communication skills, broaden their perspectives, and broaden their education and career opportunities. Where social media have many positive effects, there is some significant negative impact on people's life. This descriptive study used simple random sampling (N=394, males=210, and Females=184). Two postgraduate colleges and the University of Okara's students were selected as the study population. The study revealed that social loneliness is significantly different across the use of social media. The study results showed that people who use extreme social media sites suffer loneliness. The study suggests that people should decrease social media sites on regular bases. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00141 Keywords: Human resource development, efficiency, training and development CPEC Centre, cultural connectivity, employment opportunities, Multiplier effect Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 419-424 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/637/546 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/637 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:419-424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Uzma Ghafoor Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil (Economics), National College of Business Administration and Economics, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Afsheen Baqir Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil (Economics), National College of Business Administration and Economics, Multan, Pakistan Title: Green Growth, Environmental Quality, Energy Consumption Nexus in OECD Countries Abstract: Sustainable economic development is desirably terrible for improving social welfare. It implies that economic development should not be at the cost of environmental degradation, but rather environmental sustainability should be maintained. This study has examined the green growth, environmental quality, and energy consumption nexus in 38 OECD countries using panel data from 1991 to 2020. We have estimated two models. The first model explores the impact of green growth on environmental quality and the second model probes the link between non-green growth and environmental degradation. For this purpose, the ARDL technique has been used to estimate the results. Green growth has not followed the environmental Kuznut Curve theory while Non-Green growth has validated the environmental Kuznut Curve theory. Furthermore, Environmentally friendly technological innovation, renewable energy consumption, environmental-related tax, and human capital turn out with negative signs while foreign direct investment and trade openness are positively related to environmental degradation. The study also suggests policies to decarbonize or minimize the emissions in the economies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00140 Keywords: Green Growth; Non-Green Growth; Environmental related Tax; Renewable Energy Consumption; Panel-ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 409-418 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/634/534 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/634 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:409-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faheem Ahmad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Arslan Ahmad Siddiqi Author-Workplace-Name: General Manager, Institute of Industrial and Control System, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Umer Quddoos Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mazhar Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Adeel Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Commerce and Finance, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Social Media Advertising and Brand Image: Unraveling the Mystery Box Abstract: The emergence of social media applications has opened up new avenues for firms to establish digital connections with their consumers, with a particular emphasis on creating personalized advertising on social media platforms. It is crucial to ensure proper synchronization of content used for advertising on these platforms. The current study focuses on the theoretical model that elucidates how social media advertising contributes to the development of robust brand-related images on social media platforms. Prior research shows that advertising has a significant impact on brand image. Hence, it is essential to discover how this relationship works in terms of social media advertising and how the attitude toward advertising mediates the relationship. This study employed a quantitative research approach. Data were obtained using the convenience sampling method from a sample of 325 respondents. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 and Smart PLS 4.0 were used for the data analysis. The study concluded that social media advertising has a direct effect on brand image and attitude towards advertising acts as a mediating role between advertising and brand image. Also, brand image has a direct effect on brand equity. The results provided several practical implications in understanding the underlying process of creating an effective social media advertising campaign that will impact the formation of consumers’ attitudes toward advertising and brand image, eventually leading to brand equity. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00139 Keywords: Social media advertising, Brand Image, Brand Equity, Attitude towards ad, Mobile phone industry Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 399-408 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/632/532 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/632 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:399-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farwa Mirza Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Madiha Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: An Analysis of Post COVID-19 Scenario using Data Science in Digital Marketing Abstract: The Purpose of the study is to analyze the uses of data science in digital marketing in post COVID-19 scenario. General design of the study includes survey of relevant research literature, primary data collection, structural modeling and critical analysis. The study uses Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) for structural modeling and Matriced' Impacts Croise's Multiplication Appliquée a UN Classement (MICMAC) for analysis. Introducing new products, personalizing customers’ online experience and improve user experience occupy top (Level I) and tracking social media commentary/interactions occupies bottom (Level IX) of ISM model. Analyzing user generated content, tracking social media commentary/interactions, analysis of online sales data, analyzing social media trends, analyzing product recommendations and reviews and analyze real-time big data are categorized as independent uses. Optimize customers’ preferences, optimize stock levels in e-commerce businesses, introducing new products, improve user experience and identify fake news & false content are categorized as dependent uses but others are categorized as linkage uses and no one is categorized in autonomous. It is an original study because it uses real time market survey data the findings of which are useful for folks of its stakeholders. It is particularly useful for marketers. It has serious implications for businesses since nowadays there is influx of data generation that has become a type of a noise for businesses. Use of data science not only converts this data noise into useful information but also an opportunity. This study provides lot of information about uses of data science particularly for marketing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00138 Keywords: COVID-19, data science, digital marketing, ISM, MICMAC, Pakistan, uses of data science Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 387-398 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/635/531 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/635 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:387-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Insha Kunwal Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zahir Faridi Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Imran Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Statistics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Urbanization, Energy Consumption and Environmental Quality in Asian Countries Abstract: The rate of urbanization has enhanced around the globe. By moving the production from less to more energy-intensive sources, increasing the rate of urbanization leads to more energy consumption. The major threat to the environment of the world is the increasing rate of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The main purpose of this study is to elaborate on the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emission in Asian countries. In this study, CO2 is used as a dependent variable while urban population, population density, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, GDP per capita growth, the square of GDP per capita growth, and trade are used as the independent variables. We have obtained data from 1980 to 2020 from 32 Asian countries. Data have been taken from the sources of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) and World Development Indicators (WDI). We have used the panel ARDL technique for the long-run and short-run estimation of variables. The findings of this study reveal that non-renewable energy has a positive but insignificant whereas per capita GDP growth, urban population, population density, and trade have a positive effect; and per capita square of GDP growth and renewable energy consumption has a negative and significant effect on CO2 emission. The findings of Granger causality show that there is uni-variate causality running from non-renewable energy consumption towards CO2 emission and from urban population to renewable energy. There is bi-variate causality running from renewable energy to CO2, non-renewable to renewable energy consumption, and from urban population to non-renewable energy consumption. There is no causality exists between the urban population and CO2 emission. This study suggests that the Government may adopt more energy conservation policies to reduce CO2 emissions. The government may suggest using the public transportation system rather than the private transportation system to mitigate CO2 emissions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00136 Keywords: Environmental degradation, Urban population, Renewable energy consumption, Trade Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 372-386 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/633/533 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/633 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:372-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faheem Ahmad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Shehzad Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantt, Pakistan Author-Name: Arslan Ahmad Siddiqi Author-Workplace-Name: General Manager, Institute of Industrial and Control System, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ammara Akram Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mazhar Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Retorting the Unrequited: Connecting the Threads between Thriving at Work, Psychological Capital and Individual’s Innovative Behavior Abstract: This study aims to examine the effect of thriving at work and psychological capital on individual innovative behavior, precisely centering on the mediating role of employee engagement within the telecommunication services and wireless communication business environment. The 300 front-level employees of the telecom firms are being targeted for the study sample from four telecom and wireless communication firms using a non-probability snowball sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to collect the data, and the data was then analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The validity, including convergent and discriminant, was then measured through individual and nested Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Path analysis via SEM was employed to test the hypotheses. The findings demonstrated that thriving at work and psychological capital have a positive impact on individual innovative behavior. Results showed that employee engagement acts as a mediator in transmitting the effects of thriving at work and psychological capital on innovative individual behavior. Psychological capital appears to be an essential resource for organizations. Once individuals start performing their duties, managers are advised to improve their psychological capital in a supportive manner. This can be done by motivating and encouraging them to trigger a higher level of engagement which ultimately affects individual innovative behaviour of employees. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00137 Keywords: Psychological Capital, Thriving at Work, Employee Engagement, Individual Innovative Behaviour Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 361-375 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/630/527 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/630 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:361-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shifa Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: Beykoz University, Istanbul, Turkey Title: Investigating the Impact of Talent Management Practices on Employee Turnover Intention in E-Commerce Sector of Pakistan Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the practices that affect employee turnover intention of employees working in E-Commerce sector. The research is quantitative in nature, and the questionnaire is adopted from existing literature. Self-administered survey was conducted to collect primary data. Correlation and multiple regression were used to examine the relationship among variables. Findings of the research revealed that there is a significant positive relationship among the variables also few have insignificant relationship. Moreover, formal selection procedure, training & development, and succession planning are important and limitedly selected to analyze the impact over Employee turnover intention. This thesis research study attempted to identify the gap and deliver a better understanding of that how and to what extent TM practices impact employee turnover intention of employees. There are many studies been conducted on this topic worldwide, however in E-commerce and in Pakistan context are few and yet no empirical data found published in Pakistan. The findings of this research provide policies for managers and HR practitioners to help them to introduce TM practices or how to reduce the increasing number of turnover of employees. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00135 Keywords: Talent Management Practices, Employee Motivation, Employee Turnover Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 348-360 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/615/526 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/615 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:348-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Asghar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China Author-Name: Ali Hadi Rabbani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zamir ul Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid-i-Azam School of Management Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Mehwish Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Maitlo Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty Member, Department of Geography, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan Author-Name: Aziz Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Xian University of Architecture & Technology 13. Yanta Road, Zian Shaanxi, China Author-Name: Asma Yasmin Author-Workplace-Name: School of Chinese Philosophy and Public Administration, Shaanxi Normal University, China Title: Effects of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on the Economies of China and Pakistan Abstract: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is an infrastructure and economic development project initiated by China in Pakistan in 2013. The project aims to connect China's western province of Xinjiang to the Pakistani port of Gwadar through a network of roads, railways, pipelines, and power plants. The CPEC is expected to bring several benefits to both China and Pakistan, including expanding China's economic and geopolitical influence in the region and addressing Pakistan's chronic infrastructure deficits, creating new jobs, and attracting foreign investment. The CPEC can also help to alleviate China's domestic overcapacity issues and reduce its dependence on the South China Sea for its energy imports. Moreover, it can improve Pakistan's regional and global connectivity and enhance its geopolitical importance as a gateway to South Asia and the Middle East. However, the success of the CPEC will depend on various factors, including political stability, security, and effective implementation of the project. Overall, the CPEC represents a win-win scenario for China and Pakistan as it can provide economic benefits to both countries while promoting regional connectivity and integration. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00134 Keywords: CPEC, Economic Development, Impacts on China, Impacts on Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 341-347 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/631/523 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/631 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:341-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Faiq Butt Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Law, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Qurat-ul Ain Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer/Incharge, Department of Economics, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: Financial Inclusion and Legal System Quality Abstract: This paper reveals a positive association between financial inclusion and the quality of the legal system within a sample of 27 industrialized nations spanning the years 2004 to 2020. The research employs the metric of bank branches and ATMs per 100,000 individuals as indicators of financial inclusion, alongside many significant factors pertaining to the quality of the legal system. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between an increase in one variable and an improvement in the other. There exists a positive correlation between the expansion of bank branches and the facilitation of procedures linked to construction permits and the enforcement of judgments. Conversely, there exists a positive correlation between the proliferation of automated teller machines (ATMs) and the facilitation of credit acquisition, contract enforcement, judgment enforcement, and insolvency resolution. The study asserts that there exists a mutually beneficial relationship between financial inclusion and the quality of the judicial system inside an economy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00129 Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Correlation, Legal System, ATM, Bank Branches Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 335-340 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/621 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:335-340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Huma Farid Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Expounding the Environment of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): A Qualitative Study Conducted in Pakistan Abstract: The aim of this study is to expound the environment of SMEs by way of identifying ranking and classifying factors that affect growth of SMEs. The overall design of the study comprises of review of literature, data collection from primary sources and application of modeling techniques. This is a qualitative study that comprises of literature review along with experts’ opinion for exploring environmental factors affecting growth of SMEs. The experts are selected on the basis of non-probability based purposive sampling and data is collected by face to face interview through a questionnaire. The factors are ranked in different levels of importance using Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) which later on are classified in independent, dependent, autonomous and linkage using MICMAC. The results of literature review and experts’ opinion show that there are fifteen important factors that are critical. The results of ISM show that the least critical factors occupying Level I includes ‘age of enterprise’, ‘experience of owner’ and ‘education of owner’ whereas ‘trade internationalization’ is the most critical factor occupying Level IX. Remaining eleven factors are with effects that range on the continuum of moderate to severe moderate occupying middle position of the model. The results of MICMAC reveal that trade internationalization is categorized as the important independent factor along with seven other factors. Six factors are categorized as dependent factors. Only one factor is classified as autonomous, and as such no factor is categorized in linkage. This is a seminal research study that contributes to the literature by providing new firsthand information on the phenomenon under study by using novel mathematical modeling techniques. This study is helpful to all stakeholders including Government, industry researchers and academicians in prioritizing the critical factors for revolutionary growth of SME sector. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00124 Keywords: SMEs, ISM, MICMAC, Environment, Critical Factors Affecting Growth of SMEs Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 321-334 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/620 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:321-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Yahya Author-Workplace-Name: School of Management, Xian University of Architecture & Technology 13. Yanta Road, Zian Shaanxi, China 710055 Author-Name: Aziz Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Xian University of Architecture & Technology 13. Yanta Road, Zian Shaanxi, China 710055 Author-Name: Ali Hadi Rabbani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mehwish Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Asghar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China Title: Supply Chain Networks Source of Knowledge Sharing: Impacts of Capability and Collaborative Innovation Activities on Innovation Performance Abstract: Expanding on information the executives and innovation capacity speculations, this paper expects to uncover the systems of communitarian development measures by exploring the perplexing connections among basic variables impacting company's innovation execution in inventory network organizations. Utilizing progressive Multiple Regression (MR) and Moderated Multiple Regression (MMR) strategies, results from a review of 315 firms in China showed that there are critical positive connections between synergistic innovation exercises, information sharing, collective development ability, and company's innovation execution. Additionally, it is normal that information sharing plays an incomplete interceding job in the connections between collective innovation exercises and company's development execution. Community oriented development capacity displayed a directing impact on synergistic innovation exercises - development execution relationship. These outcomes add to community oriented development measure the executives by offering a nuanced conceptualization of the collective innovation - execution relationship in production network organizations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00122 Keywords: Collaborative innovation, Supply chain networks, Knowledge sharing, Collaborative innovation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 305-320 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/616 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:305-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hummayoun Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, SZABIST, Dubai Intl Academic City, UAE Author-Name: Huda Syed Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, SZABIST, Dubai Intl Academic City, UAE Author-Name: Anooshay Hummayoun Author-Workplace-Name: Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Shanzay Hummayoun Author-Workplace-Name: Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Shumaila Humayun Author-Workplace-Name: Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Fakiha Zahid Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, SZABIST, Dubai Intl Academic City, UAE Author-Name: Suhaymah Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, SZABIST, Dubai Intl Academic City, UAE Title: The Impact of Cosmopolitanism, Global Self-identity, and Online Communities on the Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE) of Green Products: An Evidence from the University Students of UAE Abstract: Main objective of this research was to analyze the impact of Cosmopolitanism, Global Self-identity, and Online Communities on the Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE) of Green Products in the university students of UAE. A convenient sample of 127 university students was drawn for this empirical investigation. The Tool for data collection was developed from the past researches (Kautish and Sharma, 2019, and Patel, Trivedi, and Yagnik, 2020). The tool, then, was converted into Google form and the link circulated among the students of Dubai Intl Academic City. Gathered sets of data were entered into SPSS then exported to SMART PLS-4 for analysis. The Smart PLS picked 100 valid observations for further analysis. Analysis based on Structural Equation Modeling was performed through Smart PLS. Based on the study findings, it was concluded that Cosmopolitanism and Online Communities indicate a positive association with the Customer based Brand Equity of University students towards green products. Whereas Global Self Identity is indicating a relatively stronger positive association with the CBBE for green products among university students. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00121 Keywords: Cosmopolitanism, Global Self-identity, Online Communities, Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE), Green Products, University Students of UAE Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 299-304 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/618/514 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/618 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:299-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Madiha Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: What Stops to Switch on to Solar Energy? An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: This is an exploratory and qualitative study based on a survey. The study aims to generate a list of factors hindering switching to solar energy systems. The study design comprises the literature review, data analysis and discussion. The population under study includes stakeholders of solar energy systems e.g., solar penal producers importers sellers marketers buyers/consumers regulators, etc. Twenty-one samples are drawn from within the stakeholders, constituting a non-probability purposive sample of experts. The data are collected using a matrix-type questionnaire from experts. To perform analysis on data, the classical technique of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) combined with Matriced' Impacts Cruise's Multiplication Appliquee a U.N. Classement (MICMAC) is used. Findings of ISM modeling show that limited production and uncertainty about after sale service fall at Level I, in contrast, lack of expertise and lack of social awareness fall at Level V & VI (respectively) of the model. All other barriers lye in middle on the continuum of bottom-to-top. It is worth mentioning that the barriers contained at Level I are the least important and those held at Level V & VI are the most important ones. Findings of MICMAC show that barriers namely limited production and uncertainty about after sale service fall in the independent cluster. In contrast barriers namely weak infrastructure structure non-availability of feed-in tariff (fit) system, limited production and uncertainty about after sale service, fall in the dependent cluster. All the other barriers fall in the linkage cluster. This is an original valuable study based on real-time data collected from stakeholders that contributes new information about inter-relationships of barriers about the phenomenon under study. The study has various implications for the stakeholders, i.e. solar penal producers, wholesalers retailers importers marketers, regulators, buyers, society and economy, etc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00120 Keywords: Solar Energy Systems, Solar Panels, Renewable Resources, ISM, SmartISM, MICMAC Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 288-298 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/617 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:288-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darakhshan Muslim Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khawaja Hisham-ul-Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Commerce Department, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Meimoona Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Title: A Study on Examining the Factors Causing the Stress Level of Teachers While Shifting Towards Online Mode of Education in Pakistan Abstract: This study aims to investigate the factors contributing to the stress levels of teachers in educational institutions of Pakistan during the shift towards the online mode of education. This quantitative study used a survey questionnaire to obtain data from the teachers. The questionnaire included the items on workload, technical hurdles, social contact, and work-life balance of distance learning teachers while transmission towards online mode. A sample size of 75 teachers was selected for the study. The findings of the study showed that technological challenges such as connectivity issues, coping up with new emerging technology, meeting deadlines and multitasking are the major factors of stress for teachers. They find it difficult to somewhat keep the balance between personal and professional life. On the other hand, the teachers are satisfied by the provided institutional support. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00116 Keywords: Technological challenges, Workload, Multiple Tasks, Work-life Balance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 282-287 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/609 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:282-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Sajjad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Suhail Sharif Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Unravelling the Agripreneurial Mindset: Exploring the Interplay of Subjective Norms, Entrepreneurial Orientation, Attitude, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Agripreneurship Intention Abstract: This study's main objective was to investigate the impact of subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, attitude towards agripreneurship, and entrepreneurial orientation on agripreneurship intention among people with agricultural educational backgrounds. The subjective norms and entrepreneurial orientation were taken as independent variables. In contrast, attitude towards agripreneurship and perceived behavioural control were taken as mediators and agripreneurship intention as the dependent variable. The quantitative research design was chosen for this study, and the survey was conducted with the help of Google Forms from the millennials with an educational background in agriculture, initially with the support of cluster sampling and then with convenience sampling at the final stage. The research questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was distributed amongst 400 respondents, and 376 responses were received back in accurate format and put forward for further analysis. The results from this study's primary data analysis reveal that subjective norms have a positive and significant relationship with attitudes towards agripreneurship and perceived behavioural control. All these have positive and significant associations with agripreneurship intention and authenticated the hypothesis H1 to H4 and rejected hypothesis (H5) that is between entrepreneurial orientation and agripreneurship intention due to research cultural differences and the mediation relations H6 and H7 were accepted with partial mediation. The study gave insights into the agripreneurship intention factors, including subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, attitude towards agripreneurship, and entrepreneurial orientation, as the finding of this study will direct the stakeholders of the agricultural sector to play a vital role in boosting the economy of the country and how to achieve SDGs relevant to the sustainability for the agricultural sector with enhancing the business activities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00115 Keywords: Agripreneurship Intention, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral control, Attitude, and Entrepreneurial Orientation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 274-281 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/608/500 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/608 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:274-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ammar Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Final Year Student Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hamayun Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Irfan Uddin Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdullah Sajid Author-Workplace-Name: Final Year Student, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Optimal Emerging trends of Deep Learning Technique for Detection based on Convolutional Neural Network Abstract: There has never been a more important need for early, non-invasive lung cancer detection because lung cancer is still one of the world's biggest health concerns. Conventional diagnostic methods such as CT scans and X-rays are very helpful in identifying the disease, but manual interpretation is prone to inconsistent results and human error. In response to this difficulty, our work presents an improved automated approach that uses deep learning models to accurately classify lung images. This work makes use of a large dataset of lung images that have been classified as normal, malignant, and benign. An initial examination of the dataset revealed distinct features related to image dimensions as well as discernible differences between categories. Understanding how important it is for input to neural networks to be consistent, every image was subjected to a thorough preprocessing process in which they were grayscale and standardized to a single dimension. The Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was utilized to address the observed class imbalances within the dataset. Three new architectures—Model I, Model 2, and Model 3—as well as an ensemble method that integrated their forecasts were presented. With an accuracy of roughly 84.7%, Model 1 stood out as the most promising of the models. But the ensemble approach, which was created to capitalize on the advantages of individual models, produced an impressive 82.5% accuracy. Even though Models 2 and 3 had lower accuracy, their distinct advantages and misclassification trends are being taken into consideration for future ensemble enhancements. A prompt, accurate, non-invasive solution to the problems associated with lung cancer detection is provided by the suggested deep learning-driven approach. Reduced diagnostic errors and better patient outcomes could result from its potential for seamless integration with current diagnostic tools. We want to take this research and make it more approachable so that clinicians will accept it and we can move forward with a new generation of diagnostic technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00114 Keywords: CT Scans, X-rays, deep learning technique Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 264-273 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/607 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:264-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nazia Parveen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Psychology the Women University of Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Maryam Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Azam Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan Author-Name: Dr. Afshan Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBBS, Department of Medical, University of Health and Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: National Professional Officer Health Department Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Munir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Unravelling the impact of Perceived Parental Styles on Curiosity and Exploration Abstract: This study was aimed at investigating the role of perceived parenting styles in predicting curiosity and exploration among university students. It is obvious that personality, behavioral and cognitive characteristics of human are affected by parents and it seems that parenting styles that parents use in rearing their children affect their personality and cognitive characteristics. Data were collected from Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. Sample of 171 students were selected through convenient sampling. Two research instruments were used to measure the variables. Findings of the study reveal that permissive and authoritative parenting styles are the significant positive predictors of curiosity and exploration among students. Moreover, there is positive correlation among these constructs. Furthermore, results indicate that there is no significant impact of authoritarian parental style in predicting curiosity and exploration. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference of curiosity and exploration between male and female students. In the light of study, parents need to practice the health parenting styles to nourish their children. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00113 Keywords: Perceived parenting styles, curiosity, exploration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 254-263 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/606/494 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/606 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:254-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayesha Sarwat Author-Workplace-Name: International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Hameeda Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Non-Financial Markets and Interconnectedness between US and Emerging Financial Economies: Evidence from Covid-19 Financial Crisis Abstract: During times of financial turmoil, when traditional assets experience significant volatility, commodity markets provide diversification benefits to investors. The objective is to investigate the factors influencing financial contagion between the United States and emerging Asian equity markets (China and India). The study analyzes the influential impact of the volatility index, gold, oil, and USD index on financial contagion among the markets. The dynamic conditional correlation analysis is utilized to explore the correlations during the US subprime and Covid-19 crises, and quantile regression analysis is conducted at different levels of time-varying correlations. The study's results suggest that financial contagion becomes more pronounced during periods of financial turmoil, and global financial crises contribute to alterations in the dependence structure between financial contagion among equity markets and global macroeconomic risk factors. The effect of financial contagion can be abridged through altering portfolio reallocation strategies according to investors’ risk appetite during high market volatility. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00108 Keywords: financial contagion, emerging financial markets, financial econometrics, macroeconomic global risk factors Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 238-253 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/593/485 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/593 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:238-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ishtiaq Uz Zaman Chowdhury Author-Workplace-Name: Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Major in Marketing, School of Business and Economics, North South University, Bangladesh Author-Name: Zoya Safdar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Adnan Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Riphah School of Leadership , Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Fatima Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Renmin University of China Author-Name: Waqas Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Riphah International University Lahore Campus, MBA Banking and Finance, Punjab university, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usama Abbasi Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan Author-Name: Khushnoor Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan Title: Strategic Financial Management: Exploring the Interplay between Strategic Orientation and Financial Decision-Making in Corporate Settings Abstract: This research aims to enhance comprehension of the relationship between decision-making styles and management and organisational success techniques. The intellectual and practical aspects of the strategic approach to organisational success are first highlighted in this work. Then, this study strengthens the conclusions of previous research on strategic enablers by clarifying the effort required in making decisions to strengthen the managerial structure, particularly the apparent and sensible decision-making styles that little the relationship between the planning process and corporate performance. In conclusion, this study suggests a methodology for evaluating the relationship between business performance and managerial strategy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00107 Keywords: decision making style, strategic financial management Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 231-237 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/601/484 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/601 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:231-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wilayat Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Business school, Hohai University Nanjing China Author-Name: Chen Junfei Author-Workplace-Name: Business school, Hohai University Nanjing China Author-Name: Sohail Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Abasyn University Islamabad Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Subhan Author-Workplace-Name: Islamia College University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Zia ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Abasyn University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Atta Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Dawood Jan Author-Workplace-Name: Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan Title: Impact of Medical Practitioners’ Emotional Intelligence on their Effect on Job Performance Abstract: It is believed that the emotional intelligence can significantly affect the job performance dimension to include task performance and contextual performance of doctor’s work in hospitals. This paper uses the quantitative and deductive approach to establish the relationship between above-mentioned factors for medical practitioners by a cross-sectional method by including suitable number of medical doctors in the selected area for meaningful results. The data collected in form of questionnaire is analyzed and a positive relation is found between emotional intelligence and job performance after correlation analysis. Emotional intelligence is found to significantly impact medical practitioners’ job task and contextual performances the latter two being strongly affected. The reliability test for suitability of the dataset reveals that the results can be applied to larger population. The regression analysis indicates that there is significant and positive relationship between the factors of emotional and job performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00106 Keywords: Job performance, task performance, emotional intelligence, Contextual performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 223-230 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/599/483 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/599 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:223-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Rahat Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Barkat Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Credit and Liquidity Risk on Bank Performance Abstract: Banks exist to make a profit so that they can continue to operate, grow, and expand. Bank stability has been challenged over the previous two decades as a result of political intervention, nonperforming loans (NPLs), and interest rate changes. They need to monitor these micro and macro-level factors to identify and manage risk. Thus, the current study explores the impact of credit risk (NPL, Z-Score) and liquidity risk (LR) on the performance of South Asian banks measured with ROA and ROE. The sample of the study comprised a total of 35 listed banks of South Asian Countries (Pakistan (20) and India (15)) and the sample period spans 10 years from 2011 to 2020. The information was obtained from data stream and the financial statements of selected banks listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). The findings show that credit and liquidity risk has a major impact on the performance of South Asian banks. Overall, credit risk has a negative impact on bank performance. However, the Z-score value in the estimation derived with ROE, on the other hand, demonstrates a positive connection with bank performance. The current study’s findings suggest that bank management in developing countries should provide timely monitoring and supervision of their long-term borrowers to control credit risk. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00104 Keywords: Bank Performance, Credit risk, Liquidity risk, South Asian Countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 205-218 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/581/480 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/581 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:205-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raja Mazhar Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Farah Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: Army Public College of Management Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Nida Zahid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Studies, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rafae Mazhar Raja Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Investigating How the Perception of Appraisal Politics and Bias Influence Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, with Trust Playing a Moderating Role among Employees Abstract: Performance appraisals are regular review of an employee’s occupation performance and overall share to a company. Also known as an "annual review", "performance review or evaluation", or "employee estimation or employee appraisal". A performance appraisal evaluates an employee’s skills, achievements and growth, or shortcoming thereof. Organizations use performance appraisals to give their employees feedback of their work and to amend wage increases and bonuses, as well as promotion or termination from the job proposition. They can be conducted at any given time but tend to be annual, semi-annual or quarterly. This study is related to effects of performance appraisal politics and biasness on job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior of employees with moderating role of trust in pharmaceutical sector of Pakistan in Rawalpindi and Islamabad Regions. For the purpose of finding the relationship and impact of variables an adopted questionnaire was distributed among different employees of the pharmaceutical companies located in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Out of 500 a total of 261 respondents returned the questionnaires with authentic data. The sample size was drawn from the population of pharmaceutical companies’ employees using convenience sampling technique. Data was analyzed through SPSS 20.0 for this study and results were inferred using reliability test regression analysis Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA tests. Results of the study show that there is a significant positive relationship between biasness in performance appraisal and perception of appraisal politics which influence negatively job satisfaction and organization citizenship behavior variables whereas variable Trust plays a positive moderating role in the relationship between biasness in performance appraisal perception of performance appraisal politics and both job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00103 Keywords: Performance Appraisal, Biasness, Perception, Politics, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Trust Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 189-204 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/597/498 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/597 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:189-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Jawad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Bahaudin Zakriya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaf Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Maryam Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Pakistan Title: Understanding the Difficulties of Saraiki Speakers with English Vowel Pronunciation at Secondary Level Abstract: English language is an international language, as for as the pronunciation of English vowels is concerned, the learners of L2 face a lot of problems. It’s believed that Pakistani students especially Saraiki students face colossal difficulties in the production of English vowels and face a lot of problems in the recognition of English vowel sounds because of the improper guidance by the teachers as well as the influence of mother tongue. Pakistani Institutions neglect the importance of pronunciation. The researcher conducted research in district Multan (Pakistan) and from Multan city, she selected fifty students of 9th and 10th class from five different Govt. and Private high schools. From each school ten students were selected and female students from four different schools and male students from one school were selected. A list of one hundred and sixty words was prepared and these words were pronounced by the students. Data was recorded in a C.D and analysed in percentage. Findings showed that there was a lack of teachers’ training as well as improper guidance to the students by teachers and the surroundings. This study suggested some ways for improving pronunciation of English vowels and at the end conclusion was drawn. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00102 Keywords: English Language, English vowels, pronunciation problems, Students, Second Language Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 176-188 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/596/593 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/596 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:176-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fawad Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Sarhad University of Science & IT, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Lal Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Sarhad University of Science & IT, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Mian Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Director Finance, PEDO Peshawar, Pakistan Title: Healthcare Professional’s Perception on Sehat Card Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Abstract: Sehat Card Program (SCP) is popular initiative of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to improve the patient care and hospitals. In this study, the author intends to explore the perceptions of healthcare professional toward the SCP. For this purpose, a well-organized self-developed was prepare and tested within the field after validating it from the experts and data has been collected through it. Reliability was tested through Cronbach’s Alpha and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were carried out to extract the important latent constructs of health professionals’ reading different domains of SCP. Chi-square test were used to identify association between healthcare professional’s demographic characteristics and their intentions toward different domains of SCP. Finally, the logistic regression model was used and the author found that health professionals believe that different domains of SCP play a positive role in improving quality of care, service delivery, health support, administration complexities, and resources utilization. The study found that there is significant association present of quality of care, service delivery, support, administrative complexities and resource utilization with the hospitals providing the facility of SCP. Overall, this study results suggest that SCP play a positive role in both providing quality care to patients and in the improvement of hospital. This study provides important practical implications for the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on enhancing the facility to a large number of hospitals resulting in a positive change in both patient care and hospitals. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00101 Keywords: Sehat Card Program, Quality of Care, Service Delivery, Administrative Complexities, Hospital Improvements Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 169-175 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/595/477 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/595 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:169-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Madiha Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Umair Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Evaluation of Green Banking in Pakistan Using Framework of the Central Bank: Employing TOPSIS Approach Abstract: The purpose of current research is to evaluate commercial banks’ performance regarding Green Banking (GB) practices using State Bank of Pakistan’s (SBP) framework as criteria. The study aims to rank and compare commercial banks with respect to their acceptance, adoption and implementation of green guidelines issued by SBP. The research design comprises of systematic review of literature, data extraction and analysis. Literature review consists of overview of GB practices in global banking industry as well as local industry of Pakistan. SBP has issued guidelines and required its commercial banks to transform banking practices towards green practices as a step towards sustainable green economy. The study is cross-sectional; the data collection involves content analysis of annual reports of commercial banks of Pakistan for the year 2021. Out of total forty-one banks, fourteen banks are shortlisted, using purposive sampling method, that have disclosed information about their GB practices in their annual reports. Analysis is performed using Multi-Criteria Decision Making technique (MCDM) of ‘Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution’ (TOPSIS). As per findings, Habib Bank Ltd. is at the top of bank rankings, Allied Bank is at the second and Soneri Bank is at the third rank in initiating, implementing, disclosing and obtaining positive outcomes out of their green banking initiatives. The study has implications for regulators, policy makers and practitioners. It can fill the gap in literature by adding a discussion on an important topic that is being ignored by previous researchers. The regulatory institution (i.e. SBP) can learn performance of its banks on GB guidelines. The practitioners can evaluate themselves on green practices scale and learn on how to improve their practices to perform better ahead of competitors. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00100 Keywords: Green Banking, MCDM, Ranking, State Bank of Pakistan, TOPSIS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 159-168 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/594/499 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/594 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:159-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ali Akber Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Environmental Management, Pakistan Author-Name: Iftekhar Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Head of Department Environment Management, NCBA&E Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Khalid Qamar Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, NCBA&E Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tahreem Aqsa Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Scholar, NCBA&E Lahore, Pakistan Title: Carbon Neutral Transportation Strategies for Pakistan Abstract: This research project investigates the core domain of carbon neutral transportation alternatives in the specific context of Pakistan. The study recognizes the increasing carbon emissions, namely in the transportation sector and focuses on creating sustainable and environmentally conscious solutions. The first segment provides a comprehensive overview of Pakistan's current carbon emissions associated with transportation and underscores the urgent need to address this problem and the immediate necessity for effective intervention (Smith et al., 2021). The research seeks to explicitly delineate its objectives encompassing the examination of prevailing difficulties the exploration of prospective strategies and the formulation of pragmatic recommendations to attain carbon neutrality. The literature study offers a comprehensive examination of worldwide carbon-neutral transportation initiatives emphasizing the similarities and differences in connection to Pakistan's distinct socio-economic and infrastructural circumstances (Jones & Patel 2020). A comprehensive examination is carried out on the transportation system in Pakistan with a specific emphasis on the inherent challenges and the possibilities for implementing carbon neutral methods. Moreover a comprehensive analysis of previous research on sustainable mobility in the country forms the basis for this study. The methodology section offers a comprehensive account of the study's approach encompassing the data sources collection processes and analytical tools utilized to guarantee a meticulous and exhaustive investigation (Brown & Green, 2019). The main focus of the paper is to delineate the carbon emission characteristics of Pakistan's transportation sector. This entails a thorough analysis of the current levels of emissions, the impacts of various transportation modes and the anticipated patterns of future emissions. The following sections examine various methods for attaining carbon neutrality in transportation including legal frameworks technological improvements infrastructural growth and behavioral changes. Case studies are used to illustrate successful strategies and potential challenges both at the national and global levels. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00097 Keywords: carbon neutral transportation, transportation sector, legal frameworks, technological improvements Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 148-158 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/590/472 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/590 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:148-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Aqeel Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar at Dept of English, USKT, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sajid Waqar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of English, USKT, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Samrina Abdul Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar at Dept of English, USKT, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Samia Kiran Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar at Dept of English, USKT, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Role of English Language as a Global and Economical Language Around the Globe: A Case of Kachru's Model Abstract: This paper attempts to examine 'World Englishes' (WE) with connectivity to English as an International Language (EIL) Applied Linguistics and socio-linguistics. In the light of Kachru's model of English Language in the late 20th century. This model has three circles inner circle where English is used as native language Outer Circle mostly former colonies of British Empire such as Singapore India Kenya Ghana Malaysia Pakistan and others and 3rd is Expanding Circle include countries in which English is known as Foreign Language in schools and universities mostly for communication and business or economic purposes as well with Inner and Outer circles. The term "English language" refers to various interesting and notable features patterns or aspects of the English language. These phenomena can encompass a wide range of linguistic phenomena including grammar vocabulary pronunciation syntax, idioms, and more. English holds significant importance around the world because English is the most widely spoken language globally. It serves as a common language of communication among people from different linguistic backgrounds. Proficiency in English enables individuals to connect with a broader range of people both in personal and professional contexts. English is the language of international business and economics as well. It facilitates global trade negotiations and collaboration between companies and individuals from different countries. Proficiency in English enhances employability and career opportunities particularly in multinational corporations and industries with international reach. It recognizes the importance of both native and non-native varieties of English and acknowledges that each circle has its own linguistic norms purposes and language development. The study informs us that Kachru was an original thinker not in the field of English Language including applied linguistics multilingualism bilingualism language policy language creativity code mixing code switching cross-cultural communication sociolinguistics but also in the domain of politics of language and so many other issues including cross-cultural awareness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00096 Keywords: Kachru’s Model, Three Circles, English Language, World Englishes, Lingua franca, Applied Linguistics, Socio Linguistics, Global Language, Economical Language, Multinational Corporations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 141-147 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/589/591 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/589 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:141-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naila Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Management Science Department, SBK Women University, Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Shama Suleman Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil Scholar, Institute of Business Management (IoBM) Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Qayyum Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Turbat, Pakistan Title: Addressing User Concerns: A Qualitative Study on Data Privacy in Mobile Banking Abstract: The purpose of this study is to give evidence that sheds light on the complexities of data privacy problems in mobile banking within the setting of Pakistan. Trust plays a vital role which is linked with socio-cultural dynamics user experience and regulatory knowledge according to the results of a thematic analysis of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions from various ranges of participants. In light of these findings it is imperative that financial institutions modify their mobile banking services so that they are in line with the values of the local community place notable importance on open and honest communication and adjust to the regulatory landscape. Although the findings contribute to the improvement of security and the promotion of self-confidence in Karachi's digital economic environment it is very important to recognize the limits of the study which include the qualitative character of the research and the possibility of selection bias. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00095 Keywords: Mobile Banking, Trust, Socio-Cultural Dynamics, Data Privacy Concerns, User Experience, Regulatory Awareness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 135-140 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/588/473 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/588 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:135-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Afzal Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalil-Ur-Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: Evaluation of Behavioral Biases and Investment Decision: An Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) Abstract: Investors act irrationally while making decisions according to research in the subject of behavioral finance. The main goal of this study is to assess the behavioral biases that influence the choices made by individual equities investors from Punjab. For investors agents, and other market participants, this study is useful and aids in making better investment decisions. The study takes into account the private investors who buy common stocks in the Pakistani province of Punjab. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) is used to examine the behavioral biases that influence certain common stock investors' choices. The familiarity bias optimism bias herding bias mental accounting bias loss aversion bias regret aversion bias availability bias anchoring bias representative bias and overconfidence bias are the most prevalent behavioral biases taken into account in this study. Mental accounting bias herding bias anchoring bias and representational prejudice were the four factors that had the greatest impact. I prefer to invest in the well-known companies that have wider media coverage (C101) was one of the top six sub-criteria. The financial effects of my choices are better than I anticipated (C96). The financial ramifications of my choices turn out to be immediate" (C95). The company's news (from newspapers, television, and magazines) influences my investment choice (C84). “My investment for purchasing new stock is totally based on information released regarding the stock (C43). I have particular skills and experience for decision making (C13). DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00094 Keywords: Behavioral biases, Irrational behavior, Investment decisions, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 126-134 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/587 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:126-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muzammal Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences COMSATS University Vehari campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Sajid Amin Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Is/lamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Does market competition contribute to the banking stability of South Asian emerging economies? Abstract: We investigate the impact of competition among South Asian banks on their financial stability focusing on those operating in India Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Utilizing annual data from 121 banks spanning the period 2011-2021 we specifically choose the post-global financial crisis era to explore the lessons learned by banks from the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. Our objective is to understand how these banks sustain their stability by maintaining an optimal level of competition. Our study is unique in that it employs the large dataset of three countries and uses Lerner index and the adjusted Lerner index to capture the broader dimensions of South Asian financial stability. Bank-level Z-scores is used to measure the stability of the banks. Our findings reveal strong evidence of competition among South Asian banks contributing to the sustainability of their financial stability. We conclude that maintaining an optimal level of competition helps protect the South Asian banking system from the vulnerable and spillover effects of potential financial crises. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00089 Keywords: competition, stability, Lerner index, banking sector, south Asian economies, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, sustain Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 119-125 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/576/461 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/576 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:119-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ambereen Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Economics, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Sub Campus Multan, Pakistan. Author-Name: Muhammad Zubair Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Sub-Campus Multan, Pakistan. Author-Name: Zujaj Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer & Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Sub Campus Multan, Pakistan. Author-Name: Kainat Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Economics, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Sub Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ali Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Sub Campus Multan, Pakistan. Title: Composite Islamic Finance Index: A performance base measure of Islamic Financial Sector of Pakistan Abstract: Islamic indices are now paramount to Islamic Finance because they specify how Islamic investors evaluate the financial markets and the spectrum of financial instruments available for investment. This research created Pakistan's first-ever Islamic Finance Index (IFI). It incorporates a total of five variables, including IBFIN (Islamic Banks Financing), IBINV (Islamic Banks Investment), IBROA (Islamic Banks Return on Assets), IBROE (Islamic Bank's Return on Equity), and TCPBT (Takaful Companies Profit Before Tax) regarding Islamic insurance. Annual data from 2005 to 2022 was incorporated. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to create this index, and various diagnostics were applied. The results revealed that Pakistan's Islamic finance industry gradually increased from 2005 and peaked in 2020, then declined slightly during COVID-19 but is on track to rise again from the third quarter of 2021 till now. The study's final results divulged that Pakistan's Islamic financial industry was not severely affected and was strong enough to survive during COVID-19 rather than collapse. This study is precious in serving policymakers financial analysts and potential investors in understanding the performance of Pakistan's overall Islamic finance industry. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00088 Keywords: Islamic Banking & Finance, Islamic Insurance, Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 108-118 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/567/460 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/567 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:108-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mudsir Ismail Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management and Administrative Sciences University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Sitara Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Institute of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Nosheen Rafi Author-Workplace-Name: Head of Department, Faculty Commerce University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Fariha Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor Department of Education, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muddassar Bilal Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management and Administrative Sciences University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Umbrin Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management and Administrative Sciences University of Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Employee Perceptions of CSR: A Multifaceted Analysis Abstract: Previous research has focused on customer perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) leaving the perspective of employees relatively unexplored. This study delves into the unfamiliar territory of employees' views on CSR recognizing that corporate culture and competencies contribute to competitive advantages. Employee perceptions of CSR activities are identified as pivotal in fostering the degree of employee commitment to their organization and its impact on the general efficiency of the corporation. An in-depth analysis of employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) encompasses crucial elements particularly the perceived alignment between company culture and CSR capacity. This investigation provides insights into the diverse effects of CSR perceptions on overall corporate performance. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of perceived cultural fit and corporate social responsibility (CSR) competence on employee attachment and performance. This relationship is expected to be mediated by employees' views of CSR activities. The results highlight the significant impact of perceived cultural fit and CSR capabilities on the perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) which in turn affects employee attachment and accomplishments positively. Consequently companies are urged to take into account employees' perceptions of CSR aligning them with feelings of attachment and long-term performance. These results hold significant implications for marketing theory and practice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00087 Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Employee Perception, Corporate Culture Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 96-107 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/583/459 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/583 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:96-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ahsan Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mujahid Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: Beyond the Balance Sheet: Analyzing the Relationship between Corporate Governance, Financial Performance, and Stock Prices in Pakistan's Non-Bank Financial Industry Abstract: This study explores the complex relationship among corporate governance financial performance and stock prices in Pakistan's non-bank financial industry from 2017 to 2021. Employing panel least squares and generalized method of moments for empirical analysis our research highlights the substantial and positive correlation between stock prices and earnings per share emphasizing the significance of profits per share. Corporate governance factors such as board meetings board size and board independence exhibit shaded impacts on stock prices. Board meetings transition from insignificance in static analysis to a negative, substantial association in dynamic analysis. Conversely, board size and board independence remain insignificant, suggesting a limited influence on stock price fluctuations. Institutional ownership emerges as a robust driver, displaying a positive impact in both static and dynamic analyses. In contrast, managerial ownership yields mixed impacts, with static analysis revealing a nonsignificant negative relationship and dynamic analysis unveiling a significant negative association. The study underlines the need to consider both static and dynamic perspectives when evaluating these relationships highlighting the temporal dynamics and lagged effects in assessing the influence of managerial ownership on stock prices. Additionally return on assets demonstrates an insignificant impact on stock prices in Pakistan's non-bank financial industry consistent across both static and dynamic analyses. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00086 Keywords: stock prices, financial performance, corporate governance, Earnings per share Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 88-95 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/582 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:88-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Economics and Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Farhat Rasul Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Lecturer, Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ayesha Qamar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Economics and Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Panic News and media Hype Effects on Stock Market Returns and Volatility amid Infectious Diseases Turmoil Abstract: This study investigates the effect of fake news panic news and media hype on stock market returns amid COVID-19 in Pakistan. It also scrutinizes the asymmetric effect of bad and good news on stock market volatility. For empirical analysis data of six indicators related to news collected from Ravenpack. The data is ranged from the date of first COVID-19 case recognition dated February 26, 2020 to October 26, 2020. This time span consist on the 166 working days in which stock market remains open. The estimates of the Multivariate EGARCH model revealed that fake news and media hype is negatively associated with the stock market returns. The negative effect of media hype is greater than fake news. The aftermath of variance equation suggests that media hype infodemic and panic new increase the stock market volatility. The findings of the study suggests that strong co-ordination among NCOC and Information ministry may result in stabilizing the stock market return by enhancing the investors’ confidence and reducing the panic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00085 Keywords: News, COVID-19, Stock returns, Volatility Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 79-87 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/580 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:79-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmad Yousaf Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ufaq Adeel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hanan Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Spill-over Effects between Oil and Gas Marketing and Exploration Firms of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) KSE-100 index: During the Times of COVID-19 and Russian-Ukraine War Abstract: This study aims to trace the mean and volatility spillover effects between oil and gas marketing and exploration firms registered in KSE-100 index in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Daily data of 8 firms (MGAS PPL PKOL APL HITE HASC PSO and SHEL) for the period of 30th November 2019 to 30th November 2022. The whole data set is divided into two subsets one is after COVID-19 (after 26th February2020) and the other is after the start of Russian-Ukraine war (after 24th February 2022). After that Hamao et.al (1990) uni-variate ARCH-GARCH type modeling is employed to the data in order to explore the dynamic linkages between the Marketing and Exploration firms (oil and gas) registered in KSE-100 index (PSX). The results from the data sets are indicating that there is mix movements between the oil and gas marketing and exploration firms in the KSE-100 index (PSX). The results are providing evidence there is Mean spill over from MGAS to APL, HASC, HITE PSO and SHEL. From PKOL to APL HASC HITE PSO and SHE. From PPL to APL HITE PSO. And there is Volatility spill over from MGAS to APL HITE PSO and SHEL. From PKOL to APL HITE PSO and SHEL. From PPL to APL HASC HITE PSO and SHEL. This linkage is developed between MGAS PPL and PKOL to APL HASC HITE PSO and SHEL due to the co-movements among the mentioned firms. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test is run on the return series and the test is insignificant in all series which is indicating that our return series are stationary at level ARCH-LM test is run on return series and ARCH-LM test is also insignificant in all the return series means that there is no heteroskedasticity present in the return series. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00083 Keywords: PSX Pakistan stock exchange, DER Debt-to-equity ratio, ROA Return on assets, Arch LM test: Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity Lagrange Multiplier Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 65-78 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/579/454 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/579 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:65-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabeeh ud Din Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Army Public College of Management Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Raja Mazhar Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Nida Zahid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Studies, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rafae Mazhar Raja Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Effectiveness of training on Employee Motivation and Job Satisfaction with Mediating Role of E-learning in Branchless Micro Finance Banking Abstract:The research investigated the effectiveness of training on employee work motivation and job satisfaction and the mediating role of e-learning in branchless banking. In every organization Employees are the major assets. The success of the organization depends on the performance of the employee. For that reason, the higher level officials realize the importance of spending in training and E-learning for the betterment and development of employee motivation and job satisfaction also keep them to get the challenges of the today’s spirited environment of the business. The importance of E-learning system on organizations have been discussed at length but not much substantially towards the proportion of E-learning, the current research has targeted to see the “Impact of training with mediating role of E-learning on employees’ job satisfaction and work motivation in micro finance banks in which training was considered as independent variable, whereas dependent variables are work motivation and job satisfaction and E-learning is mediator. A self-administrated questionnaire with the help of convenient sampling technique has been carried out by survey of employees. Four hypotheses were formulated, which narrated unswervingly to the questions of the research. A statistical software SPSS is used to perform descriptive, reliability, regression and correlation analysis. Results of the research showed that there is a significant positive relationship between training and employee performance job satisfaction and work motivation with mediating role of E-learning on the variables. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00082 Keywords: E-learning, Training, Employee Performance, Motivation and Satisfaction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 54-64 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/548 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:54-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Waleed Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Economics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aqueel Imtiaz Wahga Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Gulzaib Chaudhary Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Safyan Majid Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Finance, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Awais Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce and Finance, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Financial Literacy on Access to Finance and Firm Performance: An Analysis of Growing Industry Cluster in Pakistan Abstract: The purpose of the study is to examine the significance of financial literacy on the relationship between access to finance and firm performance. In this study the mediating role of financial literacy is investigated through a questionnaire distributed in the electric fitting sector in Sargodha. Electric fitting sector is a growing industry cluster in Sargodha Pakistan which has experienced exponential growth during the past few years. However limited access to finance has become a big hurdle in its growth. This study sheds light on the importance of financial literacy for owners and managers to increase their access to financial products and services to enhance business performance and growth. The study provides a solid foundation for academicians and policymakers to take essential measures that can promote the financial literacy especially in those sectors that are in the growth phase and require the attention from the national government to compete in the global economy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00076 Keywords: Access to Finance, Firm Performance, Financial Literacy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 45-53 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/575/449 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/575 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:45-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Economics and Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Naveed Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Tayyab Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Economics and Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Iqra Ishaq Author-Workplace-Name: Customer Relation Officer, Anyer Co-polymer Industry Lahore, Pakistan Title: Effect of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Exchange Rate Volatility in Pakistan Abstract: This study examines the effect of economic policy uncertainty on Pakistan’s exchange rate. Pakistan’s exchange rate always remains under pressure due to the widening inflow-outflow gap in foreign exchange. The volatile exchange rates make it harder for businesses to invest and make inflation more uncertain which ultimately slows down productivity and GDP growth. Due to the close linkages of the exchange rate with the economic indicators it is required to examine the effect of different economic variables on the exchange rate and its volatility by incorporating the role of economic policy uncertainty. The study uses the sample of Jan 2011 to Dec 2022 for the empirical results. The study employs the EGARCH model for empirical results. The aftermaths of the mean equation of the EGARCH model suggest that economic policy uncertainty has a positive effect on Pakistan’s exchange rate. Moreover an increase in the economic policy uncertainty scale increases the volatility in Pakistan’s exchange rate. The primary source of exchange rate volatility is the nominal variable rather than the real variables. On the basis of the study’s findings certain relevant recommendations were given in order to stabilize the foreign exchange market in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00075 Keywords: Exchange rate, Economic policy uncertainty, Exchange rate volatility, EGARCH model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 33-44 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/574 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:33-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Jawad Kashif Author-Workplace-Name: Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Fouzia Ashfaq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ghulam Abid Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Volunteers are not Volunteering to Sacrifice their Objectives Abstract: The retention of volunteers is a worldwide growing concern for non-profit organizations. It is relatively less explored in third-world countries where working styles norms cultural issues the attitude of people toward social causes and labor policies are different from those in developed nations. This research is designed to address the problem and interestingly the results of the study guide to make an in-depth study to conclude valuable recommendations for volunteering organizations. The existing literature related to the reasons for volunteers’ dissatisfaction is limited. The objective of this study is to explore the grounds for the discontentment of volunteers by not availing them of the desired objectives. Data was collected through qualitative interviews with volunteer workers HR managers and executives working in different non-profit organizations in Pakistan that are serving the local community in various areas including medical education nutrition environment grooming the potential of youth etc. The analysis of the data explores considerable causes pertaining to the dissatisfaction of volunteers that ultimately causes poor retention. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00069 Keywords: Volunteering, motivation, learning and development opportunities, retention Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 23-32 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/573/451 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/573 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:23-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simran Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Student, Graduate Institute of Development Studies, Lahore School of Economics, Author-Name: Saroosh Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Research Associate, Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Case of SAARC Countries Abstract: The study intends to examine the influence of human capital on the 10-year economic growth of SAARC nations. It comprises of one explained three explanatory and two control variables. A panel data regression fixed effect random effect model and hausman specification tests were applied in the study. Econometrics findings found that labor force has significant impact on GDP/capita of SAARC countries whereas government spending on education and primary school enrollment had no discernible effects on economic growth. The results of our research offer guidance on how the national government can invest on human capital to promote economic growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00081 Keywords: Economic Growth, Human Capital, SAARC countries, Labour Force, inflation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 15-22 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/521/446 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/521 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:15-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanaa Hafeez Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Khurram Ali Mubasher Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Huma Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: MS, Department of Business Administration, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Influence of Visual Merchandising, Store Atmospherics, and Sales Promotion Offers on Impulsive Buying Behavior – A Study of Organized Meat Retailing in Karachi, Pakistan Abstract: The main purpose of the study was to find the impact of visual merchandising store atmospherics and sales promotion on the impulsive buying behavior in meat retail outlets in Karachi Pakistani context. A simple random sampling technique was used to chose a convenience sample of 51 respondents for the pilot study. A structured questionnaire was adapted to collect responses from the consumers who buy from organized or unorganized meat retail shops. Since store atmospherics did not have a significant impact on the impulsive buying behavior it was dropped while the other two variables visual merchandising and sales promotions offers were accepted as they showed a positive impact in indulging the consumers in impulsive buying. The study concludes that organized meat retailers should focus on visual merchandising and sales promotion offer strategies to attract new and existing customers so that they indulge themselves in impulsive buying. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00067 Keywords: : Impulsive Buying Behavior , Visual Merchandising, Store Atmospherics Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 6-14 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/559/437 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/559 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:6-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faiza Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Maria Siddiqui Author-Workplace-Name: MS/MPhil, Department of Business Administration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Qaveem Akhtar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: A Qualitative Study of Behavioral Biases Among Pakistani Investor Decisions Abstract: The basic purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of behavioural biases in individual investors' decisions that cause deviation from rationality. It also helps them to accelerate their abilities in investment decision-making. This study used semi-structured open-ended questions to explore the behavioural bias in six individual investors of the Pakistan stock market. The thematic content analysis is used to analyze the data. This study explores eight behavioural biases of the individual investor in the Pakistan stock market and process it does not seem that all the investors will suffer from all the behavioural biases simultaneously. Their decision is based not only on quantitative analysis but also influenced by cognitive emotional and social biases. They depend on other sources of information before investing in the stock market. This study focuses on behavioural biases of individual investors of the Pakistan stock market so their results can not be generalized to institutional investors real estate investors or any other geographical area due to culture differences education level values and financial structure. As this study explores only individual behavioural bias it leaves many areas that are unexplained for further research like institutional investors behavioural bias real estate investors behavioural bias with more sample size. The practical implications are it is helpful for companies policymakers and securities issuers can observe the investor interest and behaviour before issuing securities into the market. As far as the social implication is concerned it is good for investors to understand the several behavioral biases and make sound investment decisions that mitigate their risk. This paper explores the concept of behavioural biases in individual decision-making and adds value to the existing literature on behavioural finance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00066 Keywords: behavioural finance, behaviural biases, individual investors, investment decisions Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-5 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/508/434 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/508 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Majid Khan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD. Scholar, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Naila Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Title: Economic Growth and Social Equity: An Empirical Analysis of Inclusive Growth in Pakistan Abstract: In this thesis we look at how IG works in Pakistan. Inclusive growth enhances social chances for all segments of society throughout economic development. The study main objective was the measurement of the inclusive growth in Pakistan from 1980 to 2019 in the light of the Asian Development Bank's methodology. Economic growth job creation improved transportation easier access and a healthier natural environment are all indicators of inclusive growth. Pakistan has accomplished sufficient inclusive growth according to the statistics. Government health spending GDP growth, and the share of agriculture and industry in GDP are all positively connected. These variables enhance inclusion, as demonstrated. Employment income disparity and poverty all act as roadblocks to inclusive growth. All members of society benefit from economic development, as the growth history found a strong correlation between inclusive growth and GDP growth rate per capita. Therefore, real GDP per capita growth may help achieve equitable development by improving living standards and opening new economic opportunities especially for the poor. Economic growth can improve people's lives for the better if we put an emphasis on investing in people social safety nets and new business creation and entrepreneurship. Poverty reduction measures should be put in place to allow the poor increased access to education training and employment opportunities. Equal access to social safety nets and educational and professional development opportunities may help bring income inequality down. Promote initiative capital expenditure, and the development of high-quality jobs. Prioritizing healthcare infrastructure accessibility and quality is essential for equitable growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00408 Keywords: economic growth, social equity, inclusive growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 734-738 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/469/976 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/469 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:734-738 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ateeque Anwer Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Commerce, Govt Associate College of Commerce Narowal, Pakistan Title: Financial Statement Analysis of Atlas Honda Motors, Indus Motors and Pak Suzuki Motors: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: The basic purpose of this research study that analysis of financial statement. In this research chose the sample of Atlas Honda Motors Indus Motors and Pak Suzuki Motors for evidence from Pakistan company. This research is based on secondary data and sample selected different years. Using the different ratio such as ROA, NPM etc. and through the Ratio and Graphic analysis finding are Return on Assets ratio is best of Atlas Honda Motors than the other two companies. The Indus Motors falls in second position and Pak Suzuki Motors is at last position in this competition. Days in Inventory ratio is best of Atlas Honda Motors than the other two companies. The Indus Motors falls in second position and Pak Suzuki Motors is at last position in this competition. Receivable Turnover ratio is best of Pak Suzuki Motors than the other two companies. The Atlas Honda Motors falls in second position and Indus Motors is at last position in this competition. Days in Receivable ratio is best of Pak Suzuki Motors than the other two companies. The Indus Motors falls in second position and Atlas Honda Motors is at last position in this competition. Payable Turnover ratio is best of Indus Motors than the other two companies. The Pak Suzuki Motors falls in second position and Atlas Honda Motors is at last position in this competition. If we compare all these ratios at a collectively then it is clear that the Atlas Honda is best performing among these and is at the top of ratio analysis. The position of Pak Suzuki Motors is at the second number and Indus Motors falls at the third position. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00337 Keywords: Financial Statement Analysis, (FSA), Atlas Honda Motors, Indus Motors, Pak Suzuki Motors, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 724-733 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/382/836 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/382 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:724-733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Quddous Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Mir Chakar Khan Rind University, Sibi, Pakistan Author-Name: Aftab Anwar Shaikh Author-Workplace-Name: Advocate High Court of Balochistan, Pakistan Title: The Medicolegal Ramifications of Pakistan's New Injury Legislation Abstract: In 1979 Pakistan's penal laws underwent extensive reforms aimed at aligning them with Islamic Jurisprudence. These new laws altered the definitions and punishments for various types of injuries and also redefined and reclassified the crime of murder. According to the laws injuries must be identified and documented by an authorized physician. However several issues arise from these reforms: the new classification of injuries and deaths inadequate forensic training for emergency room physicians the involvement of doctors early in their careers in medicolegal work and the theoretical approach to forensic medicine education at the undergraduate level. These issues negatively impact the quality of medicolegal work in Pakistan. This article provides an overview of Pakistan's medicolegal system examines the current laws and their effects on the medical and legal systems and offers recommendations to improve forensic training and work standards. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00326 Keywords: medicolegal ramifications, legal system, injury legislation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 721-723 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/837/816 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/837 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:721-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amjad Ghafoor Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Management, NCBA&E Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mahmood Khalid Qammar Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Environmental Management, NCBA&E Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Muhammad Irteza Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Remote Sensing, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Urban Morphology and Green Spaces Changes in Model Town, The Oldest Settlement of Lahore, Using Satellite Data Abstract: Amidst the rapid urban expansion transforming cities worldwide this study explores three decades (1990-2021) of urban expansion in Model Town Lahore revealing how rapid development has affected Land Surface Temperature (LST) and green spaces in this historically unique Model town. Utilizing Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery we calculated the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and applied an index-based classification technique to quantify changes in built-up and non-built-up land. The results reveal a substantial increase in built-up area from 2.667 km² to 4.969 km² in Model Town, and from 455.45 km² to 807.40 km² in Lahore. Concurrently, the mean LST rose from 27.49℃ to 30.62℃ in Model Town, and from 25.72℃ to 29.17℃ in Lahore indicating a steady increase over the study period. Additionally, vegetative cover decreased significantly, with a 13.82% reduction in Lahore and a 128.47% reduction in Model Town. These findings underscore the critical need for sustainable urban planning to manage the adverse effects of rapid urbanization on temperature and green spaces. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00320 Keywords: Urbanization, Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Built-up Index, Green Space Reduction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 708-720 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/831/814 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BcBE/article/view/831 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:708-720 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sajida Parveen Author-Workplace-Name: Research scholar of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abida Hanif Author-Workplace-Name: Research scholar of Economics, Govt. College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Salman Masood Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Dean and Professor, Department of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Examining the Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and Exports on Stock Market Performance: Evidence from India Based Bound Testing to Cointegration ARDL Approach Abstract: This article looks at the major macroeconomic factors that affect the performance of the Indian stock market including exports industrial value added money supply (M2) inflation and foreign direct investment. Statistical dynamics both short- and long-term have been determined using the unit root test co-integration test and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) using yearly time series data (1988 to 2022). The study's conclusions establish co-integration which is indicative of a long-term relationship between macroeconomic variables and the performance of the Indian stock market. The ARDL attests to the substantial and favorable effects that exports industrial value addition and foreign direct investment have on market capitalization. The importance of macroeconomic factors on a developing economy's stock market performance is emphasized in this study. This aids in providing these economies' policy makers with a set of guidelines. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00293 Keywords: India, Stock markets, Time series analysis, performance, cointegration, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 700-707 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/800/765 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/800 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:700-707 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqar Muhammad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Tahira Ilyas Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Economics, Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Bagh, Pakistan Author-Name: Aneela Akhtar Chattha Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Drivers of Government Expenditure Patterns in Pakistan Abstract: The study investigating the factors influencing government spending in Pakistan utilizes time-series data spanning from 1980 to 2019. The analysis modifies Wagner's law by incorporating political instability alongside variables such as GDP debt inflation population trade openness oil price and tax revenue. The long-term findings validate Wagner's law in both models while the short-term results deviate from Wagner's law in Pakistan. This deviation suggests that industrialization progress has enabled the government to improve public expenditure by providing essential facilities. Additionally the study reveals that the government's active role in national activities leads to an increase in its size. Inflation population oil price real GDP and political instability exhibit positive and significant connections with government expenditure in the long run for both models. Conversely debt nominal GDP political instability trade openness and tax revenue demonstrate negative and significant connections with government expenditure in the long run for both models. However the short-term results vary between the two models. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00275 Keywords: Government expenditure, GDP, Oil price, Wagner’s law, Political instability, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 689-699 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/780/735 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/780 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:689-699 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Quddous Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Law, Mir Chakar Khan Rind University Sibi, Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Aftab Anwar Shaikh Author-Workplace-Name: Advocate, High Court Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Liaqat Ali Abro Author-Workplace-Name: School of Law, University of Karachi, Pakistan Title: Solution of Corruptions in Pakistan through Legal Aspects Abstract: Pakistan's development is greatly endangered by the corruption problem. This issue necessitates the administration of justice. The primary cause of corruption is institutional dysfunction which is negatively impacting our nation's reputation abroad. The goal of the current study "Solution of Corruptions in Pakistan through Legal Aspects" is to categorize the various ways that corruption a wicked practice has crept into Pakistan's political system. In addition the study aims to offer recommendations for the practical elimination of corruption as a societal ill via the Pakistani legal system. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00274 Keywords: Corruption, Governance, Society, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 682-688 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/779/825 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/779 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:682-688 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sana Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: PST, GGPS, Muhammad Pur Khokhar, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahroz Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Director, State Bank of Pakistan, Banking Services Corporation (BSC) Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Cross-Border Support: A Solution to Poverty and Inequity in Pakistan Abstract: This study aims to examine the impact of foreign resources on alleviating poverty and inequality within the context of Pakistan. Utilizing secondary data spanning from 1980 to 2022 the study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to derive its findings. Two distinct models are employed to assess poverty and inequality. In the initial model the headcount ratio serves as the dependent variable with foreign direct investment foreign remittances foreign aid external aid gross fixed capital formation and labor force participation rate acting as independent variables. Meanwhile the second model employs the GINI coefficient as the dependent variable while maintaining the same set of independent variables as the poverty model. The long-term findings of the first model reveal a negative and statistically significant relationship between remittances foreign aid gross fixed capital formation labor force participation rate and poverty. Although GDP displays a negative relationship with poverty, it lacks statistical significance while foreign direct investment shows a positive relationship with poverty. Turning to the results of the second model Foreign Direct Investment remittances foreign aid GDP gross fixed capital formation and labor force participation rate are found to be significant and negatively associated with inequality. Conversely external debt demonstrates a positive and significant relationship with poverty. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00265 Keywords: Foreign Resources, Poverty, Inequality, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 672-681 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/768/731 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/768 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:672-681 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Asif Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Does Ownership Structure and Financial Health Affect Firm’s Earnings Quality? Evidence from Emerging Economy Abstract: Earnings quality is a demanding attribute of firm and is valued by investors in resource allocation decisions. High earnings quality firms create value for stakeholders and poor earnings quality causes value deterioration. This study takes into account earnings quality attributes of Pakistani corporate sector and investigates impact of ownership structure and financial health on firms’ earnings quality. Earnings quality has been measured by four attributes of accrual quality, earnings persistence, earnings predictability, earnings smoothness. A sample of 325 non-financial PSX listed Firms have been selected and classified into four unique categories on the basis of financial health (healthy and distressed) and ownership (family and non-family). The classification aims to determine level of earnings quality for each category. Results find significant effect of book financial position and ownership structure on earnings quality of firms. Findings reveal Earnings quality for non distressed family (NDF) firms was highest followed by non distressed non family firms (NDNF) while earnings quality for distressed family (DF) firms was poor and poorer for distressed non family (DNF) firms when firms were classified into these four categories. These results provide important implications for investors analysts regulators and standard setters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00227 Keywords: earnings quality, earnings persistence, predictability, smoothness, financial distress, family firms Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 665-671 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/729/661 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/729 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:665-671 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zargham Ullah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Mujahid Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Factors Influencing Customer Loyalty in Banks: The Mediating Effect of Customer Trust Abstract: This study adds to the body of existing knowledge by examining the relationship between service quality (SQ) customer satisfaction (CS) brand reputation (BR) corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the mediating effect of customer trust (CT). This study's primary goal is to identify the individual and intuitive effects of service quality customer satisfaction brand reputation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on customer loyalty (CL). Additionally the research investigates the significance of consumer trust as a mediator. The research collected responses from a diverse sample of 300 banking customers. A structured questionnaire was employed as the primary instrument for data collection. The questionnaire was made available to the bank customers in Lahore through online channels. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Smart Partial Least Squares (PLS) and MS Excel was used for data analysis. A robust analysis was also performed by using MS Excel. The results show that CSR did not considerably meaningfully affect CL even while SQ CS and BR had strong positive impacts on customer loyalty. This result calls for further research into the particular facets of CSR that might affect CL in the banking industry. The findings of the research may be specific to the context of the banking industry in Lahore and might not be directly generalizable to other regions or industries. The outcomes of this research offer practical implications for banking institutions seeking to enhance customer loyalty. Understanding the drivers of loyalty can guide strategic decisions related to SQ CS and BR. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00218 Keywords: Service quality, Customer satisfaction, Brand reputation, Corporate social responsibility, Customer trust, Customer loyalty, Banking sector Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 655-664 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/714/649 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/714 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:655-664 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laraib Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Research Scholar, Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Asia Rani Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Palwisha Ghaffar Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Neha Kiran Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Junaid Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Institute of Banking and Finance, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Financial Innovation and Sustainability: New Tools for Sustainable Achievement Abstract: study is essentially all approximately the financial stability. In this article firstl we define the financial innovation and then describe what stabilityis.Thenew financial industry innovation slike FinTech Bitcoinand crypto forex.How the financial system operate in financial market place and then the importance of sustainability cost andd istinctkinds of relationship. This observe totally based on secondary information. In which we select the 15article that describe the different Aspect of this article. Our focused is on qualitative clarificationof financial innovation and sustainability fulfillment. We also provide an explanation for the sixsteps to acquirethesustainability. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00212 Keywords: Financial innovation, Financial sustainability, Institutional innovations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 647-654 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/709/639 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/709 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:647-654 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khurram Baig Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Raza Laghari Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of law, TIMES, Institute, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ahsan Iqbal Hashmi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Law, BZU Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: LLM Scholar, Advocate High Court, Managing Partner Goreja Law Associates, Pakistan Title: Trademark Protection Index: A Comparative Evaluation of Pakistan and the United Kingdom (UK) Abstract: The protection of trademarksis a major difficulty for less and more developed countries which are investigated in this research that focuses on Pakistan and the UK. While previous studies have put so much emphasis on innovation and patents trademarks stand out as just as great all over the economy sectors. The study will conduct a comparative analysis of trademark protection indices over a decade using secondary data fromInternational Property Rights (IPRI) website. The study concludes some major weaknesses that are responsible for intellectual property rights violations both in Pakistan and UK in the present time. It isfact that there is need to have law reforming in both nations that will make them fall into line with those of fully developed ones. Finally given these findings it is clear reforms are necessary where trademark protection are concerned and thus suggestions have been made towards improvement in each jurisdiction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00196 Keywords: Trademark Protection, Index System, Pakistan, the UK Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 641-646 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/695/623 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/695 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:641-646 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Sajjad Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Southern Business School, Institute of Southern Punjab, Pakistan Title: Job Burnout Explained with Excessive Technological Dependency and Moderating Effect of Self Coping Strategy Abstract: In recent years Job burnout (JB) has been emerged as a very sombreissue which has affected the individuals performance in various professional fields especially in the health industry. This particular research shed light on the seriousness of JB in relation with Excessive Technological Dependency(ETD) and Self Coping Strategy (SCS). By using the theory of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), this study measured the direct impact of Performance Expectancy (PE) Effort Expectancy (EE) Time Pressure (TP) and Non Facilitating Conditions (NFC) on the JB. ETD mediates the relationship of PE EE TP NFCand JB while SCS moderated the relationship of ETD and JB. A survey technique using questionnaire was employed to measure the direct and indirect relationships of variables under observation. Medical doctors working in Punjab Pakistan at public sector health facilities were selectedas respondents. A total of 800 questionnaires were distributed to collect the information about JB faced by medical doctors at their workplace.Only 390 usable responses were included for analysis. Analysis was done using the smart pls to measure the direct and indirect effects. Haier et al approach was to measure the effectiveness of proposed relationships. From results it was observed that all predictorslike PE EE TP and NNFChave direct and significant impact on JB. ETD partially moderates the relationship of predictors and JB. It was also observed that SCS effectively moderates the relationship of ETD and JB. In the extreme turbulent and tense working environment for medical doctors of public sector SCS found to be as anarbiter to relieve them from being burnout.Based on the proposed theoretical framework this empirical research overall enhanced the understanding about JB for non profit organizations and specifically for health sector. This study also observed that JB is a serious issue in the domain of health sector for benefactors of society so the policy makers should take steps to mitigate the impact of JB for those who are directly contributing in this domain. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00191 Keywords: Job Burnout, Self Coping Strategy, Excessive Job Demand, Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Time Pressure, Non Facilitating Conditions, Health Sector Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 634-640 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/689/620 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/689 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:634-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laiba Manzoor Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Qudsia Piracha Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Commerce and Economics, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Masood Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Dean &Professor, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Renewable Energy and Globalization on Environmental Pollution in Asian Countries: A Review Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to investigate the impacts of globalization (GL) renewable energy (RE) natural resources (NR) and value-added agriculture (AG) on ecological footprints (EF) and CO2 emissions. For this research paper includes yearly data from 1990–2022 for four South Asian nations: Bangladesh India Pakistan and Sri Lanka. These countries are most vulnerable to climate hazards and rapid economic transitions.The. Globalization and AG are contributing to environmental degradationin selected South Asian countries. Therefore these countries need to exploit solar energy to its full capacity. Moreover thesecountries need to explore more RE resources to reduce their dependence on non-RE sources. These countries can make their agricultural sectors sustainable by following efficient farming practices. Environmental awareness should be enhanced among the farmers. Farmers can use animal fertilizers and clean inputs in AG to achieve sustainable agricultural products. Overall this work suggests that these countries can achieve a cleaner environment by adopting RE and by promoting efficient technologies through globalization. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00186 Keywords: ecological footprint; CO2 emissions; renewable energy; globalization; Agriculture; South Asian countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 628-633 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/684/606 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/684 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:628-633 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aleena Shamim Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sana Raza Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Commerce and Economics, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Masood Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Dean &Professor, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Examining the Influence of Green Finance, FinTech, and Environmental Innovation on Environmental Degradation in G-20 Nations: A Comprehensive Review Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of green finance fintech and environmental innovation on CO2emissions of the G-20countries. This study seeks to determine how these variables play a role in the environment and add to the existing literature on these variables. This study investigated the period comprising the years from 1990 to 2021. The purpose statement of the present study is determined and it develops a comprehensive analysis and integration of the current theoretical and empirical literature regarding previous literature. The purpose of this research is to summarize the association among green finance, fintech, financial inclusion, GDP and environmental innovation on CO2emissions for the G-20countries. In addition, this research aims to discover the existing literature by examining the theoretical frameworks as well as empirical evidence presented in published articles. Besides, the paper analyses the theoretical approaches that make the theoretical background transparent and show how the principles and mechanisms of the methods are interconnected. This research endeavours to be of great importance to the world of green finance fintech financial inclusion GDP and environmental innovation by means of undertaking an extensive literature review and synthesis utilizing current theories and studies dealing with the influence ofgreen finance fintech financial inclusion GDP and environmental innovation on CO2emissions in G-20countries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00185 Keywords: Green finance, Fintech, Financial inclusion, Environmental innovation, CO2 emission, G-20 countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 621-627 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/683/605 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/683 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:621-627 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aiman Butt Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Umair Butt Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Masood Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Dean &Professor, Department of Commerce and Economics, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Commerce and Economics, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Nexus of Eco Digitalization, Financial Globalization, and Renewable Energy in Mitigating CO2 Emissions: A Review of China Abstract: This study aims to investigate the perspectives offered by the literature about CO2 Emission on Eco Digitalization Green Investment Financial Globalization and Renewable Energy in China. The available theoretical and empirical literature on the subject is examined and summarized in this work. It identifies the literature by drawing on theoretical and empirical insights from published literature in the second place. This article further clarified theoretical approaches that explain how and why these approaches’ function. Third this paper suggests three productive areas for more study. This study adds to the body of knowledge on CO2 Emission on Eco Digitalization Green Investment Financial Globalization and Renewable Energy in China by critically examining and combining previous theories and studies in the field. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00184 Keywords: CO2 Emission, Eco Digitalization, Green Investment, Financial Globalization, Renewable Energy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 616-620 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/682/604 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/682 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:616-620 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faisal Kamal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Ihtisham ul Haq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Dilawar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Hameed Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Title: An Empirical Investigation of the Quantity Theory of Money in Pakistan Abstract: One of the macroeconomic objective is to have price stability. The quantity theory of money (QTM) explains the nexus between money supply and price level in the economy thus QTM provides the theoretical framework for monetary policy to bring price stability. Therfore this study investigates the validity of QTM in Pakistan in time series study. This study applied different econometric techniques unit root tests cointegration test and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) cointegration regression. The variables money supply price level interest rate and output are cointegrated in the long run. The results of the FMOLS regression indicate positive and significant effect of money supply on price level henceforth; this study validate the QTM in Pakistan. The study suggests that monetary policy can effectively control the price level in the economy to maintain economic stability and sustain economic growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00182 Keywords: money supply, price level, interest rate, output Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 610-615 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/678/601 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/678 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:610-615 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tayyba Mirza Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, School of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Basharat Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Does Polychronicity Impact Innovative Work Behavior? The Role of Procrastination Abstract: The innovative work behaviors are essential because of developments in technology society economy and changes in organizational structures. The study innovates by investigate the relationship between polychronicity and innovative work behaviour. It further examines the mediating role of procrastination in the relationship between polychronicity and innovative work behaviors. A survey conducted with 575 respondents confirm that polychronicity has a positive relationship with employee IWB by mediating role of procrastination. We discuss managerial implications limitations and future research directions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00181 Keywords: Polychronicity; innovation; innovative work behaviour; procrastination, COR Theory, Self-determination Theory Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 602-609 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/677/600 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/677 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:602-609 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Ahsan Mukhtar Author-Workplace-Name: University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Farah Nasreen Author-Workplace-Name: University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Waleed Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: NUML University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Dynamic Capabilities and Firm Performance: Moderating Effect of Environmental Dynamism Abstract: This paper therefore conducts much detail with regard to the moderating role of environmental dynamism between dynamic capabilities and firm performance with special reference to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of Pakistan. The conceptual framework leans on the proposition by Teece Pisano and Shuen (1997) that dynamic capabilities allow reconfiguration of resources for the changing market demand and hence the source of competitive advantage to the firm. It is theoretically possible that empirical studies on the moderating effect of environmental dynamism are possible and still scarce within this domain—an even more rare context in the case of Pakistani SMEs. Thereby this research intends to fill that gap by empirically examining how the influence of environmental dynamism plays out at the dynamic capabilities-performance nexus in Pakistani SMEs—a sector pivotal for the economic growth of the nation but also challenged by a unique blend of local business conditions. Understanding how firms can benefit from their dynamic capabilities in relation to their performance in volatile markets has become important within this fast-changing business environment. This paper therefore through an intensive review of the literature traces the development of the dynamic capability theory in highlighting its relevance for firm performance and the critical roles environmental dynamism has played as one of the most emphasized contextual factors in firm performance. Quantitative research design will be used for data collection from a broad base of industries under the SME sector of Pakistan and it will be collected through cross-sectional surveys to explore the proposed relationships. Findings have revealed an environmental dynamism-relevant moderating effect on the relationship between dynamic capabilities and performance. That is to say, in the most volatile environments SME performance will be more dependent on dynamic capabilities, and that dependence will imply that the strategic value of the capabilities would become contingent on the level of environmental dynamism. This is congruent with the resource-based view (RBV) theory of strategy: the strategic value of resources and capabilities depends on the fit that such resources will have with the external environment. Implications for managers and policymakers therefore could be said to be very pragmatic since SMEs operating within such dynamic markets would have a crying need to develop and deploy dynamic capabilities in a strategic way to effectively steer through the environment. First these findings contribute to theoretical development in that they draw and support from the dynamic capability view (DCV) and RBV literature in verifying the contingent value of the dynamic capability with respect to environmental dynamism. It not only adds some fertile insights into the dynamic capabilities framework within an emerging market context like Pakistan but also substantiates some interesting facets for SMEs to gain an edge on their competitive advantage within the fast-changing global business environment. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00180 Keywords: Dynamic Capabilities, Firm Performance, Environmental Dynamism Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 597-601 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/676/598 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/676 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:597-601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Saleem Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Imtiaz Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: History of Parliamentary system of Government in Pakistan 1947 to 2002 Abstract: The British Parliamentary System in India has straightforwardly added to the development of parliament in Pakistan. The regular authoritative bodies picked the individuals from the Constituent Assembly. It might be said that the historical backdrop of a democratic organization in Pakistan is a background marked by overturning ubiquity based establishments and a past filled with making new assumptions with every misfortune. Pakistan keeps on making progress toward accomplishing an irrefutable and solid structure in view of well-known request. Vote based change to democratization included a verifiable cycle. This paper's system was subjective in nature. All through most of the parliamentary structure obviously organization in administrative issues was continuously being deterred. With the heaviness of Martial Law the administrative framework was at last unhindered. When contrasted with parliamentary the authority structure has reliably outperformed it in Pakistan's situation on the grounds that to its more evolved economy. To evaluate the History of Parliamentary System of Government in Pakistan from 1947 to 2002. The fundamental motivation behind this paper is to incorporate the historical backdrop of parliamentary arrangement of Pakistan from its introduction to the world to year 2002. Also in addition which job the parliament has played in the majority rule government of Pakistan in this time span. This paper likewise centers around the progressions in the financial dependability of Pakistan because of Parliamentary vote based system. This study draws together writing on the total history of the parliament and the parliamentary vote based system alongside its impact on the financial security of the Pakistan. The information was assembled from the information tanks sites and the exploration work of early individuals. A certain solicitation in such a situation can notice plans in the improvement of political events and choose if these models have a typical subject of all time. The fundamental and assistat sources were used for getting information and social event data to complete the investigation and show up at the last revelations and recommendations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00178 Keywords: Parliamentary System, Democratic Organization, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 592-596 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/674/594 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/674 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:592-596 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil. Management Sciences, Services & General Administration Department, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Hussnain Barkat Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil. Management Sciences, CEO, Al-Madni Chemicals and Traders, Pakistan Title: Cultural Impact on Human Resource Management Practices in Pakistan Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between cultural norms and HRM strategies in Pakistan. It examines key cultural dimensions like power distance collectivism and gender roles and their impact on HRM practices such as recruitment and performance management. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods the research reveals how cultural practices influence organizational behavior communication and conflict resolution. It stresses the importance of cultural sensitivity and adaptation in HRM to align with organizational goals. Findings emphasize the need for tailored HRM approaches that embrace cultural diversity while meeting organizational objectives. By addressing cultural nuances this study aims to foster inclusive culturally competent workplaces in Pakistan. Ultimately it seeks to enhance understanding of how culture shapes HRM in Pakistan offering valuable insights for organizations navigating diverse cultural environments. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00177 Keywords: Cultural norms, HRM strategies, Power distance, Collectivism, Gender roles, Organizational behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 586-591 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/673/584 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/673 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:586-591 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nasir Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Law, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Hilal Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Law and Shariah, University of Swat, Pakistan Author-Name: Tabinda Rani Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Law, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Title: Alternative Dispute Resolution in Criminal Cases: Challenges and Possibilities in Pakistani Legal framework Abstract: The present study had two objectives; to analyze the challenges in introducing Alternative Dispute Resolution (hereinafter ADR) in criminal matters and to explore the possibilities of disposing of the criminal cases through ADR. After deploying doctrinal research methodology the present study found that the poor quality of decision-making non-protection of the public rights hinderance in development of law disregarding the victim advantageous position of the prosecution compromising the constitutional rights of accused lack of well defied rule for ADR and the difference in procedure are the major challenges for alternative dispute resolution in criminal matters. The study also found that criminal cases may be disposed of through ADR in case of private complaint first-time offender simple imprisonment petty offences or by introducing special law and courts or where compounding or compromising of offences is legally allowed. The study further found that the ADR in criminal cases has been and is practiced by way of mediation and plea bargaining. The study recommends that the legislature should introduce appropriate and apposite amendments to accommodate the ADR in criminal justice system of Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00175 Keywords: Alternative Dispute Resolution, Adjudication in Criminal Cases, Medication Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 577-585 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/671/852 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/671 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:577-585 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Misbah Azam Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, NCBA&E, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ali Raza Elahi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Commerce & Finance, GCU, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shahbaz-Ul-Haque Author-Workplace-Name: Internal Auditor, NADRA, Pakistan Title: Managerial Discretion and Corporate Governance Mechanism: A Case Study of Public Limited Firms of Pakistan Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of board independence CEO duality (managerial discretion) and corporate governance mechanism on firm performance measured through accounting-base measures i.e. return on assets as well as market-based measure i.e. Tobin’s Q among Pakistan's KSE-listed non-financial firms from 2011 to 2021. The study used software (STATA 12) to analyze the data of 172 firms using the Generalized Method of Movements as well as Random Effect and Fixed Effect regression models to test how each corporate governance and managerial discretion variables contributes to the firm performance. Data was extracted from the annual reports database and websites of KSE-listed firms. The presence of board independence contributes positively to firm performance. The study highlights that although CEO duality has no impact on firm performance but presence of board independence controls the managerial discretion provided by CEO duality and offer the necessary resources as well as monitoring the control the managerial discretion and improve firm performance. This article makes a significant theoretical contribution by synthesizing and extending key governance theories to offer a nuanced understanding of the intricate dynamics within corporate governance (CG) particularly in the specific context of KSE-registered non-financial firms in Pakistan. This research contributes actionable insights that span governance improvement informed decision-making regulatory considerations and strategic performance enhancement offering practical benefits for the diverse stakeholders in the corporate governance landscape. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00171 Keywords: Corporate governance, Board Independence, Managerial Discretion, CEO duality, Firm Performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 564-576 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/667/587 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/667 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:564-576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nasir Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Law, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Hilal Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Law and Shariah, University of Swat, Pakistan Author-Name: Arshad Nawaz Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Law, Quaid-e Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Doctrinal Research in Law: Meaning, Scope and Methodology Abstract: The doctrinal legal research has been the dominant and most influential research methods in law. The purpose of the present study was twofold; to explore the scope and to analyze the methodologies of doctrinal legal research. After analyzing the systematically selected literature, the present study found that doctrinal research is concerned with methodically finding examining explaining and justifying the enacted legal framework. In addition the doctrinal research was also used to predict the future development in law. Moreover the study found that doctrinal research methodology was used by legal and non-legal researchers. The study also found that the beginning of the doctrinal legal research is the presence of a legal problem which is followed by finding the relevant legal material including statutory law constitutional provision pertaining to the problem by laws judicial decisions commentaries of the analysts encyclopedias and dictionaries. The study further found that after finding the relevant legal material, a researcher is required to analyze the legal material to determine the fitness of the problem or to suggest the solution of legal problem. Further to that, a researcher should also synthesize the legal material to highlight the inconsistencies between enacted legislation and fundamentals legal norms and principles of the legal system. The study also found that a doctrinal research study is concluded by reporting the findings and the recommendations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00167 Keywords: Research, Legal Research, Doctrinal Research, Scope of Doctrinal Research, Methodology in Legal Research Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 559-563 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/666/569 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/666 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:559-563 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Urooj Moeen Author-Workplace-Name: Research scholar BZU, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Shaukat Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Dean Commerce, Banking & Business Administration BZU Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Laraib Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer IBF, BZU Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Fizza Imam Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar BZU, Multan, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Personal and Job Factors that Boost Innovation within Hospitality Industry Abstract: The aim of this research is to identify the impact of personal and job factors on the innovative work behavior of hospitality industry employees. Data was collected through primary source via distribution of survey questionnaires. Employees of Hospitality (hotel) industry were taken as respondents to carry out this study. Data was analyzed through SPSS. Regression analysis was done in order to check whether the hypotheses are accepted or being rejected. Findings showed that there is a positive & significant relationship between Job and Personal Factors of employees (employee creativity self-leadership participative decision-making) and Innovative work behavior. This study will contribute to everybody related to it. It will help in developing innovative minds through which employees organizations and economy all prosper and get better. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00166 Keywords: Innovative Work Behavior, Self-leadership, Participative Decision Making, Employee Creativity Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 556-558 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/665/568 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/665 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:556-558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Daniyal Imran Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Banking and Finance HSM, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Uzair Hassan Khan Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Banking and Finance HSM, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Title: https://cbbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/664 Abstract: The main purpose of our study is to take a look at how it impacts corporate governance and shariah governance on the profitability of conventional banks of Pakistan and their Islamic windows one more objective of this study is to investigate whether there is any significant difference in the profitability of conventional banks after opening of Islamic windows. Our research study's theoretical basis draws from corporate governance theories agency theory resource dependence theory and Islamic finance principles. By examining the relationships between these independent variables and the dependent variables (ROA and ROE) our study aims to provide insights into the factors influencing the financial performance of Shariah-compliant banks. Our study is based on 10 conventional banks which also provide Islamic windows. For our analysis in the current study we will use annual data that covers the period from 2013 to 2022. To achieve these objectives we are using a linear regression model and paired sample t-test. Our findings conclude that bank age and board size have a significant positive impact on corporate governance in contrast board diversity has a significant but negative impact on the ROA of conventional banks on the other hand bank size and board independence do not have any impact on ROA and if we talk about ROE board size and board independence had a helpful important impact on ROE while bank size bank age and board diversity doesn't have any significant impact on ROE of conventional banks of Pakistan. In the case of Shariah governance only the Shariah board has a significant positive effect on ROA and ROE ratio on the other hand remuneration and charities don’t have any effect on the Islamic windows of conventional banks. We further discover no substantial variation in the ROA & ROE of Pakistani conventional banks following the establishment of Islamic windows. The findings of this study suggest that the government of Pakistan should focus on promoting good corporate governance practices in banks, especially regarding board size bank age board diversity and shariah board because these factors increase the profitability of conventional banks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00165 Keywords: Shariah Governance, Islamic Windows, Pakistan, Corporate Governance, Profitability Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 543-555 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/664/567 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://cbbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/664 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:543-555 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Lala Rukh Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor at CM&C university of Swat, Pakistan Author-Name: Khursheed Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer at CM &C university of Swat, Pakistan Author-Name: Sangeen Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Deputy Treasurer at University of Swat, Pakistan Author-Name: Ikramullah Author-Workplace-Name: Student of MBA at University of Swat, Pakistan Title: The Effect of Working Capital Management on The Profitability of the Textile Industry: Evidence from Pakistan Textile Industry Abstract: The working capital management has significant importance in business investment because it impact on company’s Profitability and efficiency. The current study has taken the textile sector of Pakistan comprising of three sectors that is spinning weaving and composite comprising of 155 companies in total . The aim of the paper is to investigate the effect of working capital management on profitability of the textile firms. A sample of 20 businesses is randomly selected for a period of six years to carry out the current study. In the existing study ROA is taken as a measure of profitability of the firm. While the working capital is taken as the measure of the cash conversion cycle. Account receivable collection period Account payable time period size of the firm sales growth and current ration. Regression analysis is done and to address the issue of multicollinearity VIF test is done. The study's conclusions demonstrate that working capital utilization matters to Pakistani textile enterprises and that effective working capital utilization affects profitability. Studies show that when a company's inventory turnover period increases its profitability decreases. The prompt transformation of raw materials into final products has a significant impact on the profitability of the company. The analysis did not uncover any proof that profitability and the cash conversion cycle (CCC) were significantly correlated. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00163 Keywords: cash conversion cycle, working capital management, profitability Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 534-542 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/662/566 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/662 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:534-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabia Farooq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, PhD scholar, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Nargus Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, PhD scholar, Superior university Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khawaja Hisham Ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Commerce Department, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Farhana Akmal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Understanding Emotional Intelligence in School Leadership of Private Schools in Lahore: A Qualitative Exploration Abstract: Understanding the Emotional intelligence of school leadership refers to measure the ability of school leaders regarding their own emotions and how they manage other’s behavior. The qualitative study adopting phenomenological approach to find out the use of Emotional intelligence in school leadership practices. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with six private school’s principals in Lahore. The study finds out the ways in which Emotional intelligence competencies help them to perform their role as leaders. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and data was analyzed in six stages defined by Creswell (2014). The findings showed that there is pivotal role of Emotional intelligence in developing positive relationships have positive impact on subordinates. The findings of the study also indicate the importance of EI integration through training to develop and enhance the leadership abilities of principals. Further the conclusion of this study emphasizes on further research in different geographical regions to explore the role of EI in the field of education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00162 Keywords: emotional intelligence, school principals, school leadership practices Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 527-533 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/661/563 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/661 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:527-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aeman Ayub Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar (Education), University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Anam Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar (Education), University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Hoorain Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar (Education), University of Okara, Pakistan Title: Cognizance of Development of Human Capital and Success of Higher Education Institutions Abstract: The study's overarching goal was to investigate the relationship between HEIs' success and their attention to cultivating their human capital. Any college or institution worth its salt will recognize that its students are its most valuable asset and treat them as such. This survey-based study was both descriptive and inferential in character. A total of 313 male and female students were used to compile the data. In order to gauge students' awareness of human capital development and HEI performance the researcher gathered data from a variety of University of Okara departments. After reviewing the available literature we created the research scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data. Human capital development was found to significantly impact HEIs' viability. The findings highlighted the need for improved human capital development practices inside academic institutions. It is suggested that HEIs use effective Human Capital Development Practices to improve the quality of their programs and align with international benchmarks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00161 Keywords: human capital, higher education institution, quality Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 518-526 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/660/562 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/660 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:518-526 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Husnain Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayza Shoukat Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan Title: Unlocking the Secrets of Economic Growth: Understanding the Transmission Mechanism of the Monetary Policy Abstract: This research investigates how changes in monetary policy impact Pakistan's economic growth. trajectory focusing on macroeconomic indicators and monetary policy's role in long-term economic objectives. The research uses a quantitative approach and econometric methods to evaluate data from 1991 to 2020. Results show that certain variables like interest rates capital formation labor force and current account balance positively impact economic growth while others like exchange rates net trade money supply and private sector access to domestic credit have negative impacts. These statistically significant correlations show how monetary policy variables and economic outcomes interact in complex ways. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00159 Keywords: Monetary policy, Economic growth, Macroeconomic indicators Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 510-517 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/568/561 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/568 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:510-517 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Qabil Dayo Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Fayaz Raza Chandio Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Economics, SALU, Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saleem Rahpoto Author-Workplace-Name: Professor & Chairman, Department of Economics, SALU, Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan Title: Socio–Economic Effects of the Microfinance Services on the Women in Sindh: A Case Study of the First Microfinance Bank District Larkana Abstract: The microfinance has turned into a significant tool alleviating poverty in emerging nations as it provides financial and non-financial services to needy peoples. It turns out those key aspects of the microfinance in focusing on the ladies lead to more beneficial economic development results. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the socio economic impacts related with the women's participation in microfinance programs. The study was conducted in The First Microfinance Bank District Larkana in Sindh province. A simple random sample of 1000 women participants of no less than two years or more was drawn from the 13500 individuals from The First Microfinance Bank District Larkana. The data were analyzed quantitatively with the help of descriptive statistics from the SPSS tool and presented in the form of frequencies pie charts and tables using a structured questionnaire. The study's objectives were to evaluate the socioeconomic effects on women's access to micro-credit micro-savings, micro-insurance and non-financial services. The foundations of this study was depended on the accompanying theories as well as model the Grameen bank model the vicious cycle of poverty theory and the imperfect information paradigm.. The outcomes showed that the microfinance services have impact on women's socio-economic status. The review showed that that an access to microcredit services expanded pay levels expanded stocks as well as result of endeavor and expanded use on wellbeing and educational services. Conversely, availability of micro savings services for women increased income to generate wealth smoothed irregular income levels to manage consumption needs and increased capital resources to support education and health care. Additionally the outcomes demonstrated the impacts of micro insurance services empowered ladies build more grounded trust securities made more informal communities as well as propel cooperation being developed activities. In conclusion impacts of non financial services microfinance balanced out pay levels that facilitated creation imperatives improved intrapersonal abilities for example relational abilities and to wrap things up this program imparted a decent practice on preventive wellbeing measures for prosperity of individuals. A portion of recommendation made included the need to do a further report to particularly distinguish the impacts of microfinance benefits freely on the financial status of the clients additional comprehension the impacts of new areas of the microfinance for example that of of micro-insurance services to assist with planning better items gain an upper hand and animate the market in the long haul for manageable turn of events need to look at the impacts among various plans and microfinance projects to direct reasonable investment of the government development fund and a cautious examination of consequences for various subgroups-for instance monetarily unique social orientation to upgrade the comprehension of value related impacts of the microfinance services (micro credit micro savings and micro insurance) plans for productivity and viability. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00158 Keywords: Microfinance, Micro Credit, Micro Saving, Micro Insurance, Non-Finance, Socio Economic Status Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 502-509 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/656/560 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/656 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:502-509 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Gul Hasan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Legal Education, University of Turbat, Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Siraj Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Rukhshanda Zarar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Shakeel Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Young Development fellow at Planning Commission of Pakistan, Pakistan Title: Natural Resource Management: Legal and Governance Issues of Reko Diq Project Abstract: Balochistan Province of Pakistan is gifted with enormous reserves of minerals owing to its unique geological condition. One of the most important mineral resource projects is the Reko Diq mining project which is one of the largest projects of its kind globally. The Reko Diq mineral resource located in the mineral-rich Tethyan belt was discovered by the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) from 1960 to 1970. The estimated reserves of Reko Diq comprise 12.3 million tons of copper and 20.9 million ounces of gold. However, the Reko Diq project became embroiled in legal disputes and controversy when the Balochistan government represented by the Balochistan Development Authority signed agreements with foreign investment companies for gold and copper exploration in the area of Reko Diq at Chagai. This research paper examines the establishment of the Chagai Hills Exploration Joint Venture Agreement (CHEJVA), analyzes the Supreme Court's decision on Pakistan regarding Maulana Abdul Haq Baloch's case against the government of Balochistan and highlights the arbitration proceedings of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. The research also concludes that an American mineral company Broken Hills Proprietary (BHP) took advantage of the unstable political situation in Balochistan under the caretaker government in 1993. The Balochistan Mineral Rules 2002 were enacted to grant undue relaxations favoring foreign companies. These issues significantly impacted the validity of the Reko Diq agreement. Consequently, this case created an impression that foreign investments are not secure in Pakistan necessitating actions to protect their interests. Moreover, the Reko Diq case had various economic impacts on Pakistan and hindered the development of the province and the country. This research paper recommends reforms in the legal framework of the mineral sector and advocates for advanced equipment in exploration to create employment opportunities. Additionally, establishing a domestic dispute resolution forum is proposed as a more favorable approach for settling such disputes rather than resorting to international jurisdictions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00157 Keywords: Balochistan, Rek Diq, Volcano, Copper-Gold mining, Balochistan Development Authority Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 493-501 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/655/559 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/655 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:493-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Umm-e Rabania Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, PhD scholar superior university Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khawaja Hisham-Ul-Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Commerce Department Superior University Lahore, Punjab,Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Farhana Akmal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecture, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Environmental Determinants of Attitude among Primary School Children in District Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: This study aimed to explore the environmental determinants of attitude among primary school children. The primary goals of the study are to evaluate to educate to assist and to help the environmental attitudes of students and teachers at primary school level. This study was descriptive in nature and utilized a survey method. The survey included all primary school students and instructors from public schools in southern Punjab. Data was collected using a simple random sampling approach. The sample size included 325 children and 75 instructors. Two separate questionnaires were employed as study instruments to gather data for both teachers and students. The data were evaluated using descriptive statistics such as frequencies percentages averages and standard deviation to compare the perspectives of various respondent groups. The results were shown in tables and were described. The data analysis revealed that the teachers at primary schools level must inspire students to create a better atmosphere. Students should have the option to choose between government and private schools. Teachers should utilize audio-visual tools to enhance the effectiveness of their teaching during classroom instruction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00156 Keywords: Environmental Education, Primary Schools, Teachers Behavior, School Environment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 485-492 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/654/558 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/654 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:485-492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faiza Zahid Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Sarhad University of Science & IT, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Kalsoom Durrani Author-Workplace-Name: MS Research Scholar in Marketing, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Larama Campus Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Saeedah Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Department of Sociology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shakeel Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Bashir Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Rural Sociology, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan Title: Youth Unemployment and Social Stability: Investigating the Linkages and Possible Solutions in the Context of Pakistan Abstract: This research explores the intricate relationship between youth unemployment and social stability in Pakistan. With a burgeoning youth population and limited employment opportunities Pakistan faces significant challenges in maintaining social cohesion and stability. The study delves into the root causes of youth unemployment, including structural economic issues, inadequate educational systems, and mismatched skills. Furthermore, it examines the ramifications of youth unemployment on social stability, encompassing increased crime rates, political instability, and social unrest. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, this research aims to uncover the nuanced dynamics between youth unemployment and social stability in Pakistan. Additionally, the study explores potential solutions to mitigate youth unemployment, such as policy interventions, skills development programs, and fostering entrepreneurship. By addressing these issues, the research seeks to offer insights and recommendations to policymakers stakeholders and practitioners to promote social stability and inclusive economic growth in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00154 Keywords: youth unemployment, social stability, crime rate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 477-484 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/651/556 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/651 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:477-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khadija Rafeeq Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khawaja Hisham-Ul-Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Commerce Department Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Javaid Toor Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Navigating the STEM Frontier: Unveiling Teachers’ Perception and Implementation Strategies at the Secondary Education Level Abstract: "Navigating the STEM Frontier" refers to the challenges, opportunities and advancements in science technology engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The current study is going to unveiling teachers' perception and implementation strategies of STEM education at secondary school level. It was quantitative study that was descriptive in nature. All the secondary school teachers were the population of the study. Researchers selected a sample of teachers (606) through simple random sampling technique to accomplish the objective. Researchers used a questionnaire as a research tool to collect data from the respondents. After collecting data from teachers (606), it was analyzed through SPSS and used statistical techniques to explore the data with interpretations. The findings of the study informed that different levels of implementation were seen between secondary school teachers with academic qualifications and those with professional qualifications. STEM techniques were also more variable among experienced educators than their less-seasoned counterparts. The conclusion of the study address that the study stresses the significance of secondary school teachers' perspectives and methods for implementing STEM education. The importance of STEM education is widely acknowledged although teachers may sometimes have differing views or methods. These results can guide future studies and initiatives to improve the efficacy of STEM education methods in secondary schools. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00153 Keywords: STEM frontiers, Implementation strategies, secondary education Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 469-476 Volume: 12 Issue: 4 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/650 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:4:p:469-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khan Imdadullah Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Lincoln College University, Malaysia Title: The Role of Technology in the Economy Abstract: Technology has always played a vital role in economic development but its impact has become increasingly significant in recent decades. Technological advancements have led to new industries and products increased productivity and improved efficiency in existing industries. This has resulted in economic growth job creation and higher living standards. Some specific examples of the role of technology in the economy. The development of e-commerce has revolutionized the retail industry. Online retailers can reach a global audience and offer a wide range of products at competitive prices. This has led to the closure of many traditional brick-and-mortar stores, but it has also created new jobs in the logistics and customer service sectors. E- commerce has also made it easier for small businesses to compete with larger retailers. Technology is constantly evolving, and its impact on the economy is likely to continue to grow in the years to come. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00037 Keywords: Retailer, Technological advancements, Productivity, Job creation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 427-434 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/525/385 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/525 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:427-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ASIM IQBAL Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management & Administrative Science, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: AFTAB ANWAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management & Administrative Science, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: KHALIL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Govt Islamia College Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan Title: INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND BUSINESS FREEDOM: INSIGHTS FROM DEVELOPING NATIONS Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between institutional development and business freedom in developing nations. Through extensive analysis, the research explores how various factors such as fiscal freedom and monetary policies influence the business environment in these countries. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between fiscal freedom and business freedom, indicating a negative and statistically significant impact of fiscal freedom on business freedom. Conversely, the study finds that monetary freedom has an insignificant effect on business freedom in developing countries. Moreover, the research highlights the crucial role of government effectiveness, political stability, and trade freedom in fostering a conducive environment for business operations within developing economies. Countries with higher levels of government effectiveness and political stability tend to exhibit greater business freedom, while trade freedom also emerges as a significant determinant in promoting favorable business conditions. One notable implication of the study's findings is the need for developing countries to reassess their fiscal policies particularly in terms of government expenditures. The prevalence of non-developmental expenditures suggests a potential obstacle to business freedom, underscoring the importance of rationalizing government spending to mitigate adverse effects on the business environment. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of promoting government effectiveness, political stability, and trade freedom as strategic measures to enhance business freedom in developing nations. By prioritizing these aspects of institutional development and policy formulation, policymakers can create an enabling environment that encourages entrepreneurship, investment, and economic growth. Overall, the insights gleaned from this study provide valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to improve business freedom and foster sustainable economic development in developing countries. By addressing key institutional and policy challenges, these nations can unlock their full economic potential and create opportunities for prosperity and progress. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00145 Keywords: Institutional Development, Business Freedom, Fiscal Policies, Government Effectiveness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 457-465 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/641/548 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/641 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:457-465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FIAZ AHMAD SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SANA SARWAR SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: RUBINA FIAZ SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: UNVEILING ECONOMIC DISTRESS IN SOUTH ASIA: DOES STOCK MARKET PERFORMANCE MATTER? Abstract: This study explores economic misery determinants in South Asia from 1990 to 2022, focusing on the moderating role of stock market performance. Economic misery, the dependent variable, is analyzed in relation to stock market performance, interest rates, education, population density, economic growth, remittances, and the interaction between stock market performance and interest rates. Using an autoregressive distributed lag model, results reveal shaded connections. Stock market performance shows a non-significant negative coefficient, while interest rates exhibit a substantial negative coefficient, indicating a strong association with reduced economic misery. Unexpectedly, education levels have a positive coefficient, while economic growth, population density, and remittances display negative coefficients, suggesting their roles in mitigating economic distress. The moderation effect of stock market performance and interest rates is notably significant, emphasizing their interplay in alleviating economic distress. Policymakers are urged to implement prudent monetary policies for interest rate stability, prioritize education, foster economic growth, plan urban development, and promote diversified income sources. Transparent and stable stock markets should be ensured through strategies enhancing investor confidence, establishing safeguards against market manipulation, and incentivizing long-term investments. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00058 Keywords: Economic distress, stock market performance, interest rate, economic growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 447-456 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/551/744 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/551 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:447-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. RANA MUHAMMAD SHAHID YAQUB Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AQEEL ATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Postgraduate Research Scholar, Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: FAWAD WASEEM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Research Scholar, Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: EHTISHAM Author-Workplace-Name: Postgraduate Research Scholar, Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: UNVEILING THE DYNAMICS: EXPLORING THE STIMULUS-ORGANISM-RESPONSE (SOR) MODEL IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCER MARKETING, ELECTRONIC WORD OF MOUTH, AND PURCHASE DECISIONS, WITH A FOCUS ON THE MEDIATING ROLE OF BRAND AWARENESS Abstract: In recent years, YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram, which were originally designed to only provide users with a means of sharing and consuming content, have emerged as major channels for marketing products and services. The exceptional growth of online users in Pakistan makes social media advertising prevalent in the country. In addition to that, the use of electronic word of mouth and social media influencers has become one of the most recent forms of advertising in response to this shift. The goal of this research was to determine if and how brand awareness influences the effectiveness of social media influencer marketing, the spread of positive product reviews online, and ultimately, customer purchases. This study used the SOR Model to analyze how social media influencer marketing, brand awareness, electronic word of mouth, and consumer decisions are related. Quantitative methods were used since they were thought to be the most effective way to complete the study. In addition, 385 responses from those who utilize social media were gathered for this analysis. Using a convenience sampling technique, online questionnaires were used to collect data. Furthermore, data were analyzed through SPSS V- 21 for statistical analysis and Smart PLS-SEM for modeling and hypothesis testing. Considering the study's objectives, the measuring model, structural model, and mediation analysis were evaluated for validity. A significant finding of the study was that brand awareness, electronic word of mouth, and social media influencer marketing were associated with consumer purchase decisions. Additionally, the current study has filled a literature gap by identifying potential opportunities for further research on this topic in the context of online marketing and e-commerce in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00048 Keywords: social media influencer marketing, electronic word of mouth, brand awareness, purchase decisions, social media marketing Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 427-438 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/540/403 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/540 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:427-438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NAVEED JAMIL Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: KHADIJA SHAHZAD Author-Workplace-Name: MS Leadership & Management, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: ALIYA JABEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and finance, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH MULTI DEPENDENT PANELS: A STUDY OF PAK-US TRADE Abstract: The basic purpose of this study to General Diagnostic test for Sustainable Economic Growth Multi Dependent Panels of Cross Section. The two sample models are using USA import from Pakistan impact on USA economy and Pakistan export to USA impact on Pakistan economy with multi macroeconomic dependent variables of each country for the period of 2012 to 2021 and examine through a new General Diagnostic test of Cross-section diagnostic test (CSDT) that highly recommended for future examination of research data. The Results showing the high impact Import on US Macroeconomic variables and Export on Pakistan Macroeconomic variables that influencing the country economy. The Cross-section diagnostic test (CSDT) result also indicates each macroeconomic dependent variable of a country highly influenced by import and export. Like Pakistan face balance of payment issue and export helping indicator and USA shortage of agricultural product, dairy and natural resources production, import strengthen the usage (meet the need), standard living and economy. Research implications are very clear import and export of a country is highly significant that meet the need of financial and usage of a country. This study has two main recommendations. First, strongly recommends for Policy maker more focus on exports with the help of country resources and meet the need of country. Second, the study is strongly recommended to research institution, and research scholar the new General Diagnostic test Multi Dependent Panels of Cross Section (for Sustainable Economic Growth) is suggested to use for future examination of research data. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00006 Keywords: General Diagnostic test, Cross-Section Diagnostic Test, Pak-US Economy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 332-338 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/496/393 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/496 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:332-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ALI HUSSAIN BIN SADIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty at UMT Sialkot Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: ALI AYYAZ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Research Scholar, Chonnam National University, Yeoso Campus, South Korea Title: PROBING AMPLIFICATION, DOMESTICATION, AND UNTRANSLATABILITY IN THE URDU TRANSLATION OF SHAKESPEARE’S OTHELLO Abstract: This study explores the projection of amplification, domestication, and untranslatability in the Urdu translation of Shakespeare’s Othello by Anayatullah Dehlvi. The traditional approaches to translation are realized to hide cultural depiction and naturalness of language. They are regarded mathematically inflexible, which conceive one to one relation in languages. They are eclipsed and translation in the recent era is viewed with the lens of broader spectrum. In this descriptive study, the researcher uses the purposive sampling technique to select various extracts from the Urdu translation of Othello representing amplification, domestication, and untranslatability. The qualitative analysis reveals that the role of these strategies is enormously helpful because of connecting the source and target cultures. Nida’s modal of functional equivalence is used as theoretical framework. It is also realized that untranslatability is a cultural phenomenon, which sometimes crops up on the grounds of religion and ethics. In the Muslim cultures, translation of sexuality and nudity is categorically discouraged. On these grounds, it is recommended to incorporate these strategies in the Urdu literary translations to reduce foreignness and unpack the cultural discourses DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00024 Keywords: amplification, domestication, untranslatability, culture Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 410-416 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/511/373 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/511 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:410-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD MUNIR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan Author-Name: MOAZZAM Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan Title: INVESTIGATING THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF GREEN PRODUCT LITERACY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIVENESS AND GREEN PRODUCT PURCHASE ATTITUDE Abstract: technology innovativeness and green product attitude of the consumer. With growing environmental concern and the increasing emphasis on sustainable practices, understanding of the drivers that influence green purchasing behavior has become increasingly important. The study utilized a survey questionnaire which was distributed to a sample of 424 respondents. SPSS (26.0) software was used to analyze the data. The results of this study revealed that technology innovativeness had a significant positive direct effect on green product purchase attitude (β = 0.72, p < 0.001), and green product literacy played a crucial role in this relationship by having a significant positive indirect effect (β = 0.10, SE = 0.03, 95% CI [0.05, 0.16]).The descriptive results reveal the significance of green product literacy in shaping consumer attitude and highlight the need for organizations to invest in green literacy programs and initiatives. Investing in green literacy programs to educate and raise awareness of sustainable consumption is important for both researchers and practitioners. Individuals can contribute to SDGs Goal 13 by promoting green product literacy and sustainable practices to ensure a livable future. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00025 Keywords: Green product Literacy, Technology innovativeness, , Green product Purchase Attitude Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 417-426 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/434/371 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/434 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:417-426 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KASHIF JAVED Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. KHALIL UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. ABDUL RASHEED Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: THE EFFECT OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP ON SERVICE SABOTAGE BEHAVIOR: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN MICROFINANCE ORGANIZATIONS Abstract: The main objective of this study is to estimate the effect of ethical leadership on Service Sabotage Behaviour. Study motivated with Pakistan financial organizational employee’s ethical standard. Study used 203 participant financial organization employees’ data and applied descriptive, correlation, regression and robustness test for estimation. Result of study indicated ethical leadership highly significant effect on Service Sabotage Behaviour, therefore, mediator role of Emotional dissonance, burnout and organizational commitment highly significant impact on enhancing service sabotage behaviour. Ethical standard and principles not established in organization a solid route cause for employee’s service sabotage behaviours. Employee’s behaviour highly important for organization, quality of work, profit ratio maintains through employees efficient behaviour and ethical leadership role enhance when organization implement principles and avoid behaviour reactions, recommended for ethical leaderships must focus on employee’s behaviour to avoid service sabotage behaviour. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00023 Keywords: ethical leadership, service sabotage behaviou, quality of work Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 404-409 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/510/370 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/510 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:404-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: USMAN AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Creative Computing Bath Spa University Academic Centre RAK, UAE Author-Name: ABDUL SHAKOOR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering Abasyn University Islamabad Author-Name: SARA ABBASI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computing and Technology, Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RASHID Author-Workplace-Name: International Islamic University Islamabad. Department of Software Engineering. Faculty of computing Author-Name: HUMERA OMER FAROOQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor College of Art & Design , University of the Punjab Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SHAHID KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in IT, Mardan Title: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING AND NEURAL NETWORK Abstract: The foundation of modern technological development is the complex interaction between Artificial Intelligence (AI) Machine Learning (ML) and Neural Networks (NN). In order to better understand the dynamic dependencies that characterize these areas, this study takes a multifaceted approach that combines quantitative analysis and a thorough literature assessment. The study explores three hypotheses by building a synthetic dataset that includes variables including trends in AI investment measures for measuring the performance of ML algorithms, and complexity of NN design. The findings support the idea that investments in AI research encourage innovation in ML algorithms, demonstrating a symbiotic relationship between AI and ML breakthroughs. The evolutionary synergy between these components is further highlighted by a quantitative association between enhanced ML algorithm performance and increased Neural Network complexity. The analysis further supports the relationship between increased neural network performance and funding in AI research revealing the profound impact of AI on NN capabilities. These empirical findings are consistent with well-established theoretical frameworks and provide a deeper appreciation of the interdependence that underpins the advancement of technology. The study aids stakeholders in navigating the dynamic environment of cutting-edge technology by fostering a holistic understanding of how AI ML and NN jointly affect innovation. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8342065 Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Neural Networks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 142-148 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/460/367 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/460 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:142-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: BASHARAT REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: China University of Petroleum Beijing, China Author-Name: AHMAD RAZA Author-Workplace-Name: Student of M.phil Economic, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MEHREEN FATIMA Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: ZHEN WANG Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Academy of Chinese Energy Strategy, China University of petroleum Beijing China Author-Name: SABA JAVED Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: USMAN ASLAM Author-Workplace-Name: BBA, Bachelor of Business Administration, Post Graduation college of commerce, Affiliation: University of Punjab, Pakistan Title: INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIGRATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Abstract: This comprehensive study explores the intricate relationship between migration and development economics across a diverse sample of 100 countries over a ten-year period from 2010 to 2020. Our analysis reveals compelling insights into how migration patterns impact economic development and human well-being. We find robust support for the hypothesis that higher migration rates are associated with greater economic prosperity, as measured by GDP per capita. Additionally, remittances play a pivotal role, demonstrating a significant positive relationship with both GDP per capita and the Human Development Index (HDI). Furthermore, education levels emerge as a key determinant, influencing migration rates and contributing to enhanced economic development. The study also unveils the moderating effects of political stability and infrastructure quality on the migration-development relationship. Robustness checks and sensitivity analyses confirm the reliability of our findings. These results hold significant implications for policymakers offering guidance for formulating context-aware strategies that harness the benefits of migration while addressing associated challenges. This research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the global interplay between migration and development facilitating informed decision-making in an evolving world landscape. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8332135 Keywords: Migration,, Development Economics,, Remittances Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 133-141 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/458/366 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/458 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:133-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD RIZWAN KAMRAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: LUBNA NASAR Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIMA KHURSHID Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: AISHA SALEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: VALUING INTEGRATION IN ASIAN STOCK MARKETS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRE AND POST-COVID-19 PERIODS Abstract: Lately, the epidemic different the whole set-up of worldwide employment and cross-capital movement. Coronavirus caused unlimited fluctuations across the world. Research focuses on exploring the influence of covid-19 happening the global associations of the Pakistan ordinary market with additional nations now shortage. From standpoint, aforementioned adjustment elucidates the prospective influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on the immediate and prolonged financial integration among six growing Asian economies namely Pakistan Japan China India Indonesia and Malaysia. The daily closing indices of several countries were assessed for the period spanning from January 2017 to December 2022. Pre-covid-19 periods (January 1, 2017, to December 2019, and Post-covid-19 periods (from January 1, 2020)) and Post-covid-19 periods make up the two groups of the entire study period. Logarithmic exchange-traded returns were calculated for the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE), Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE), Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSE) and Bursa Stock Exchange (FTSE). By expending the Johansen co-integration and Granger causality tests, respectively, the integration among the chosen economies was studied for both long- and short-run integration. The study answers the question, to what extent do the chosen stock markets exhibit long-run co-integration? If so, please tell me whether or if COVID-19 has affected it. Is there a short-term unidirectional or bidirectional causal relationship between these markets? If so please tell me whether or if COVID-19 has affected it. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8331580 Keywords: COVID-19,, The Emerging Asian Nations, FinancialIntegration, Stock Markets Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 126-132 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/456/365 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/456 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:126-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUZAMMIL KHURSHID Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AZEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences. University of Central Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: NISAR AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: VOLATILITY SPILLOVERS FROM THE JAPANESE STOCK MARKET TO EMERGING STOCK MARKETS Abstract: The primary aim of this research is to investigate the transmission of volatility from the Japanese Stock Market to the Emerging Seven(E7) Stock Markets. In this study, the VAR-GARCH model has been utilized after collecting daily data from September 1, 2010, to March 15, 2021. The results indicate a substantial presence of volatility transmission from the Japanese stock market to the E7 markets. It becomes evident that the constant conditional correlations indicate a significant level of correlation between the stock markets of the majority of E7 countries and Japan. This finding implies that while analyzing the volatility between these markets the consideration of the geographical proximity between them is also vital. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8338657 Keywords: Volatility Spillover, E7 Stock Markets, JapanStock Market, VAR-GARCH Model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 118-125 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/455/364 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/455 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:118-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AQSAN FAROOQ NIZAMI Author-Workplace-Name: BS Sociology Research Scholar, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Research Scholar University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. ARFAN LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Sociology University of Okara, Pakistan Title: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TRANSITION: ASSESSING ACCESS TO CLEAN FUELS AND COOKING TECHNOLOGIES Abstract: The global transition to sustainable energy sources is a critical endeavor to combat climate change and ensure long-term environmental sustainability. This study employs a quantitative approach to investigate the factors contributing to "efforts to sustainable energy transition" using secondary data. Specifically, we focus on the impact of "clean fuels" and "cooking technologies" as potential drivers of sustainable energy practices. This study relies on secondary data obtained from reputable sources such as governmental reports international organizations, and academic databases. The dataset includes information on "efforts to sustainable energy transition," "clean fuels," and "cooking technologies" across various regions and countries. A multiple linear regression analysis is conducted to explore the relationship between the predictors ("clean fuels" and "cooking technologies") and the dependent variable ("efforts to sustainable energy transition"). The model is built to assess the extent to which these predictors explain the variance in the dependent variable. The results of the quantitative analysis reveal a highly significant and positive association between "cooking technologies" and "efforts to sustainable energy transition." An increase in the utilization of advanced cooking technologies is associated with higher levels of effort toward sustainable energy practices. This study based on quantitative analysis and secondary data, underscores the importance of advanced cooking technologies in driving efforts toward sustainable energy transition. Policymakers and stakeholders should consider prioritizing the adoption of modern cooking technologies to enhance sustainable energy practices. Further research may be needed to explore additional factors influencing sustainable energy transition and to tailor interventions to specific regional contexts. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8329659 Keywords: cooking technologies, environmental, socio-economic, percentage, opportunities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 112-117 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/454/363 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/454 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:112-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KHUSHBAKHAT UMER Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan Author-Name: MAHNOOR FAROOQ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration, Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan Author-Name: RAHATULAAIN AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration, Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan Title: EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL NARCISSISM ON EMPLOYEE’S JOB SATISFACTION: MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR Abstract: This study investigates the relationship of Organizational Narcissism with job satisfaction of employees by keeping the Organizational Citizenship Behavior as a mediating variable. Data was collected through standardized questionnaires from employees of FMCG companies in Lahore. Results depict that Organizational Narcissism is significantly positively related with job satisfaction of employees in the presence of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and is beneficial for organization to get positive outcomes. Literature shows that Organizational Narcissism is a prime catalyst for organizational failure however this study, conversely, indicates that narcissism leads to citizenship behavior of employees who are more satisfied with job. Thus, this research has greatly contributed in Organizational Narcissism literature in the context of Pakistan and is also helpful for decision makers concerning future policy making. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8323232 Keywords: Organizational Narcissism, Organizational citizenship Behavior,, Job satisfaction, FMCG Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 104-111 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/453/362 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/453 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:104-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SUBHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Management Sciences, Islamia College University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD TAYYAB Author-Workplace-Name: Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: FAROOQ ALI Author-Workplace-Name: University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: ATTA UR RAHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: ASIA AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: TOFAIL AHMED Author-Workplace-Name: Management Science, Islamia College University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NAVEED JAMIL Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, KFUEIT, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE, OIL PRICES, AND STOCK MARKET: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN STOCK EXCHANGE (TIME SERIES DATA ANALYSIS) Abstract: This article analyzes the correlation between oil prices, the exchange rate, and returns on the KSE 100 index over a short period. This article takes a time series approach, looking at the exchange rate, oil prices, and KSE 100 index of the Pakistan stock market daily from the first month of 2010 through the last month of 2018. This study performed a statistical analysis by using a VAR model, a cointegration test, and the ADF test. The exchange rate of the rupee to the dollar has a negligible correlation with the KSE 100 index. In contrast, oil prices correlate highly with stock market returns and have a short-term positive influence on the index. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8323228 Keywords: Cointegration test, VAR model, Oil Price,, US Exchange Rate, KSE 100 index Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 93-103 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/452/361 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/452 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:93-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD IMRAN KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Government Graduate College, Kot Adu, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD GHOUS Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Government Graduate College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD JABBAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Government Associate College for Boys, Shalimar Town, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: A. HANIF Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: N. RAMZAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Government Ayesha Associate college (W) Timber Market, Ravi Road Lahore, Pakistan Title: RISK AND EXECUTIVES COMPENSATION: AN INDUSTRY-WISE ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN NON-FINANCIAL SECTORS Abstract: Large compensation packages, according to critics, pushed managers to take unwarranted risks, which ultimately contributed to the financial crisis. This study explores the relationship between systematic risk and executive remuneration. For investigation, this study uses the data of 170 non-financial listed firms of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Further, this study divides the data into the 5 majors listed sectors and explores the relationship between investigated variables. The estimation method used in this study is OLS. Results suggest that executive remuneration effect differently on systematic risk in different sectors of Pakistan. Important determinants for systematic risk return on assets, firm size, firm age, and TbinQ. In the context of Pakistan, this study contributes to the literature. Policymakers can use this study's findings for decisions making. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8323226 Keywords: Risk, executives Compensations, OLS, Non-Financial industries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 87-92 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/451/360 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/451 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:87-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD NADIM Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of the Punjab, Jhelum Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: QALB E ABBAS Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of the Punjab, Jhelum Campus, Pakistan Title: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF WORK-LIFE BALANCE, STRESS AND JOB ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM BANKING SECTOR OF PAKISTAN Abstract: This study investigated the influence of work-life balance on employees’ job engagement in banking sector of Pakistan. Specifically, we investigated the mediating role of job stress in the relation between work-life balance and employees’ job engagement. The current study used a sample of 179 respondents from major commercial banks offering services in Punjab, Pakistan. The results revealed that work-life balance has a significant positive effect on employees’ job engagement and job stress partially mediated this relationship. The study has important implications for banking sector of Pakistan about how job engagement of employees can be increased through introducing interventions that increase work-life balance. DOI: Keywords: Work-life balance,, Job Stress, Job Engagement, Pakistan, Banking sector Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 74-79 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/447 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:74-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HINA SHAHZADI Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Govt. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Associate College, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NADIM Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of the Punjab, Jhelum Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: ZAIN UL ABIDIN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faisalabad Business School, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN EMERGING ECONOMIES Abstract: This study investigates the complex interplay between globalization and income disparities in developing nations. This research reveals complex dynamics by investigating the effects of trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and technological connectivity on measures of income inequality, as well as the mediating function of economic growth and the moderating effects of institutional quality and labor market policies. Results show a strong impact of technological connection on income inequalities, ambiguous effects of FDI inflows, and a positive association between trade openness and disparity of income. The relationship between income inequality and globalization indices is partially mediated by economic growth. Additionally, the moderators institutional quality and labor market policies are revealed. In light of changing globalization, these observations have important policy ramifications for attaining more inclusive and equitable development routes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: globalization, income inequality,, foreign direct investment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 67-73 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/446/357 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/446 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:67-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MARIA SAFDAR Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AYYOUB Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan Title: EXPLORING COINTEGRATION BETWEEN GOLD PRICES AND INFLATION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF G-8 ECONOMIES Abstract: The primary objective of this research is to explore whether there exists any meaningful relationship between domestic gold prices and expected rates of inflation with a particular focus on the potential predictive capability of gold prices for such inflationary trends. The intricate relationship between gold prices and expected inflation is empirically investigated by considering the time-series data from Canada France Germany Japan Italy Russia the UK and the US for the period 1990-2022. The primary data diagnostic tests revealed that the considered variables are non-stationary at the same level prompting the application of an autoregressive distributed lag model which identified a compelling and statistically significant linkage between domestic gold prices and anticipated inflation rates. The findings of the study can be attributed to the distinct ways in which inflation expectations materialize within these economies potentially leading to a quicker convergence of mean-reverting inflation rates. The study concludes that gold prices can explain the anticipated inflation trends thereby enhancing our understanding of the intricate interplay between these economic variables DOI: Keywords: ARDL, Cointegration, Gold, Inflation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 56-65 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/445 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:56-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. AHTASHAM JAN BUTT Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Higher Education Department, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. ARFAN LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Sociology University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: SAJJAD HAIDER Author-Workplace-Name: Program specialist policy and research JICA, Pakistan Title: UNITED STATES’ CONTAINMENT POLICY: A STRATEGIC COMPETITION BETWEEN US AND CHINA IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF BRI VS B3W Abstract: This study examines the historical and contemporary strategies of the United States and China in their pursuit of global influence. It highlights the US's post-World War II offensive policy focusing on political economic and military alliances to counter communism during the Cold War. The US established key alliances like NATO the Marshall Plan SEATO and CENTO effectively containing the Soviet Union. In contrast, the contemporary era witnesses China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aimed at connecting numerous countries through infrastructure and trade. China claims it seeks to promote economic development and people-to-people ties. However concerns arise regarding BRI's loans interest rates and potential control of infrastructure in the event of defaults. The United States and its allies view BRI with suspicion, suggesting it serves China's geopolitical ambitions and may lead to economic domination. They respond by forming alliances such as QUAD, Three Seas Initiative, Build Back Better World (B3W) Blue Dot Network and AUKUS to counter China's expansionism much like their efforts during the Cold War. B3W supported by G-7 countries is the principal initiative aimed at countering BRI. China's commitment to invest nearly US$1 trillion in BRI by 2050 primarily in underdeveloped nations contrasts with B3W's reliance on G-7 countries and private sector investments. This discrepancy suggests that China may be more successful in pursuing its goals through BRI. The competition between the US and China intensifies with the former taking an offensive stance while the latter adopts a more defensive posture. Both countries claim to work for the betterment of developing nations particularly in the Eurasian region. The text concludes by emphasizing the potential benefits of mutual cooperation between the US and China to address the infrastructure and fiscal challenges facing developing nations. Overall, this discussion sheds light on the contrasting approaches of the US and China in their pursuit of global influence and their implications for the developing world. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8310129 Keywords: Belt and Road Initiative strategic competition, strategic competition, BRI vs B3W Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 46-55 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/444/355 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/444 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:46-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MOHSIN ASAD GILL Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, School of Business, Southern Queensland University, Australia Author-Name: NAVEED AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MADIHA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: MBA, NUST Business School, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: FAHAD ASGHAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Thal University Bhakkar, Pakistan Author-Name: AWAIS RASOOL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of computer science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: CYBER ATTACKS DETECTION THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING IN BANKING Abstract: Cyberattacks may cause a wide range of problems from power outages to broken military equipment to the loss of vital information like patient medical records. Due to the huge monetary worth of the information banks keep they are a prime target for cybercriminals. The larger the digital footprints of banks the easier it is for hackers to target them. This study examines the Banking Dataset for indicators of cyber attacks on financial institutions. In this research CYBER attacks have been predicted using a combination of classification techniques. We have increased the complexity of generic model architecture in an effort to boost their performance. The support vector machine (SVM) was not the only technique we utilized; the k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and random forest (RF) methods were also used. When compared to the KNN and RF, the SVM's detection accuracy of 99.5% was much superior. When compared to KNN, RF, and other established ML/DL techniques, the SVM has been determined to be the most reliable. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8310116 Keywords: cyberattacks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 34-45 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/443/354 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/443 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:34-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: YAFIAH Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ATIF KHAN JADOON Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Prof, School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Title: MAJOR MACROECONOMIC ISSUES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF PAKISTAN Abstract: In this research we have found out the impact of fiscal deficit, trade volume, unemployment rate and exchange rate on the GDP of Pakistan. The data was collected from 1981- 2020. We have used Unit root test for checking the stationarity of the variables. Some of the variables were stationary at level and some of them were stationary first difference. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was used for the purpose of checking long term and short-term relation between the variables. None of the variables was stationary at second difference fulfilling the assumption of ARDL. The long run results showed that trade volume and exchange rate have positive impact on the GDP growth of Pakistan but as the unemployment decreases GDP grows so it has an inverse relation with the GDP. Fiscal deficit has negative and significant relation with the GDP. By applying the diagnostic tests, we found that all the selected variables were fit for use in the research. DOI: Keywords: Economic growth,, Fiscal deficit,, Trade volume,, Exchange rate, Unemployment rate, , ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 80-86 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/439 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:80-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MIKAIL FAISAL EJAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Aitchison College Lahore, Pakista Author-Name: CHAUDHRY IBRAHIM TAHIR FAROOQ Author-Workplace-Name: Aitchison College Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE ROLE OF ONLINE SUPPORT GROUPS IN ENHANCING THE WELL BEING AND SUCCESS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS Abstract: The study examines how online support groups impact transgender entrepreneurs' success and their well-being. It addresses demographically heightened difficulties due to institutionalized discrimination and a lack of resources and empirical data, which is what this study aims to fill. Understanding the function of online networks is supported by the theoretical frameworks of the Social Support and Social Capital Theories. The study uses secondary data from online forums and academic surveys and adopts a quantitative methodology. Data analysis components include descriptive statistics, correlations, regression models and one-sample t-tests. Results show that social interactions, psychological well-being, and business success positively correlate with engagement. Regression analysis have highlighted the significance of engagement predictors. T-tests confirms participants' active participation and successful results. The study emphasizes the value of online support groups in fostering the success and well-being of transgender business owners. Cross-sectional data limitations and their effects on future research and policy are acknowledged. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8302338 Keywords: transgender entrepreneur, online support groups, well-being,, business success, social interactions Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-9 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/438/352 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/438 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUJEEB UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, Alfalah University, Jalalabad, Afghanistan Author-Name: AZIZ ULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtaba University Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: MUNEERA QURESH Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtaba University Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. NAVEED Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences Qurtaba University Peshawar, Pakistan Title: ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GREEN BANKING INITIATIVES IN PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GREEN BANKING PRACTICES IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Abstract: This research study aimed at assess the effectiveness of green banking initiatives in promoting sustainable development through a comparative analysis of green banking practices in developed and developing countries. Through a comparison of green banking practices in established and developing nations this research project seeks to determine how effective green banking programs are at fostering sustainable development. The significance of sustainable development has drawn considerable attention on a global scale, and the banking industry is essential in promoting sustainable practices through green banking programs. In order to assess and contrast the green banking practices of industrialized nations with their well-established frameworks and laws with those of developing nations where green banking initiatives are still in their infancy, the research completed use a comparative analysis technique. The study completed look at the main plans, laws, and methods that banks in both types of nations have used to encourage sustainable growth. A mixed-methods approach completed be used for the research integrating qualitative and quantitative techniques. Literature review for qualitative and surveys with bankers in the subject of green banking completed be used to gather quantitative data. The data was analyzed through comparative analysis and statistical measures of descriptive and correlation. The results show that green banking effect the sustainable development of nations. DOI: Keywords: Green Banking, Sustainable Development, Comparative Analysis, Developed Countries, Financial Incentives, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 10-17 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/437 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:10-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HAFIZ IHSAN UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: AYEZA ZUBAIR Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: MARYEM BIBI Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: SALEEM PARVAIZ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: HAFIZ MUHAMMAD IMRAN AKRAM Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Department of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF RELIGIOSITY AND SELF-CONGRUENCE ON IMPULSIVE AND OBSESSIVE BEHAVIOUR: A MEDIATION AND MODERATION PERSPECTIVE Abstract: This research aims to study the impact of religiosity self-congruence on impulsive and obsessive buying. Furthermore it assesses whether materialism mediates the relationship between religiosity self-congruence, and compulsive and impulsive buying. And credit cards moderate the relationship between religiosity, self-congruence, and compulsive and impulsive buying. Data were collected from young consumers via an online survey and with the help of a questionnaire. A two-step approach was used for model assessment. A measurement model was created, and structural equational modeling was used to test the hypothesis. Religious beliefs weaken materialistic values. Materialism has a strong influence on impulsive buying. Impulsive buying and self-congruence have a significant relationship with each other. Credit cards were moderators which impact religiosity, self-congruence, and sudden and obsessive buying. Future researchers will use variables like self-image and compulsive behavior. This study was done in the fashion industry of Pakistan, but in the future can be used across the country for analysis. The theoretical contribution of the study is that future researchers will know that credit card plays a vital role in enhancing consumers' impulsive purchase behavior. Researcher faced problems in data collection due to limited sample size and cross sectional technique. Marketers use different strategies to enhance impulsive buying behavior. Credit cards help consumers to purchase the product immediately. It will help make a social contribution to society by considering the awareness and knowledge of consumers about the things allowed by their religion Islam. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8310029 Keywords: eligiosity,, Self-congruence, impulsive behavior, obsessive behavior, Materialism, Credit card Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 18-33 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/436/350 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/436 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:18-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: LUBNA AHMED SOOMRO Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Department of Psychology University of Sindh, Jamshoro Author-Name: FARHAT JOKHIO Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Department of Psychology University of Sindh, Jamshoro Author-Name: S. M. FAIYAZ HOSSAIN RASHAD Author-Workplace-Name: Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management, University of Tasmania, Australian Maritime Colleg Author-Name: SADAF RIAZ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Psychology, University of Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: HASAN ZULFIQAR Author-Workplace-Name: University of Agriculture Faisalabad Author-Name: FAHAD ASGHAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Title: EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS INFLUENCE CONSUMER JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING Abstract: This study investigates how emotional and cognitive aspects interact when consumers make decisions. The desire for, and intention to buy, a product is greatly influenced by positive emotion. Desirability and purchasing intent are positively impacted by cognitive reflection. Furthermore, the positive affect-trustworthiness relationship is moderated by cognitive reflection. This information can be used by businesses to improve their marketing. Consumer preferences should be the subject of more study. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8342079 Keywords: emotional,, cognitive, decision making Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 149-156 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/461 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/461/310 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:149-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RABIA KISHWER Author-Workplace-Name: MS, Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad. Author-Name: DR. ZARINA AKHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, International Islamic University, Islamabad Author-Name: DR. MAHNOOR FAROOQ Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Public Administration, Lahore College for Women University Author-Name: MEHREEN FAIZA Author-Workplace-Name: Mehreen Faiza PhD Scholar, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Author-Name: DR. M. SHEHARYAR KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Iqra University, Islamabad Campus Author-Name: RABIA NAIMAT Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF PART-TIME JOB ON STUDENTS' ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND SATISFACTION: A CASE OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM AT INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD Abstract: Students' academic achievement and their satisfaction related to their studies are influenced by part-time employment. The study's objectives were: (a) to examine the effects of part-time jobs on students' academic achievement and satisfaction at the university level. (b) to identify factors that influence students to seek part-time jobs. (c) to study the effects of the number of hours of part-time jobs on students' academic achievement and satisfaction. The design of the study was qualitative research. All those students who were engaged with part-time jobs and were enrolled in some degree program at International Islamic University were the population of the study. The sample of the study was comprised of 14 students of B. Ed. A purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents. A structured interview was designed to collect data. Qualitative thematic analysis was done to analyze data. Results of the study show that part-time job affects students positively and negatively. Based on study results it is recommended that teachers understand the engagement of working students so the stress of these students may be reduced to some extent. DOI: Keywords: Part-time job, academic achievement, Working students, basic needs, and financial responsibilities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 157-163 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/462 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:157-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABEERA HAIDER Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Political Science, Queen Mary College, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SAQIB KHAN WARRAICH Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of political science, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. ALISHBA MUKHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: Health Professions Education, Medical Officer, DHQ M.B.Din, Pakistan Title: USE OF FACEBOOK AND TWITTER BY TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS TO RADICALIZE THE YOUTH: A CASE STUDY OF TTP, BLA AND ISIS IN PAKISTAN Abstract: This study examines the use of social media platforms, specifically Facebook and Twitter, by terrorist organizations to target youth in Pakistan. Drawing on the social learning theory, this case study analyzes the ways in which terrorist organizations use social media to disseminate extremist propaganda, recruit new members, and plan attacks. The study finds that terrorist organizations in Pakistan use social media to exploit the vulnerability of youth, who are many users of these platforms, by creating fake profiles, sharing photos and videos of attacks, and using attractive women to lure young men into joining their groups. The study highlights the need for increased awareness and education among young people about the dangers of extremist propaganda and the role of social media in promoting it. It also underscores the importance of effective counter-narratives and interventions that can help to prevent the radicalization of youth and promote peaceful and tolerant values. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8348303 Keywords: facebook,, twitter, terrorist organizations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 171-177 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/465/307 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/465 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:171-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ALISHBA Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ABRAR Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: FAIQA KIRAN Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED SEVERITY AND ANTICIPATED REGRET IN PREDICTING PANIC BUYING BEHAVIOR Abstract: This study developed a structural model to explore the relationship among psychological factors such as perceived severity (Stimulus) and anticipated regret (Organism) to panic buying (response). To empirically test the proposed model, data was collected from 540 respondents from five cities in Pakistan. Structured equation modeling was employed to analyze the data through (PLS-SEM). This study finds that the perceived severity positively influences panic buying. Moreover, anticipated regret acts as a mediator between the perceived severity and the panic buying. The study follows a cross-sectional design. In future longitudinal design can help to gain more understanding of the panic buying of consumers. Further information and health belief factors can be examined in future studies. Cross-country and cultural perspectives can give more insights about consumption behavior. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8342116 Keywords: PerceivedSeverity, Anticipatedregret, grocerystoresandPanicbuying Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 164-170 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/464/306 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/464 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:164-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SIDRA TARIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN SHAUKAT Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ABDUL AZIZ KHAN NIAZI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, New Campus, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakista Author-Name: ABDUL BASIT Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: EVALUATING THE COUNTERPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS OF EMPLOYEES AT WORK PLACE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS Abstract: The aim of the study is to find the measures to reduce the counterproductive behavior of employees working in public sector organizations. It is an empirical study that evaluates the relationships among the employees' counterproductive behaviors. The study keeps qualitative research philosophy and the process of reasoning is the act of making generalized conclusions which have an inductive approach. The research methodology is based on primary data from panel of experts by using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) coupled with cross-impact Matrix Multiplications Applied to classifications (MICMAC). The research survey conducted from experts by presenting a matrix-type questionnaire appropriate for structural studies. Final data has been analyzed through ISM and MICMAC methods. Research of the literature review and data collection results in nineteen factors of counterproductive behavior of employees. ISM shows that work overload and ineffective communication are the most critical factors. MICMAC analysis reveals that there is no autonomous factors, one in dependent quadrant, two in independent quadrant and rests are in linkage quadrant. This research is conducted in a real life field based on original public sector organizations that provide real time practical solutions of the problem. This study added a sufficient contribution in the field of research for future research to address the counterproductive behavior. DOI: Keywords: Counterproductive behavior, employees, ISM, MICMAC,, public sector organizations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 178-187 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/466 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:178-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD JABBAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Government Associate College (B), Shalimar Town, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD GHOUS Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Government Graduate College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: AYSHA HANIF Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ZULFIQAR ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Government Islamia Graduate College, Railway Road, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ABDUL GHAFFAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Government MAO College, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SULMAN MUNIR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan Title: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON AIR POLLUTION REMOVAL CAPACITY: A THREE-DECADE ANALYSIS APPLYING THE I-TREE ECO MODEL Abstract: Urban vegetation is a greenery and plant found within urban areas. It encompasses a diverse range of flora including trees shrubs grasses flowers and other forms of vegetation that thrive amidst the concrete and infrastructure of urban environments. But urban growth continuously removes this and causes atmospheric pollution in third world countries like Pakistan. Therefore being the most rapidly growing city in Pakistan Lahore was selected as a study area to analyze the air pollution removal capacity from 1990 to 2020. For this Landsat images of 1990 2000 2010 and 2020 were used by applying the I-Tree Eco Model and found that the study area lost 2934.06 tons in pollutants removal capacity from 1990 to 2020 at 94.65 tons/year. Therefore it is suggested that urban vegetation should be preserved and maintained as a primary pillar of urban society. As cities continue to grow and urbanization intensifies, there is a time to understand the significance of urban vegetation becomes increasingly critical. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8364615 Keywords: Air Pollution, Land Use Changes, Pollutant Removal Capacity, Urban Vegetation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 188-194 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/473/44 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/473 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:188-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. NAJMA NAHEED Author-Workplace-Name: Principal Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development, Talagang, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. FAKHAR-UL-ZAMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Subject Specialist Arabic/Islamic Studies, Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: TAYYBA ZAHOOR Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: IMAM HATIP SCHOOLS AND THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN TURKEY: AN EXAMINATION OF THE AKP'S ROLE Abstract: This article delves into the intricate relationship between Imam Hatip Schools and the strategies employed by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) to promote religious education in Turkey. Imam Hatip schools hold a unique position in the contemporary Muslim world, marked by their historical evolution and distinctive characteristics. The AKP led by Erdogan came to power in 2002 vowing to foster a "Pious Generation" through these schools, which had deviated from the secular principles established by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in 1923. This article examines the multifaceted interplay of social, political, and educational developments that have shaped the current landscape of religious education in Turkey. Over the years, these religious vocational schools have undergone significant transformations, mirroring broader societal and political shifts in Turkey. By tracing the historical trajectory of Imam Hatip schools, analyzing their role within the Turkish education system, and exploring the AKP's strategies to enhance their influence, this article seeks to provide insights into the intricate dynamics at the confluence of religion and politics in contemporary Turkey. DOI: Keywords: Imam Hatip Schools, Evolution, Justice and Development Party (AKP), Religious Education in Turkey Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 195-200 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/474 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:195-200 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SYED ZAIN ABBASI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: ALIZA FALAK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: TARIQ AZIZ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics Shah Abdul Lateef University, Khair Pur, Pakistan Author-Name: MANSAB ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF RUSSIA'S WAR AGAINST UKRAINE ON OECDS Abstract: Russia's conflict in Ukraine has far-reaching consequences for the other 38 nations that make up the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, all of which are examined in detail in this research paper (OECD). Using a quantitative and qualitative methodology, the research concludes that the war has had far-reaching effects on OECD countries. Reductions in trade between Russia and main European OECD nations, reduced GDP growth projections, and disruptions in energy supply and pricing are some of the most prominent economic repercussions identified. These monetary repercussions of the war have been quantitatively linked using regression analysis. For instance, in the months after the invasion, commerce between Russia and Germany, Poland, Italy, and France fell by 12 percent to 22 percent. Estimates for GDP growth across key European countries fell by 0.5% to 1.1%. Natural gas imports to OECD Europe fell by an average of 60% due to sanctions on Russia, leading to a 70% increase in prices. Despite the fact that the conflict has had different effects on different economies, the data shows that it has had a negative effect on trade, GDP, inflation, and energy security in OECD countries. The findings highlight the intricate interconnection of contemporary economies and the disruption that geopolitical conflicts may wreak on a global scale. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8394144 Keywords: Ukraine, Russia, War, OECD Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 285-288 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/475/41 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/475 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:285-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SAMIA YASMEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. NEELAM EHSAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Clinical Psychology, Shifa Tameer e Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: AMNA HASSAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan Title: TRANSLATION, ADAPTATION, CROSS LANGUAGE VALIDATION AND PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF DRUG-RELATED LOCUS OF CONTROL SCALE (DRLOC) Abstract: Translation adaptation and cross language validation of English version of drug-related locus of control into native language was required to make the all professional work easy for the professionals dealing with the diverse substance user population of Pakistan who could not understand English language. Urdu version of DRLOC scale will make their valuable participation easy into the research and clinical activities related to their rehabilitation and recovery process.it easy. The study was consist of three parts, first part translation, adaptation and tryout of the translated scale, second step was Pilot Testing and Cross Language Validation of the scale and the third step was to determine the psychometric properties discriminant validity and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Urdu DRLOC scale. The sample was selected through convenient sampling method and divided into n= 20(for tryout), n=100(for cross language validation) and n=200(for CFA, Psychometric properties and discriminant validity) respectively. Participants were consist of substance users under rehabilitation process in different addiction treatment centers of Rawalpindi and Islamabad Pakistan with the age ranges from 18 to 55 years. The results indicate that the cross language validation of the DRLOC scale was highly significant (p<.01). The discriminant validity of the scale also indicates that the external locus of control is negatively correlated with depression which proves the discriminant validity of Urdu DRLOC scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis also indicated that models are reasonably fit. The Urdu translated version of DRLOC scale is valid and reliable assessment tool and conceptually equivalent to original DRLOC scale. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8371159 Keywords: Drug-related Locus of Control,, Substance use, Depression, Cross Language Validation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 212-219 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/476/39 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/476 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:212-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MARIA BATOOL Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: ZOHAIB ISLAM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD scholar, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of Business Studies, University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHAN ZEB KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: THE ROLE OF MICRO-CREDENTIALS IN PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SKILLS IN EMPLOYEES: A QUALITATIVE STUDY FROM AN EMERGING ECONOMY Abstract: Objective of the study is to investigate the role of micro-credentials in professional development of skills in employees working in academia and industry. In-depth qualitative interviews with teachers, instructors, directors, industrial experts and government representatives were taken from across the city. The authors conducted 12 interviews and it was found out that micro-credentials play a pivotal role in developing skillful workforce. Due to the changing trends in post-COVID world, learning skills and keeping up to-date with new technology has become very important. Higher education commission (HEC) of Pakistan has taken several initiatives, however still a lot of work has to be done to acknowledge and cope with the upcoming challenges. It is also observed that employers prefer practical skills over theoretical knowledge because they want employees to be prepared to take up the tasks and fulfill them in the most effective manner. The major point of discussion in this paper is that micro-credentials are needed to prepare skillful workforce in the emerging economy of a developing country. Instead of making fixes for conventional education, micro-credentials are providing basic skills by blurring the line in higher education between public and private sectors. Micro-credentials can contribute towards division and coherence of skills and knowledge required in industry. The broader spectrum sees an employ as not only a part of the organization, also a person who has stake in and who can contribute towards society. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8371167 Keywords: micro-credentials, professional development, emerging economy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 220-227 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/477/38 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/477 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:220-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HALEEMA ADNAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan Author-Name: SHANZA MEHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan Author-Name: MAHNOOR KHALID Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIRA BIBI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan Author-Name: AYESHA MUNIR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan Title: BEYOND THE WARD: SPOUSAL SUPPORT’S IMPACT ON NURSES PROFESSIONAL QUALITY OF LIFE AMID WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT Abstract: Sample of 300 married nurses from Wah cantt Attock Rawalpindi and Peshawar were the subjects of the current study which sought to investigate the associations between work-family conflict, spousal support, and professional quality of life. The study also investigates the moderating role of spousal support on the relationship between work family conflict and professional quality of life. Private and public hospitals were included in the data collection process to ensure participant diversity. The scales used in this investigation were the Work-Family-Conflict scale (Carlson et al., 2000) which has 18 item and Spousal Support scale (Janning, 2006) which has 12 items and Professional Quality of Life Scale (Stamm2010), a 30-item scale that assesses compassion fulfillment, Burnout and Secondary traumatic stress, was the third scale. Using SPSS version 23, a number of statistical techniques were used, including descriptive t-tests, correlation analyses, regression analyses, and moderation analyses. The study results revealed that Work-family conflict was shown to be favorably associated with secondary traumatic stress and burnout but negatively correlated with compassion satisfaction and spousal support (p<0.01). Spousal support and compassion satisfaction on the other hand were significantly negatively connected (p<0.01) but burnout and secondary traumatic stress were strongly inversely correlated. The results of the moderation analysis revealed that spousal support moderated the relationship between work family conflict and professional quality of life. The results of the t test analysis revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in the mean scores for work-family conflict spousal support compassion satisfaction burnout and typical traumatic stress for job working hours family structure(nuclear, joint) and job sector (private, public). The reliability was evaluated using alpha reliability coefficients. With values of 0.99 for work-family conflict, 0.98 for spousal support, 0.98 for professional quality of life 0.97 for burnout and 0.96 for the secondary traumatic stress subscales the derived coefficients were high. The high reliability coefficients obtained for the measurement scales enhance the validity of the findings indicating strong internal consistency. By understanding the role of spousal support can also help individuals proactively manage their work-life integration. Employees can utilize the findings to communicate their needs to their spouses and seek support when dealing with work-family conflicts. This can contribute to better personal and professional well-being. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8371177 Keywords: Work Family Conflict,, Spousal Support, Professional Quality of Life, Burnout, Compassion satisfaction, Secondary traumatic stress Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 228-242 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/478/37 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/478 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:228-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HUMERA OMER FAROOQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, College of Art & Design , University of the Punjab, PakistanAssistant Professor, College of Art & Design , University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. SAEED UR RAHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Basic Science and Islamiat, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: HAFSA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Finance, International Islamic University Islamabad Author-Name: IQRA AKRAM Author-Workplace-Name: Clinical Psychologist, Department of Psychiatry, Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal Author-Name: MUHAMMAD QADEER ASHRAF Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economic, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Author-Name: SHAHROZ RIASAT Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economic, University of agriculture Faisalabad Title: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL RELIGION AND ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT Abstract: This research investigates the intricate relationship between social religion and economic development across 50 diverse countries over a five-year period. Through comprehensive quantitative analysis we reveal significant correlations that shed light on the multifaceted dynamics at play. Notably we find a robust positive correlation between religious adherence and GDP per capita suggesting the potential economic benefits associated with religious participation. Additionally our study uncovers a moderate negative correlation between religious diversity and income inequality emphasizing the role of inclusivity and social cohesion in addressing economic disparities. Furthermore a positive correlation between religiosity and employment rates underscores the intriguing influence of religious values on labor market dynamics. Geographical and temporal analyses uncover regional variations and evolving correlations, underscoring the importance of contextual nuances. While our findings offer valuable insights it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of cross-sectional data and the need for further research to explore causal mechanisms. Overall this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between social religion and economic development providing a foundation for future investigations and policy considerations. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8375253 Keywords: social, eligion, economic development,, employment rate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 253-259 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/479/36 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/479 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:253-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DANIAL JAMIL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Sciencce & IT, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD TALHA TAHIR BAJWA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: TAHIR KHALIL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: HUMERA OMER FAROOQ Author-Workplace-Name: College of Art & Design, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: IRAM NAEEM Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. (ELM), Punjab School Education Department, Lahore Author-Name: KHADIJA SHAHZAD Author-Workplace-Name: MS Leadership & Management, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: SMART LIFE: A LIFESAVING WEARABLE SYSTEM FOR SENIOR CITIZEN Abstract: Deterioration in an aged person's mobility, self-determination, and quality of lifestyle. This paper proposes a special Internet of Things-based system for recognizing indoor falls among the elderly by combining lightweight devices mobile sensing connections, big data, cloud computing, and smart appliances. For this, we use a wrist-worn sixLowPAN device equipped with an accelerometer with three axes to monitor the exact location and motion of senior citizens in real-time. A powerful IoT network analyzes the sensor signals is applying machine learning algorithms, which helps resulting in resulting in improved recognition of falls outcomes. For systems, we employ an incremental model with a long-memory framework. for the classification of falls, and economical Portable detecting gadget from Apache Flink and MbientLab, with a free software encoder. Using the initial data set, that is freely accessible "MobiAct," we evaluate the most effective Nyquist rate, sensor location, and multi-transmitting data modification. Our system for edge computing uses analytics on information streams in real-time to identify falls with a 95.87% efficiency ratio. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8371177 Keywords: IOT, Sensor Networks, LSTM, Apache, Fall Detection, MobiAct Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 260-268 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/480/35 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/480 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:260-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WAQAS SHAIR Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD TAYYAB Author-Workplace-Name: HOD, School of Economics & Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SUMAIRA NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Pakistan Author-Name: KANZA AMJAD Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Pakistan Title: DIGITAL DIVIDE IN PAKISTAN: BARRIERS TO ICT ADOPTION Abstract: This study aims to analyse the impact of various socioeconomic, regional, and demographic factors on the digital divide in Pakistan. The digital divide refers to the disparity in individual’s access to mobile devices and internet-enabled mobile technology. The study uses the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) survey collected in 2019-20. The estimates of the Multinomial Logit model suggest that a lack of gender parity is a potential source of the digital divide. Higher education is associated with greater access to internet-enabled mobile devices. Moreover, being employed increases the likelihood of digital inclusion. It is worth noting that the urban-rural gap and provincial disparity also contribute to the digital divide. Higher household income and wages of individual is also increase the likelihood of digital inclusion. On the other hand, age plays a significant role in determining the digital divide among individuals. Younger individuals are more likely to be digitally included than older individuals, primarily due to differences in self-efficacy. The study also explores various employment statuses as potential contributors to the digital divide among individuals. The study identified marginalised users and proposed measures that need to be undertaken to digitally include these individuals. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8375238 Keywords: digital divide,, demographic factors,, regional,, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 243-252 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/481/34 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/481 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:243-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RABIYA MUKHTIYAR MUKHTIYAR Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ALI RAZA ELAHI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan Title: ARTISANAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR AND PERFORMANCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES Abstract: The study aims to examine the impact of artisanal women entrepreneur on the performance through mediating role of government support and entrepreneurial competencies. The research is of quantitative based, and data is collected using purposive sampling technique through Likert scale, closed ended questionnaires from sample of 402 artisanal women entrepreneurs of Pakistan. To analyze the relationship between variables, structural equation and bootstrap estimates are used on smart PLS. The empirical evidence shows that the artisanal women’s entrepreneurial competencies have positive impact on entrepreneurs’ performance but artisanal women who rely on government support don’t perform well. Firstly, country specific sample is used which limit the generalizability. Secondly, the busy schedule, literacy rate, cultural, religious, and privacy concern restrain women to disclose information. Thirdly, only two moderators are incorporated in the study. The novelty of this research resides in the evidence to support mediating role of entrepreneurial skills of women and performance in resource-scarce contexts. This study demonstrates that female entrepreneurs who uses their entrepreneurial skills, perform better than those who rely solely on government assistance. Policy makers will establish policies for artisanal women entrepreneurs to promote gender equality at the societal and organizational levels. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8397061 Keywords: Artisanal women entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial orientation, Entrepreneurial Competencies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 269-284 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/483/32 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/483 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:269-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. RANA MUHAMMAD SHAHID YAQUB Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: EHTISHAM Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Research Scholar, Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: FAWAD WASEEM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Research Scholar, Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD AQEEL Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Research Scholar, Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: NEXUS BETWEEN INSTAGRAM MARKETING, CONSUMER RESPONSE AND CUSTOMER BASED BRAND EQUITY: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE Abstract: Consumer response in the digital marketing era has become increasingly important. With the rise of social media and other digital platforms, consumers now have access to more information and options than ever before. Therefore, this study explores Relationship of Instagram Marketing Activities with Consumer Response by building Customer Based Brand Equity. After the measurement of relationship of Instagram marketing activities, CBBE as a mediator with these relationships was also measured. In order to comply with the research objectives, a quantitative research approach was used by using a close-ended questionnaire. The data was collected from 327 respondents by using purposive sampling technique. Furthermore, Data was analyzed by using Smart PLS-SEM Approach. The outcomes of the research revealed that consumer response can be changed by 66.3% by other variables. The results show that the Instagram Marketing revealed significant relationship with Consumer Response. Importantly, Customer Based Brand Equity successfully mediates relationship between Instagram marketing and Customer Response. The current study has proposed several practical implications in consumer behavior domains for the policy makers and Academicians. At the end, the current study has proposed several recommendations for the future research in digital marketing domain. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8371177 Keywords: Instagram Marketing Activities, , onsumer Response,, Customer Based Brandequity Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 289-301 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/484/409 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/484 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:289-301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SAIMA ASHIQ Author-Workplace-Name: Crop Reporting Service, Agriculture Department Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: AMJAD ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: HAFIZ MUHAMMAD ABUBAKAR SIDDIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, Gift University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: SUMAIRA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, Gift University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF INNOVATION ON CO2 EMISSIONS IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES Abstract: Across the globe, human lifestyles are accelerating carbon emissions, and this phenomenon is especially pronounced in developing nations. As the world grapples with the compelling imperative to address severe environmental challenges, technology has emerged as a steadfast ally. Over recent decades, the advancement of cutting-edge technology and the granting of patent rights have ignited a profound discourse on novel approaches to mitigating environmental threats. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investigating how innovations might assist in reducing carbon emissions. The current study looks at how innovation affects carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian nations. The goal of this study is to use panel OLS and fixed effects methodologies to examine the influence of innovation on CO2 emissions in five South Asian nations from 1980 to 2019. The study's findings show that carbon dioxide emissions are negatively impacting environmental quality, while technological developments help to lower these carbon emissions. The findings argue for the development of initiatives to foster and expand technical innovation, particularly in South Asian countries. This research underscores the imperative of harnessing innovation to confront the immediate environmental challenges that loom large in the twenty-first century, as we strive for a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/8397144 Keywords: Innovation, CO2emissions, environment, South Asia Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 201-211 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/485/30 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/485 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:201-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NAVEED JAMIL Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: HAFSA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Finance, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: ZUHAIB NISHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China Author-Name: DR. ABDUL RASHEED Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF STOCK EXCHANGES AND EXCHANGE RATES FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CROSS CULTURE STUDY OF EMERGING AND DEVELOPED MARKETS Abstract: The study seeks to analyze the developed and emerging countries forecasting the business market strategy of Stock Markets index and Exchange rate index and impact on the country's economy from 1991 to 2021. Annually date of nine developed and nine emerging countries has been considered as sample data for this study. Unit-root-test for stationary, Johansen’s Co-integration, VECM, Granger Causality, ARDL, GMM (panel data) applied to test the short run/long-run impact, association, and behavior of variables among the economic development, stock return and exchange rates. Result of stock returns and exchange rate indicates highly significant and asymmetrical relationships exist each other and with countries growth. Robustness test validates the finding of study. Recommendation and implication are cleared; investment efficiency, portfolio diversification and exchange management to make significant investment decision and predict market behavior, preventive actions for validate both markets. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00004 Keywords: Unit root test (ADF),, Johansen’s Co-integration, VECM, ARDL, GMM, Robustness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 308-319 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/493/25 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/493 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:308-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HAIDER NAFEES AHMED Author-Workplace-Name: Student at Kaizen High & Junior School, Lahore, Pakistan Title: HOW EFFECTIVE IS BOARD GAMIFICATION, USING NUDGING PRINCIPLES, IN PROMOTING FINANCIAL LITERACY AMONG CHILDREN? Abstract: This paper discusses the efficacy of a gamified approach to promoting financial literacy and sound financial decision-making in children between the ages of twelve and eighteen. The study employs a specifically designed board game targeted to a Pakistani audience focusing on key principles in investing, ownership, and financial resource allocation. Trial runs were organized at a local school in a community with relatively fair representation across economic strata, and the results obtained show a marked increase in financial intuition in children in higher age brackets, with uptake decreasing roughly proportional to a decrease in age. Considerations for the level of complexity and quantifiable analysis of the results obtained have been discussed below. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00003 Keywords: board gamification, nudging principles, financial literacy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 302-307 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/494/24 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/494 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:302-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ZEESHAN MUKHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. ABDUL RASHEED Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE’S IMPACT ON CORPORATE SOCIAL PERFORMANCE IN DISSIMILAR INDUSTRY GROUPS: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN Abstract: This paper investigates the mixed relations among ownership structure and corporate social responsibility in different non-financial industries across Pakistan. The OLS regression models are estimate using the data from 2011 to 2020 of Pakistani non-financial industries. Ownership structure including managerial ownership (MOWN) concentration ownership (COWN) and family ownership (FOWN) encourages corporate social responsibility (CSR) of organizations with social and environmental market capitalization risk coverage. Generally, the positive outcome of ownership structure is established in different non-financial industries at a combined level whereas investigates the firms with a whole market capitalization risk exposure. The detecting suggest that ownership structure can mitigate the market capitalization risk coverage non-financial industries in terms of relationship improving the CSR and the benefit can emerged with the addition of equal female director in family ownership firms (executive or independent) to the panel. This study also call attention to the ownership structure improves CSP in different non-financial industries with market capitalization risk coverage while performance so in industries with control risk coverage after accompaniment by independent director effects and critical mass effects. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00005 Keywords: Corporate social performance,, ownership structure, managerial ownership, agency theory, director independence Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 320-33 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/495/741 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/495 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:320-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NAVEED JAMIL Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. ABDUL RASHEED Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: ROLE OF EXTERNAL FINANCE AND INNOVATION IN ACHIEVING ECO-EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Abstract: Eco-efficiency is a biggest universal challenge and one-fourth CO₂ emission produce by World Transport sector. UN Sustainable development Goals Agenda-2030; Paris agreement of 2015 was most successful agreement between the advancing Global World to set a target, to meet Social-economic-environment success. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of External finance and Power Diversity on Eco-efficiency and sustainable Development Goals; to identify the best financial and transport eco-power source. This study used two ways of data analysis; first, past and future trend analysis, and second, Regression, GMM and Robust measurement; first, External finance Trend of four countries, Japan has least dependent country, china only face dependency in FDI, while Pakistan major dependency on Remittances and ODA-Foreign-Aid. Fuel Consumption Trend; Japan Eco-efficiency policy is better than other three countries, but still away from Paris Agreement-Target-2030. Second; Regression and GMM results indicates external finance i.e. FDI Remittances ODA and Transport Power Source i.e. Oil and Electric high significant impact on eco-efficiency and SDGs; GDP highly significant inverse, health negative and Per-Capita GDP, Government Consumption positive relationships exist with Eco-efficiency and SDGs. The robust result indicates of validity and the sustainability. Study implication and recommendation are cleared; external finance has a modern finance source for technology enhancement and economy. Transport Cargo system need to be design according eco-friendly, UN SDGs Agenda-2030. Government need to enacting policies to encourage foreigner to invest eco-friendly project like modern technology enhancement, people to move away from gasoline and diesel transportation until modern technology eco-efficien Electric power system is an alternative of fossil power generation toward CO₂ emission reduction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00007 Keywords: Financing Stability, Eco-efficiency,, Green Development, De-carbonization pathways, Central Asia Future Sustainability Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 339-355 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/497/748 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/497 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:339-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. GULBAHAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: SALIMA HAFEEZ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, IQRA University, Islamabad, & Lecturer, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. ZARA TAHIR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: INFLUENCE OF NARCISSISM ON COUNTERPRODUCTIVE WORK BEHAVIORS: A MODERATION OF ETHICAL CLIMATE Abstract: At workplace dealing with peoples who are positive by nature and shows humbleness is much easier than unconstructive, and narcissistic. This study investigated the impact of narcissism on the counterproductive work behaviors in the audit firms of Pakistan. The moderating role of the ethical climate has been analyzed in the relationship of narcissism and counterproductive work behaviors. PROCESS-macro was used to test the moderated effect of the ethical climate. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used to check the validity of the data. The finding of the study revealed that there is a positive relationship between narcissism and counterproductive work behaviors. Furthermore, the study demonstrated higher level of ethical climate reduces the effects of narcissism on counterproductive work behaviors. This study provides meaningful insights to the managerial practitioners on how they can decrease negative work behaviors of the employees by reducing narcissism. Furthermore, this study contributed to the ethical climate theory and suggested that ethical climate played significant role in weakening the effect of narcissism on employees’ counterproductive work behaviors. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00008 Keywords: Narcissism, Ethical climate, Counterproductive work behaviors Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 356-365 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/498/21 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/498 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:356-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD NABEEL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: AZIZ ULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Xian University of Architecture & Technology 13. Yanta Road, Zian Shaanxi, China 710055 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD WAQAS NAZIR Author-Workplace-Name: School of Management and Economics, Xidian University, China Author-Name: SHAHJEHAN ASAD KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Admin Officer, Department of Human Resource, Institute of Business and Health Management, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHAN ZEB KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF GREEN HRM PRACTICES ON GREEN VOLUNTEER BEHAVIOR: MEDIATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL OWNERSHIP Abstract: As the world embraces sustainability and environmental thinking organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of integrating green practices into their human resource management (HRM) processes. This study examines the complex dynamics between green HRM practices, green volunteer behavior (GVB) and the mediating role of intellectual ownership (PO) in the banking sector. The findings indicate that organizations in this category have adopted moderate levels of green HRM practices. Importantly research reveals that GHRM practices positively influence employee psychological ownership, which in turn encourages green volunteer practices. The mediation analysis shows the significant effect of psychological ownership on the relationship between Green HRM and volunteer green practices. This suggests that fostering a sense of intellectual ownership among employees is important for meaningful communication in sustainability initiatives. These results highlight the importance of implementing green HRM practices as well as enhancing employees’ psychological connections with these practices to enhance their engagement in sustainability initiatives in the 1990s. Organizations seeking to improve their sustainability efforts can leverage their employees’ commitment and passion for environmental goals through the intermediary role of mind ownership relies on considering human resources in green. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00009 Keywords: Green HRM Practices, Green Volunteer Behavior, Psychological Ownership Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 366-371 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/499/20 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/499 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:366-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABDUL RAHEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Disaster Management and Development Studies, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: ZAHRA KARIM SIKAPURIA Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Nursing Instructor, School of Nursing, SIMS-SIUT, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD WAQAS NAZIR Author-Workplace-Name: School of Management and Economics, Xidian University, China Author-Name: SHAHZADI HUMBHI Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: KASHIF LODHI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Bergamo via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo (BG), Italy Author-Name: ZUHAIB NISHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of electrical engineering and New energy, China Three Gorges University, China Title: THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE FINANCING DIVERSITY AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON SUSTAINABLE FIRM PERFORMANCE Abstract: This study delves into the intricate dynamics between Employee Financing Diversity (EFD), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Sustainable Firm Performance (SFR) within the contemporary corporate landscape. Employing a quantitative methodology involving a sample of 200 participants, this research uncovers pivotal insights into the reciprocal influence of these variables and their profound impact on organizational trajectories. The findings illuminate robust, positive associations between EFD and both CSR and SFR. EFD emerges as a driving force behind the augmentation of Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives, which, in turn, exert a potent influence on Sustainable Firm Performance. These outcomes underscore the imperative for organizations to not only concentrate on conventional diversity benchmarks but also to consider financial diversity when designing their workforce structures. Furthermore, the study underscores the paramount role of Corporate Social Responsibility in catalyzing advancements in Sustainable Firm Performance. It accentuates the significance of ethical business conduct, environmental stewardship, community engagement, and stakeholder accountability. Businesses that prioritize the synergistic cultivation of Employee Financing Diversity and CSR are strategically positioned to secure a competitive edge, attracting a diverse customer base, socially conscious investors, and a highly skilled workforce. The implications of this research extend to policymakers, highlighting the necessity of fostering responsible corporate behaviors and financial inclusivity. The study also beckons further investigation into the underlying mechanisms governing these intricate relationships. Acknowledging its limitations, this study encourages subsequent research endeavors to explore causal pathways and mediating factors. In conclusion, this study fortifies the proposition that socially responsible and diversified corporate practices are pivotal in shaping a more sustainable and equitable future for both businesses and society. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00010 Keywords: Employee Financing Diversity,, orporate Social Responsibility,, Sustainable Firm Performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 372-380 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/500/19 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/500 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:372-380 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SONIA ISMAT Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Institute of Management Sciences, MS (Management), Pakistan Author-Name: AZIZ ULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology 13. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 710055 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD WAQAR Author-Workplace-Name: MS Finance, Mohi-ud-din Islamic University Trarkhal Pallandri AJK, Pakistan Author-Name: MUNEERA QURESHI Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Qurtaba University Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: HASSAN NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, TD & Onsite Cloud Deployment specialist. Huawei technologies Author-Name: KASHIF LODHI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management,Economics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Bergamo via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo (BG), Italy Title: EFFECTS OF E-BANKING ON CONSUMER SATISFACTION AND ITS POTENTIAL CHALLENGES: A CASE OF PRIVATE BANKS IN PUNJAB Abstract: The adoption of E-banking by private banks in Punjab has seen momentous growth in modern era. This growth can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing penetration of smartphones, improved internet connectivity, and evolving consumer preferences. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate consumer satisfaction levels concerning E-banking initiation provided by exclusive banks in Punjab, Pakistan. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the key components that influence consumer satisfaction with E-banking in private banks in Punjab. These factors include service quality, security, user experience, and innovation. To conduct this study, a quantitative cross-sectional approach was employed, and the sample size consisted of 200 customers. The obtained reliability of the study fell within an acceptable range. The results of this research provide significant insights into the complex relationship between E-banking adoption, the various influencing factors, and overall customer satisfaction levels in private banks in Punjab. Unequal access to technology and digital literacy can limit the benefits of E-banking to certain segments of the population, potentially leading to dissatisfaction among excluded groups. Banks should work on bridging this divide to ensure broader customer satisfaction. Private banks in Punjab must continue to innovate and adapt to evolving customer expectations to maximize the benefits of E-banking and maintain high levels of consumer satisfaction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00014 Keywords: E-banking Adoption,, Consumer Satisfaction, Private Banks in Punjab Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 381-388 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/501/18 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/501 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:381-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD UMAR KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: SOMIA MEHAK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, NUML Multan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. WAJIHA YASIR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbott bad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAGUFTA ANWAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science and Technology, Lahore LEADs University Lahore, SSE CS GGHS BHILOMAHAR ,Daska ,Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD USMAN MAJEED Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: HAFIZ ARSLAN RAMZAN Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Computer and Software Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF DEEP REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IN GAMING, ROBOTICS AND REAL-WORLD CONTROL SYSTEMS Abstract: Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has emerged as a transformative paradigm with profound implications for gaming, robotics, real-world control systems, and beyond. This quantitative analysis delves into the applications of DRL across these domains, assessing its capabilities, challenges, and potential. In the gaming realm, we showcase DRL's prowess through significant score improvements in benchmark games, with DQN and PPO leading the way. A3C underscores its adaptability through strong generalization within the gaming domain. While specific robotics and real-world control results are not presented here, their promise in enhancing task completion and precision is evident. Sample efficiency and safety strategies address critical concerns, demonstrating DRL's capacity to optimize resource utilization and ensure robustness. Generalization and transfer learning underscore DRL's adaptability to new scenarios. While these findings are not empirical but illustrative, they emphasize DRL's versatility and highlight the need for continued research to unlock its full potential in addressing complex real-world challenges. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00019 Keywords: Deep Reinforcement Learning, Gaming Applications,, Robotics and Real-World Control Systems Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 389-395 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hafiz-Arslan-Ramzan/publication/374997991_Quantitative_Studies_of_Deep_Reinforcement_Learning_in_Gaming_Robotics_and_Real-World_Control_Systems/links/6553d4ad3fa26f66f400655e/Quantitative-Studies-of-Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-in-Gaming-Robotics-and-Real-World-Control-Systems.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/505 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:389-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SYED AFAF IRFAN Author-Workplace-Name: MS, International Business, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Auckland, New Zealand Author-Name: FARID ULLAH KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Endeavour Fellow, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia Author-Name: SALMAN ASGHAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor , Department of Product and Industrial Design University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ZUHAIB NISHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, China Three Gorges University Author-Name: KASHIF LODHI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Bergamo via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo (BG), Italy Author-Name: NAVEED AHMED Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting faculty at Shaikh Ayaz, Shikarpur in the Department of Computer Science, MS (CS) Master of Science Computer Science Title: TRANSCENDING BORDERS DIGITALLY: HOW REGIONAL POLICIES SUPPORTING SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MEDIATE EXPORT RESILIENCE? Abstract: This study investigates the complex relationship between digital transformation, regional policies, and export resilience, with a specific focus on how social entrepreneurship factors into this dynamic. The research aimed to determine how these elements collectively shape a region’s adaptability and competitiveness in the global export market. Key findings indicate that digital transformation significantly enhances export resilience as regions with advanced digital maturity exhibit greater agility and competitiveness during market disruptions. Moreover regional policies play a pivotal mediating role by creating an environment conducive for businesses to adopt digital technologies and promote collaboration and innovation. The study also revealed that social entrepreneurship represents a valuable means of improving export resilience through digital transformation as social enterprises can leverage technologies to expand opportunities while generating social impact. However realizing this potential requires regional policies aimed at supporting social entrepreneurs with resources for digital skills development and technology adoption. OverallM the research underscores the need for a comprehensive strategy integrating technology adoption supportive policies and promotion of social entrepreneurship to reinforce a region’s capability to successfully navigate market disruptions and achieve resilient sustainable export growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00020 Keywords: : Digital Transformation, Regional Policies, Export Resilience, Market DisruptionsTechnology Adoption, Economic Resilience, Public-Private Partnerships, Digital Strategies, Innovation, Export Diversification, Social Entrepreneurship Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 396-403 Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/506/12 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/506 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:2:p:396-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: GUL ZEB CHAUDHARY Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, Government of College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SOHAIL Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Accounting and Finanical Economics, Government of College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan Title: DETERMINANTS OF DIVIDEND POLICY: CASE OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR OF PAKISTAN Abstract: The dividend payout policy is one of the most debated topics within corporate finance. Many research studies have been undertaken to examine the impact of various variables on dividend policy. The objective of the study is to analyze the impact of firm-specific factors on dividend policy in the pharmaceutical sector of Pakistan for the period of 2009 to 2014. The dividend Payout Ratio is considered a dependent variable and the size of the firm, Sales Growth, Profitability, and Leverage are independent variables. The annual data for all the relevant variables are collected from the State Bank of Pakistan. The overall strength of the model is 45% and the model is the best fit at a 1% level of significance. The results of the study confirm that there is a significant positive impact of the size of the firm and sales growth on the decision of dividend payout of companies. Whereas ROA and leverage showed a negative impact on the Dividend payout ratio. DOI: Keywords: return on assets, firm size, leverage, sales growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 64-72 Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/426 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:1:p:64-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SANA SARWAR SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE ROLE OF CAPITAL MARKET GROWTH IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES GROWTH Abstract: This study has provided a detailed role of the capital market in the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. We go through several stages, such as first presenting a detailed introduction to the capital market and small and medium-sized enterprises, then presenting a literature review in which we look at previous research on this topic, then presenting a model and some variables that influence the growth of small and medium-sized industries, and finally presenting statistics. This study shows how important small and medium-sized industries are for the economy, and we can also say that without small and medium-sized enterprises, Pakistan's economy cannot be stable. On the other hand, capital markets play a significant role in the development of the economy, and we cannot run our country's capital market. Now, our theme was the function of the capital market in the growth of small and medium-sized firms. Because our topic was too broad, we couldn't limit our data, so we talked about the whole economy. Finally, we can give our suggestions and results relating to our topic because we can see that as our capital market gradually grows in terms of contribution to GDP, our small and medium-sized industries also grow in terms of exports, so we can easily conclude that the role of the capital market influences the growth of small and medium-sized industries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718733 Keywords: capital market, small and medium sized enterprises, GDP growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 56-63 Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/425/343 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/425 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:1:p:56-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MARIA SAFDAR Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Title: DETERMINANTS OF TAKAFUL BUSINESS IN PAKISTAN AND MALAYSIA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Abstract: A theoretical demand for Takaful business is observed in Malaysia and Pakistan as per the research of this study. This is evidence that the people of Malaysian and Pakistan have become financially more sophisticated and more determined to invest in a business that fulfills the requirement of Shariah laws. The ethical nature of the Islamic finance product Takaful is going to be more attractive to both Muslims and non-Muslims as well. It is prominent from this research that the potential demand for Takaful products is very good and the Takaful Industry is now becoming the rival competitor of conventional insurance. The Global Takaful business is smaller as compared to the conventional insurance business. Therefore the Islamic finance product Takaful needs to gain worldwide brand recognition and surpass the performance standard set by the conventional insurance business industry. It is nice to note that Takaful business operators are increasingly starting to realize that the ethical guidelines and transparency of their products underpin their offering appeal to potential individuals regardless the Muslim or non-Muslim discrimination. The Takaful business is becoming a fast-developing business and penetrating a stable development phase. In several Muslim countries, national regulators have enacted a Takaful framework for the Takaful insurance industry. Malaysia & Bahrain are leading examples among Muslim countries of having progressive Takaful regulation. In the last few years, Saudi Arabia & Pakistan have also established regulatory frameworks for Takaful business. It is very optimistic to note that the government of Bangladesh is actively considering enacting a separate Takaful Act also. This will certainly help to grow the emerging Takaful insurance industry round the globe. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718715 Keywords: takaful,, business, interest free, loan demand Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 36-55 Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/424/342 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/424 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:1:p:36-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD IMRAN Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore Pakistan Author-Name: FIAZ AHMAD SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF FINANCIAL RISK ON PROFITABILITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES SECTORS OF PAKISTAN Abstract: This study has examined the impact of financial risk on profitability in the manufacturing sector and services sector from 2010 to 2019. This study has used profitability as a dependent variable, the profitability of the manufacturing sector and services sector has been measured with the help of ROA and ROE. Whereas time interest earned, debt to equity ratio, liquidity, total assets, and age have been selected as independent variables. The results show that time interest earned has a positive and significant impact on the profitability of the manufacturing sector and services when profitability has been measured with the help of ROA. But time interest earned has an insignificant impact on the profitability of the manufacturing sector and services when profitability has been measured with ROE. The results show debt to the equity ratio has a positive and significant impact on the profitability (ROA and ROE) of the manufacturing sector. But the debt to equity ratio has a negative and significant impact on the profitability (ROA and ROE) of the services sector. The outcomes show that age has an insignificant impact on the profitability (ROA and ROE) of the manufacturing sector. The results show that age has an insignificant impact on the profitability of the services sector when profitability has been measured with ROA, but age has a positive and significant impact on the profitability of the services sector when profitability has been measured with the help of ROE. The results explain that liquidity has a positive and significant impact on profitability (ROA and ROE) of the manufacturing sector and services sector. The results show that total asset has an insignificant impact on the profitability of the manufacturing sector when profitability has been measured with the help of ROA. But total assets have a positive and significant impact on the profitability of the manufacturing sector when profitability has been measured with the help of ROE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718697 Keywords: return on asset, , return on equit, profitability, service sector, manufacturing sector Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 18-3 Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/423/341 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/423 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:1:p:18-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SABEEN SAIF Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Candidate, Department of Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: SOFIA ANWAR Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: PROVINCIAL DISPARITIES, TRENDS AND COEXISTING HEALTH INEQUALITIES AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Abstract: Women malnutrition has been identified as a serious issue in Pakistan yet national statistics mask important local differences in malnutrition levels and its determinants. The 2030 Agenda for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provided a roadmap to achieve and maintain health and nutrition targets. This study aimed to explore the existence of double burden of malnutrition among women in the context of achieving SDG 3, focusing on current research and previous evidence. Most of the prior studies conducted in Pakistan, explore the coexistence of double burden of malnutrition and their determinants among women of reproductive age at national level. This study intended to assess health inequalities and disparities with respect to coexisting forms of malnutrition amongst women of reproductive age and their associated factors at provincial level. The study used Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), 2018. Nutritional status of women has been evaluated on the basis of their body mass index. Trends in malnutrition among women aged 15–49 years were calculated independently for Pakistan’s four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, KPK, and Balochistan). Bivariate and multivariate analyses are conducted to identify factors associated with women’s malnutrition. There is some disparity with respect to health of different socioeconomic groups across provinces and absence of harmonisation with national policy development activities. Policy priorities and level of progress towards establishing and implementing multisector nutrition action strategies differ between provinces. Nutrition advocacy, community education, defining of cost effective interventions, technical capacity development at district levels and monitoring interim progress are main areas for investment in women’s health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718661 Keywords: Double burden of malnutrition,, BMI, , Socioeconomic determinants,, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-17 Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/413/333 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/413 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:1:p:1-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DR. ARFAN LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Sociology University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIRA ZAKA Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar at University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. SHOUKAT ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Parole officer, Home department Govt. of Punjab, Pakistan Title: RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND MINORITIES’ DISCRIMINATION: A CASE STUDY OF CHRISTIANS’ SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Religion is the personal matters of citizens. They can choose or quit any religion according to their desires. The local and international constitutional provisions preserve the religious rights of the citizens. But in the perspective of South Asia, the same is not being protected. The South Asian countries mainly Pakistan and India are not perceived the satisfactory states regarding the protection of minorities’ rights. The Christians are facing social, economic and political issues in Pakistan. the current study is intended to point the major problems the Christians are facing in the perspective of Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00012 Keywords: Religion,, minority discrimination,, Christianity,, islam,, pakistan, South Asia Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 73-80 Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/491/27 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/491 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:12:y:2023:i:1:p:73-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khurram Baig Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Raza Laghari Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of law, TIMES, Institute, Multan Pakistan Author-Name: Ansar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: LLM Scholar Hajevri Law College, TIMES, Institute Multan, Advocate High Court, Senior Partner of The Legal Solutions and Analysis (LSA), Law Firm, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: LLM Scholar, Advocate High Court, Managing Partner Goreja Law Associates, Pakistan Title: An Analysis of the Legal System: A comparative Study in the Context of Pakistan and the UK Abstract: This study examined Pakistan and the UK's legal systems, from their structure to where they get laws from, to how they make decisions and the wider effects this has on society. These countries have very different histories, cultures, and institutions, which gives a good opportunity to compare them both individually and relative to each other. The researchers did so by laying down case law, statutory law, and constitutional principles through doctrinal analysis. Pakistan’s blend of Islamic law and common law means it does well at preserving human rights, but it struggles with judiciary corruption and a backlog. On the other hand, in the UK’s use of common law, quick decisions are made, but under pressure from an increasing workload, access to justice is becoming difficult in general. In order to do so successfully, the researchers think it's important to first improve access to justice by reforming legal aid and infrastructure as well as fighting corruption within the profession itself. The next focus of the researchers should be on making things more efficient by using technology better and helping people understand how the system works through publicized reforms and initiatives. Lastly, this study will be useful for any future comparative research or cross-country cooperation looking into legal systems across countries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00217 Keywords: Legal Systems, Comparative Analysis, Pakistan, United Kingdom, Judicial Processes Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 378-384 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/713/646 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/713 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:378-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hina Altaf Author-Workplace-Name: Tsinghua University, Beijing Author-Name: Qurat Al Ain Shabir Author-Workplace-Name: Punjab University, Lahore Title: Critical Analysis of Revenue Generation of Azad Jammu and Kashmir: Challenges and Way Forward Abstract: This paper provides a critical assessment of AJK's revenue generation, identifies the obstacles, and offers a solution for future sustainable economic growth and development in Azad Kashmir. The study uses a mixed-method approach that includes case studies, interviews with key stakeholders, and a review of the literature. Two important sectors i.e., the Power development organization and the Inland Revenue Department with the potential to generate considerable amounts of revenue are acknowledged and evaluated as case studies by the critical examination of AJK's revenue generation. According to the conclusions of this investigation, AJK confronts difficulty in expanding its revenue sources outside conventional sectors such as agriculture and tourism. According to the analysis, AJK has a limited tax base and a poor tax-to-GDP ratio when compared to international standards. Infrastructural restrictions were also noted as a significant challenge to revenue generation in AJK. The region confronts constraints in utilizing its hydropower capacity, which can influence economic activity and revenue production possibilities. With its attractive landscapes, historical sites, and cultural legacy, AJK has tremendous tourism potential. However, due to limited infrastructure, a lack of promotion and marketing activities, and security concerns, the region faces obstacles in fully realizing this potential. The thesis makes many policy solutions to solve these issues, such as boosting access to finance, fostering public-private partnerships, and tackling instability due to the Kashmir Issue. To promote sustainability and equitable growth, the thesis also underlines the value of incorporating local people in the revenue creation process. Overall, this individual research paper will help understand the dynamics of revenue generation and can help Azad Kashmir formulate policies on taxation, investment, trade, and other economic activity. Policymakers can analyze the performance of existing policies, identify areas for improvement, and establish evidence-based policies to increase income creation in the region by analyzing revenue data. This can lead to improved policy results and more informed decision-making. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00369 Keywords: GDP, CPEC, Revenue Generation, Hydro Power Potential Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 920-929 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/487/968 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/487 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:920-929 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moniba Sana Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Um E Ammara Kousar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Aneela Akhtar Chattha Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Title: Globalization and Labor Market: A Systematic Review of the Literature Abstract: The current study set out to determine the themes from the relevant empirical literature. After a systematic examination of the literature, the current study discovered that globalization has changed employment and trade in the labor market, impacted the employment rate, and increased gender differences. The study also revealed that FDI has a number of important effects and ramifications for sectorial employment, employment productivity, private sector employment, and employment creation. The study also revealed that different economies experience distinct mix effects of remittances on labor and employment. Similarly, trade openness has been shown to be a conduit for changes in employment. The study also discovered that the gender gap has gotten wider as a result of globalization, which has led to the loss of jobs in industries that compete with imports. The findings also demonstrated an understanding of the complexity of globalization and employment, which must be taken into account for each unique situation. It is anticipated that this study will assist decision-makers in identifying strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of globalization. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00294 Keywords: Globalization, Labor Market, Employment Shifts, Systematic Literature Review Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 892-900 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/801/767 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/801 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:892-900 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Rauza Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sumbal Babar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shumaila Mazhar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan Title: Impact of Sustainable Fashion Apparel Attributes and Word of Mouth on Purchase Intention Abstract: This study aims to examine the antecedents of purchase intention. In doing so, this study aims to identify the relationship between sustainable fashion apparel attributes and purchase intention and in addition to it, it also measures the relationship between positive word of mouth and purchase intention. To gather the data, mall intercept method was used from Islamabad Pakistan. A sample size of 300 customers was used for the study. The results indicate a significant positive relationship between sustainable fashion apparel attributes and purchase intention. In addition to it, there lies a significant positive relationship between positive word of mouth and purchase intention. Marketing managers and practitioners can use this study in devising their strategies related to purchase intention. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00291 Keywords: Sustainable fashion apparel attributes, Positive word of mouth, purchase intention Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 915-919 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/795/761 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/795 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:915-919 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bandana Gurung Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan Province, China Author-Name: Hou Junjun Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan Province, China Author-Name: Raksha Gurung Shrestha Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan Province, China Author-Name: Wahib Ali Musleh Elayah Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan Province, China Title: Exploring the Impact of Foreign Loans, and Foreign Aid on Economic Performance: Evidence from Nepal Abstract: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of foreign loans, foreign aid, and globalization on economic performance in Nepal over the period from 1990 to 2022. Using the ARDL model and diagnostic tests, the study examines various aspects including the influence of foreign aid, foreign loans, economic globalization, social globalization, and political globalization on economic performance. The results reveal significant positive effects of foreign aid and foreign loans on economic performance, emphasizing the importance of effective resource utilization for investment and savings. Policy recommendations include optimizing aid allocation and responsible borrowing practices to maximize their contribution to economic growth. Furthermore, the study underscores the favorable effect of economic, political, and social globalization on economic performance, highlighting the need for policies fostering international trade, cooperation, and investment. Additionally, prioritizing investments in capital and labor, guided by evidence-based policies, is crucial for driving economic growth and productivity. Continuous monitoring and adjustment of economic policies are essential for maintaining long-term stability and sustaining economic progress. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00290 Keywords: Economic Performance, Foreign Loans, Foreign Aid, Globalization, ARDL Model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 907-914 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/794/760 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/794 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:907-914 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Merry Sardar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Munawar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mubbashar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahbaz Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, IBA Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalid Hamid Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, NCBA & E University, East Canal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Identification of the Requirement Change Management and Maturity Model in the Internet of Things (IoT) Abstract: In planning a new-fangled system of the Internet of Things (IoT) an organization needs to capture the requirements especially once it comes near collecting confidentiality and security requirements just before winning over the community. The study is focused on creating an identification of the need maturity model (IRMM). The suggested methodology would help software development companies enhance and change their requirement engineering procedures in relationships with IoT safekeeping and confidentiality. The IRMM model determination remains found in the IoT works that are now available on safekeeping and confidentiality, industrial experiential study, and comprehension of the difficulties that can adversely affect the putting into practice of safekeeping and confidentiality in IoT. We will take the ideas of other software engineering fields' existing maturity models into consideration IRMM levels. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00286 Keywords: Supplies analysis, Supplies engineering process controlling, ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207, ISO/IEC 21500 Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 885-891 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/759/752 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/759 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:885-891 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moniba Sana Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqar Muhammad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahid Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Lahore Campus, Pakistan Title: The Effect of Monetary Policy on Import, Export, and Foreign Direct Investment: An Empirical Investigation Abstract: This study investigated the effect of monetary policy determinants upon Pakistani export, import, and foreign direct investment using annual data for the period 1980 to 2021. The Bond cointegration tests showed the existence of a long-term relationship among imports and the other variables. Upon analyzing the import model, it was discovered that in the short term, variables such as the exchange rate and money supply exert a significant influence on imports. Conversely, over a prolonged period, the currency rate, inflation rate, and money supply all exert positive and statistically significant impacts on imports. In the export model, the previous values of export and money supply had a favorable impact, though it was not statistically noteworthy. Conversely, the discount rate and exchange rate showed a detrimental effect, but it was not statistically significant. The inflation rate exerted a substantial and favorable influence on exports. Overall, the study's findings deepen our understanding of the complexities of global commerce and provide important perspectives for both policymakers and practitioners in properly overseeing trade agreements. The findings demonstrate the presence of enduring relationships between the variables and offer helpful information regarding the immediate and long-term effects of different variables on imports and exports. These insights are particularly crucial for comprehending the intricacies of monetary policy and trade policy within the specific framework of Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00285 Keywords: Monterey Policy, Export, Import, FDI, Short-run, Long-run Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 874-884 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/791/751 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/791 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:874-884 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iftikhar Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab (Old Campus), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Arifa Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Finance, Greenwich University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ibrahim Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Clement Chiahemba Ajekwe Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Benue State University, Nigeria Title: Exports, FDI Inflows, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence from Singapore Abstract: The present study captures the impact of exports FDI inflows and renewable energy on economic growth of Singapore economy by covering time period 1989-2022 in the context of Cobb-Douglas production function. This study applies ARDL approach for obtaining empirical results. The estimated results will further be tested by taking most of the diagnostic tests to make check whether the results are robust or not. The findings of this study reveal that exports; FDI inflows and renewable energy have a positive and statistically significant impact on the economic growth. However short run impact of renewable energy is witnessed as insignificant while exports and FDI inflows contribute significantly in boosting economic growth. Moreover labor and capital also play a positive role in enhancing economic growth. Based on these findings this study suggests that exports FDI inflows and renewable energy may be given more importance by expanding their size if domestic production in Singapore is required to be increased. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00280 Keywords: Economic Growth, Exports, FDI Inflows, Renewable Energy, ARDL, Singapore Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 850-856 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/785/740 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/785 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:850-856 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Ausama Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Misbah Saghir Author-Workplace-Name: Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Tuba Mariam Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Coping Strategies in Types of Diabetes with Special Reference to Gender, Age and Education Abstract: The present study was designed to determine the coping strategies used by diabetics with special reference to age gender and education. The sample consisted of 100 (50 mal and 50 female) diabetics. Brief COPE scale was administered to know the coping strategies of diabetics. The results showed that (1) there was a significant gender difference in the coping strategies of diabetics (2) the problem focused coping strategies were more used by male diabetics than females (t = 4.90, df = 98, p< .001) (3) the emotion focused coping strategies were more used by females diabetics than males (t = -3.45, df = 98, P< .001) (4) there was non-significant relationship between age and coping strategies in diabetics (r=-.068, n=100, p>.001) (5) there was non-significant relationship between the education and coping strategies (r=.101, n=100, p>.001). The researchers concluded that the coping strategies of diabetics are affected by gender and are not affected by age and education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00279 Keywords: Coping Strategies, Diabetes Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 46-8498 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/784/739 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/784 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:846-849 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Quddous Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Law, Mir Chakar Khan Rind University Sibi, Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Aftab Anwar Shaikh Author-Workplace-Name: Advocate, High Court Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Liaqat Ali Abro Author-Workplace-Name: School of Law, University of Karachi, Pakistan Title: Dimension of the Corruption in Pakistan Abstract: Corruption is an abomination of society that exists in every system in the globe, including the governance systems. Pakistan, being a part of global society, is also affected by it. Our legal system has a colonial feel to it and is rooted in the United Kingdom era. The governments of several eras established commissions, issued laws to combat this social ill, and vigorously prosecuted them in order to give the populace of the nation access to free and open justice. The goal of the current study, "Dimensions of the Corruption in Pakistan," is to categorize the various ways that corruption has affected Pakistan's government structure. It was also discovered that efforts have been made by both the current and previous Pakistani administrations to lessen corruption by means of the country's legal system. In this context, the 2009 judicial policy has been particularly beneficial. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00278 Keywords: Corruption, Governance, Society, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 841-845 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/783/738 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/783 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:841-845 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amir Ikram Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farah Samreen Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farooq Rehan Author-Workplace-Name: Lyallpur Business School, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Nadir Ali Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Climate, Cynicism and Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Intervening Impact of Job Embeddedness Abstract: The standoff between management and the young doctor's organization (YDA) caused by periodic strikes has had major consequences for patients who do not receive medical attention when needed. This includes the stoppage of treatment in public hospital emergencies, which frequently results in patient deaths, reflecting a negative image of public hospitals. Analysis of the procedural imbalance and relationships between several organizational environment, culture, cynicism, citizenship behavior, and job embeddedness criteria in public-sector hospitals is the goal of this study. However, information gathered from the young doctors at Lahore's Public Sector Health Hospitals was necessary for this study to be successful. To compute the results, several statistical procedures were used, including factor analysis, regression, correlation, and reliability analysis. To examine the findings, information was gathered from 146 responders, who were young physicians. This study found that whereas JE mediates the association between organizational climate, cynicism, culture, and citizenship behavior among young doctors in Lahore's public sector hospitals, organizational climate has a considerable impact on OCB while organizational cynicism and culture have a small impact. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00277 Keywords: Climate, Cynicism, Culture, Organizational Citizenship Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 830-840 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/782/737 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/782 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:830-840 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aramish Altaf Alvi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abid Raza Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tariq Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Grand Asian University, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Can Piketty’s Interest Rate – Growth Rate Framework Explain Increasing Income Inequality in Pakistan? Abstract: Inequality in income distribution has important ramifications for economic growth, development, and social justice (see Atkinson (2000), Piketty (2013), Milanovic (2016), etc.). Piketty (2013) explains the phenomena of growing income inequality in high-income countries by comparing the interest rates (r) and growth rates (g) over time. The crux of the argument is that since the upper income groups generate a significantly greater proportion of their income from investments as compared to lower income groups (due to higher savings rate compared to lower income group), interest rates performing better than the national income growth rates in the high-income countries in the post-cold war era (r-g) explain growing income inequality in these countries. This paper examines the use of this methodology to explain income inequality in Pakistan. It compares the evolution of income of the top 20 percent of Pakistan’s population with the income of the bottom 20 percent, using Piketty’s lens of interest rate growth rate dynamics. Empirical results show that r-g methodology does not capture the income distribution dynamics of Pakistan. Upper income group appears to be negatively affected by increases in interest rates as compared to the lower income group. Prices, international trade, taxes, and financial development tend to be the leading reasons for reducing the impact of r and g framework to explain the income distribution. This paper makes novel contributions to the methodology and implications of Piketty’s framework for studying income inequality in small open less developed countries like Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00276 Keywords: interest rate, growth rate, top 20 percent income, bottom 20 percent income Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 821-829 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/781/736 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/781 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:821-829 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Burhan Gilani Author-Workplace-Name: The National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBAE), Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Sajjad Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Banking And Finance Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Noman Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Banking and Finance, BZU Multan-Pakistan Author-Name: Sobia Aqil Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Banking and Finance, BZU Multan-Pakistan Title: Problems in Ongoing Training to Employees in State Bank of Pakistan Abstract: Continuous training and development of employees are crucial for organizations to adapt to changing environments and enhance their competitiveness. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), as the central bank of the country, plays a pivotal role in regulating and overseeing the financial sector. However, SBP faces challenges in effectively implementing ongoing training programs for its employees, which can impact employee performance and organizational effectiveness. This research paper aims to identify and analyze the problems in ongoing training of employees in SBP and propose recommendations for addressing these challenges. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00273 Keywords: Training & Development, performance, skill, working environment, Problems, ongoing training, employees, SBP, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 812-820 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/776/728 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/776 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:812-820 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayesha Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Tahir Saeed Jagirani Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Finance and Banking, University Utara Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia Author-Name: Mohammad Qamar Qureshi Author-Workplace-Name: Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom Author-Name: Aisha Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Title: The Causal Linkages between Market Power and Cost Efficiency: Testing Quiet Life Hypothesis for the Banking Industry Abstract: This study aims to test the quiet life hypothesis considering the impact of market power on cost efficiency in Pakistani banks where managers of the banking industry slacken their efforts to enjoy a ‘quiet life’ due to market power and are not focused on the cost efficiency of their banks. Thus, banks with high market power are relatively less focused on the efficient allocation of resources, resulting in a loss of consumer surplus and efficiency. We take panel data for a sample of 25 commercial banks throughout 2006-2019. Our findings suggest Uni-directional causality running from cost efficiency towards market power in the case of Pakistan. In addition, to control for endogeneity, we adopt a dynamic two-step system GMM approach to model the relationship between market power and cost efficiency. Our findings suggest significantly negative effects of cost efficiency over market power, disproving the presence of quiet life in the case of Pakistan. This study provides substantial theoretical contributions in the form of the Quiet life hypothesis and welfare performance of banks. However, to the best of our knowledge, the causal linkages and the effects of market power on cost efficiency or vice versa are not documented for the banking industry of Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00272 Keywords: Banking industry, Market power, Cost efficiency, Quiet Life hypothesis, GMM Model, Grange Causality Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 803-811 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/775/727 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/775 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:803-811 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sehrash Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Department of commerce, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Waseem Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: waseem.ahmed@cdu.edu.au Title: Enhancing the Theory of Planned Behavior with Perceived Consumer Effectiveness and Environmental Concern towards Pro-Environmental Purchase Intentions for Eco-Friendly Apparel: A Review Article Abstract: The textile sector has become a significant source of pollution due to increasing carbon emissions, heightened greenhouse gas emissions, and growing landfill contributions. In response, the industry is turning towards sustainable fashion, which is gaining popularity as an eco-friendly practice. This study utilized the theory of planned behavior (TPB) alongside variables such as environmental concern, personal moral norms, and perceived consumer effectiveness to predict eco-friendly apparel purchasing intentions among educated Indian youth. The research applied variance-based partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess the proposed model. Results revealed that perceived behavioral control significantly and positively impacts purchasing intentions, followed by personal moral norms, general attitude, and perceived consumer effectiveness. Environmental concern was shown to indirectly influence purchasing intentions via the primary TPB variables and personal moral norms. Additionally, multi-group analysis (MGA) was used to investigate the moderating effects of perceived consumer effectiveness on the attitude-intention relationship, finding that individuals with higher perceived effectiveness displayed a more consistent attitude-intention correlation compared to those with lower perceived effectiveness. This study offers valuable insights for professionals and policymakers, suggesting the development of tailored sustainable marketing strategies and policies to address local market conditions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00270 Keywords: Pro-environmental purchase, local market conditions, environmental concern, environmental concern, personal moral norms Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 784-791 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/773/725 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/773 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:784-791 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nafeesa Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Javaid Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Intelligent Data Visual Computing Research (IDVCR), Lahore 55150, Pakistan Author-Name: Sohail Masood Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Intelligent Data Visual Computing Research (IDVCR), Lahore 55150, Pakistan Author-Name: Laiba Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Saba Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan Title: The Effect of Climate Change on Energy Consumption Using Smart Meter Dataset Abstract: Electricity use in the urban areas is more than in the rural areas because the ratio of the population is higher in the urban areas as compared to rural areas. Energy consumption increasing day by day worldwide, so there is a need to give the best plan for the best energy resource consumption to the producers. On the other side, various other energy types are also becoming most useable in the world due to many factors like an increase in usage due to population, line losses, loss of energy due to low-quality material, and especially usage ratio increases as compared to the production of energy. This helps to save energy from misuse and to utilize the energy properly. There are various approaches applied to forecast energy consumption but, in this study, we proposed the system using LSTM, ARIMA, and Prophet model to give the solution for smart meter dataset energy consumption forecasting in a good way. After applying this approach, we conclude that the weather variables are the major factors in energy consumption such that the temperature effect is larger than other variables. The proposed system proves its performance by forecasting the dataset using these algorithms and calculate the high-grade visual graphs. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00269 Keywords: Energy Consumption, Smart Meter, Optimization, Machine Learning Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 777-783 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/758/723 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/758 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:777-783 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allah Rakha Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sohail Masood Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Arslan Akram Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan, MLC Lab, Okara, 56310, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Faseeh Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: Glaucoma Disease Classification by using Fundus images Abstract: Optic Disc (OD) and Optic Cup (OC) damage is caused by the eye condition glaucoma. OD is the morphological structure that is apparent in the cross-sectional view of the optic nerve connecting to the retina, while OC is the core region of OD. The morphological changes in the optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC) often happen before visual field issues when glaucoma begins. Optic nerve head damage caused by glaucoma is permanent. Glaucoma is the greatest global cause of irreversible blindness, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO). Only 10 to 50 percent of glaucoma patients, according to population-level surveys, are aware that they have the condition. As a result, glaucoma early identification is crucial for preventing irreversible eye damage. Glaucoma is a vision disorder that frequently affects older people and renders them permanently blind. Glaucoma affects 2.5% of people of all ages and 4.8% of people over the age of 75. Using MobileNetV2, this study suggests a unique deep transfer learning model for categorizing glaucoma. With regard to the error, with the least amount of expense, MobileNetV2 is a framework that optimizes memory consumption and execution speed. To increase the dataset and MobileNetV2's precision, data augmentation techniques were used. Using the HRF dataset, the suggested deep learning model's effectiveness is assessed. Results from the suggested procedure are accurate to 98%. Medical professionals can find the optimum course of treatment for their patients with the help of automated glaucoma classification. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00263 Keywords: Glacoma Disease Detection, Glaucoma disease classification, Glaucoma disease Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 736-748 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/739/715 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/739 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:736-748 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dur-e-Shahwar Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Fouzia Ashfaq Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Maliha Khan Author-Workplace-Name: University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Visual Packaging Design on Perceived Food Product Quality and Brand Preference with Moderating Effect of Gender Abstract: The purpose of the study is to explore the influence of visual packaging design on perceived food product quality and brand preference with moderating effect of gender. The study used the fast food industry for analysis and analyze how the packaging (colors, logos, graphics) of fast food products impact on consumer perception about the product. An adopted questionnaire used in the analysis. The study offers directions for understanding the effects of visual packaging on brand preference and perceived quality. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00260 Keywords: Fast food products, Visual product packaging design, Perceived quality, Brand preferences Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 714-719 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/767/729 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/767 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:714-719 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nourena Shahzadi Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hina Hafiz Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadia Idrees Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Masood Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Dean & Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Government Expenditures, Health, and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Overview for Sustainable Development Abstract: This research is conducted to investigate the effects of FDI Government Expenditures on Population health and economic growth in Pakistan. This study inspects and provides a summary of the theoretical and empirical research conducted on the topic. First it provides a thorough analysis of how government spending unemployment poverty and foreign direct investment (FDI) affect Pakistan population health and economic growth. Second it integrates theoretical and empirical findings from published sources to acknowledge the body of literature already in existence. Additionally this article also sheds light on the theoretical foundations that support the mechanics and justifications of various approaches. Thirdly this paper suggests directions for future study that might be productive. Through a critical study and synthesis of current theories and studies this paper advances our understanding of the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and government spending on population health and economic growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00259 Keywords: Economic Growth, Population health, FDI Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 709-713 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/765/710 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/765 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:709-713 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syeda Fatima Azeemi Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Fouzia Ashfaq Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khurram Shahnawaz Rana Author-Workplace-Name: CHRO, Netsol Technologies LTD, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Empathetic Influence: Charting a Course for Employee Well-being Through Leadership in the Service Sector Abstract: This study explores a crucial role of empathy in leadership style, focusing its impact on employee wellbeing. Through a comprehensive analysis it aims to inform leadership practices to develop a positive workforce environment, enhancing the overall organizational wellbeing. Empathetic leadership involves the understanding follower’s emotions and taking proactive caring actions, the leadership style works with the mediation of distributive justice that create a perception of fair and equal allocation of resources and rewards in organization. Such leadership style promotes positive relationships, enhanced teamwork and contribute in organizational productivity. Empathetic leaders possess skills that are crucial for adapting global trends and creating supporting work environment, particularly in adapting organizational change. Employee wellbeing is crucial for organizational success, which is significantly influenced by empathetic leadership with the perception of distributive justice, resulting in higher job satisfaction, organizational commitment and overall enhanced work environment. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00256 Keywords: Empathetic Leadership, Distributive Justice, Wellbeing, Mediation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 690-695 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/764/730 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/764 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:690-695 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ansa Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Javaid Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan & Intelligent Data Visual Computing Research (IDVCR), Lahore 55150, Pakistan Author-Name: Saba Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan & Intelligent Data Visual Computing Research (IDVCR), Lahore 55150, Pakistan Author-Name: Sobia Yaqoob Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamababd, Sahiwal Pakistan Author-Name: Inam Ul Haq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, University of Okara Pakistan Title: Fake News Prediction and Analysis in LIAR Dataset Using Advanced Machine Learning Techniques Abstract: Fake news detection and prediction is the crucial research issue in now a day because it is very difficult to know the news authenticity on social media. It has a devastating impact on societies and democratic institutions as online life in these days are one of the principal news hotspots for many individuals around the world because of their minimal effort, simple access, and quickly spread of the unauthorized news. However, measurable ways to deal with battling fake news have been drastically restricted by the absence of named benchmark datasets. Smart machine learning classifiers are used to solve the problem of fake news prediction and classification. The proposed research study works on the LIAR dataset, the open-source available dataset for fake news classification with 12.8K decade-long, hand-labelled short statements in various contexts. The proposed research study has used a novel approach to deal with the fake news prediction accurately and this approach outperforms in this scenario for the same dataset. Naïve Bayes classifier for classification is used to reduce the variance values in the dataset to get rid of the overfitting issue. This classifier shows more improved results than other prior classifiers and the accuracy value was 99%. The proposed research study performed experiments and evaluated through different evaluation measures, the results of accuracy for the Naïve Bayes are best as compared to Random Forest, Decision tree, and Neural Networks are computed for each algorithm. The proposed research study could be applied in real-time applications to deal the fake news prediction in social media and digital media platforms. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00255 Keywords: Fake News, Classification, Prediction, Supervised Learning, Machine Learning, Naive Bayes, Neural Networks, Social Media Fake News Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 683-689 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/748/706 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/748 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:683-689 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mahnoor Sardar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore 54770, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Majid Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore 54770, Pakistan Author-Name: Fawad Nasim Author-Workplace-Name: The Superior University Lahore Title: Ensemble Deep Learning Methods for Detecting Skin Cancer Abstract: Skin cancer is a common and possibly fatal condition. Effective treatment results are greatly influenced by early identification. Deep learning (DP) algorithms have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in skin cancer detection computer-aided diagnostic systems. This article investigates the many forms of skin cancer, such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and offers a system for detecting skin cancer utilizing convolutional neural network (CNN) approaches, particularly the multi-model ResNet (M-ResNet) architecture. We present a ResNet architecture that is capable of handling deep networks and has increased skin cancer detection performance. The proposed approach uses a thorough pipeline to find skin cancer. The dataset first goes through pre-processing (PP) procedures, such as picture resizing, normalization, and augmentation approaches, to improve the model's capacity for generalization. The multi-model assembles, leading to improved accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in skin cancer LEARNING Classification SYSTEM (SC-LCS) tasks. In this study FINAL highlights, the effectiveness of deep learning (DL)techniques, specifically the multi-model ResNet architecture, AND skin cancer LEARNING classification SYSTEM (SC-LCS) for skin cancer detection. The suggested framework seems to have promising results in accurately identifying different types of skin cancer, assisting in diagnosis and therapy at an early stage. Further research and development in this field can potentially contribute to improving healthcare systems and reducing the global burden of skin cancer-related EFFECTED and DEATH RATE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00254 Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Skin Cancer Detection, Deeplearning, Resnet Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 673-682 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/726/704 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/726 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:673-682 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Moeez Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hamza Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalid Hamid Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science, NCBA &E University East Canal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Umair Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science Alshifa Institute of Life Sciences Pakistan Author-Name: Nimra Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Title: Comprehensive Analysis of DevOps: Integration, Automation, Collaboration, and Continuous Delivery Abstract: This paper highlights the significance of DevOps in various contexts and explores the intricacies of DevOps practices, their utility, and strategies for their application within software organizations. Existing research on DevOps is scarce and often lacks rigor. DevOps fosters a culture centered on cooperation, automation, scalability, knowledge dissemination, and the utilization of web services. The advantages of DevOps extend to both information systems development and operational efficiency, with favorable outcomes for web service development and quality assurance performance. In conclusion, our survey underscores the need for further research to quantitatively assess these findings. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00253 Keywords: DevOps;, integration, automation, requirement analysis, continuous delivery Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 662-672 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/738/703 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/738 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:662-672 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Romaisa Sabir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hamza Ittifaq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mohsin Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science Alshifa Institute of Life Sciences Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmad Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Pehroze Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Title: Analyzing the Software Architecture of ML-based Covid-19 Detection System: Future Challenges and Opportunities Abstract: Two major study topics have emerged because of the challenges in software architecture and ML working together as modern software systems produce a vast amount of data that is supported particularly by machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI) to produce useful insights. Software architecture for machine learning systems that primarily concerned with creating architectural methods for creating ML systems more effectively; ii) ML for Software architectures is concerned with creating ML methods for better-developing software systems. This study focuses on the ML-based software systems' architecture to highlight the many architectural methods currently in use. To more clearly identify a set of acceptable standards for designing ML-based software systems we explore four crucial components of software architecture in this work that demand the focus of ML and software developers. These areas are based on an ML-based software system for addressing challenges in the COVID-19 detecting system. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00252 Keywords: Software architecture, COVID-19, Machine learning, Evaluation of Architecture Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 653-661 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/736/702 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/736 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:653-661 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shahzad Ashiq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdullah Bin Masood Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hunfia Fakhar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Zaeem Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Abdul Basit Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Shoaib Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Challenges and Barriers to Software Testing Abstract: Software development in a context where development locations are separated across geographical regions, either nearby or internationally, is quickly becoming a popular practice. This software development agreement is often mentioned as Global Software. "Global Software Development (GSD) is also known as Distributed Software Development (DSD) or Global Software Engineering (GSE)". Plans carried out by a scattered squad have been identified by way of a more dangerous and hard enterprise than projects carried out by teams working below a similar roof. As a result, considering the possible obstacles and appropriate mitigation techniques for GSD is critical for operating a successful project. Software development is divided into stages of requirements, analysis, designs, coding, and testing. The creation of software in globalized settings is frequent and significant in today's world of software development. This paper emphasizes the condition of software product transmission, which deals with software testing in an overseas site, as part of numerous globalized scenarios. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00248 Keywords: Global Software Development (GSD), Distributed Software Development, Outsourcing, Offshore, Onshore, Tests, Mitigations, Client, and Vendor. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 628-640 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/741/694 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/741 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:628-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junaid Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports, China University of Geosciences Beijing, 100083, China Author-Name: Nabila Sharif Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaf Manzoor Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Asim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Shakeel Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Kai Ma Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports, China University of Geosciences Beijing, 100083, China Title: Effect of Aerobic Strength Training on Physical Fitness and Weight Loss of Female University Students Abstract: There is still a growing global trend of physical inactivity despite several research showing the positive effects of exercise on health. Furthermore, the most effective weight-loss or weight-control approach is still up for debate. The literature has proven that suggested aerobic strength training (AST) enhances a variety of physical performance outcomes in sports, which helps to validate the effectiveness of AST on physical fitness and weight reduction. Even though AST is one of the most popular strength training techniques, more research is needed to fully understand how it affects female university students' ability to lose weight and perform physically. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of 8 weeks of aerobic strength exercises in female students for physical fitness and weight loss. The study sample comprised overall female students of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Baghdad-ul-jaded Campus). The participants of the study were (n = 30) females with ages between (M = 254.5; SD = 30.58 years) were divided into two groups: The experimental group (EG; n=15), and the control group (CG; n=15). Prior to and after the intervention, participants experienced physical and anthropometric measurements. Data were analyzed by applying descriptive, paired sample t-test, and independent t-test. Only a significant improvement for LHGS (p = 0.05), agility (p = 0.00), flexibility (p = 0.01), skipping (p = 0.01), 30-m SRT (p = 0.00) were found in all physical fitness parameters and participants significantly losing weight for the EG (p<0.05) as compared to the control group. The findings suggest that AST improves female students' physical fitness, and helps to reduce weight. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00245 Keywords: Aerobic strength training, physical fitness, aerobics, weight loss, anthropometry Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 603-608 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/755/691 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/755 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:603-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadia Bint Raza Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Masood Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Dean & Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tasaddaque Hussain Warriach Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Yasir Abbas Zaidi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: An Exploratory Study on Experiences of Work-Life Balance of Female Teacher in Private University Abstract: This basic aim of this study to explore the experiences on work life balance of female teachers who are currently serving at private university. The study used the convenience sampling techniques and semi structure interview conducted from 11 participants. For the analysis of interview data thematic analysis used for this study with the help of Nvivo 11 plus. Based on thematic analysis six themes emerged; Understanding of work life balance, Demands, Social support on WLB, Challenges of WLB, Consequences of WLB and Coping up Strategies and Techniques of WLB. The results indicates that female teacher has understanding of work life balance as division of time and resources among the home and work responsibilities. Working women plays multiple role as mothers and family roles therefore they face conflicts of roles. They face different challenges reported in this study include parenting, marital, emergencies and lack of family support. They discussed different coping up strategies in this study includes early planning, effective time management, hiring domestic helpers and giving up the personal life to attain WLB. The participant of the study also highlighted the consequences of WLB. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00242 Keywords: work-life balance, female teacher, private university Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 573-585 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/751/683 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/751 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:573-585 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bawer Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Sohail Masood Bhatti Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Arslan Akram Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection in Children Via Deep Learning Models Based on Facial Images Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated psychiatric disease that causes difficulty in communicating with others, and restricted behavior, speech, as well as nonverbal interaction. Children with autism have unique facial characteristics that distinguish them from ordinarily developing children. Therefore, there is a requirement for a precise and automated system capable of early detection of autism in children, yielding accurate results. The objective of this research is to assist both families and psychiatrists in diagnosing autism through a straightforward approach. Specifically, the study employs a deep learning method that utilizes experimentally validated facial features. The technique involves a convolutional neural network along with transfer learning for the detection of autism. MobileNetv2, Xception, ResNet-50, VGG16 and DenseNet-121 were the pretrained models used for detection of autism. The evaluation of these models utilized a dataset sourced from Kaggle, comprising 2,940 facial images. We evaluated the five deep learning models using standard measures like recall, precision, accuracy, F1 score, and ROC curve. The proposed DenseNet-121 model outperformed existing transfer learning models, with 96% accuracy rate. With respect to performance evaluation, the proposed method exhibited superiority over the most recent models. Our model possesses the capability to support healthcare professionals in validating the precision of their initial screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) in pediatric patients. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00241 Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, Facial features, Convolutional neural network, Transfer learning, DenseNet-121 Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 557-572 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/731/689 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/731 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:557-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rida Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: UE Business School, University of Education Lahore Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Shahid Tufail Author-Workplace-Name: UE Business School, University of Education Lahore Pakistan Title: Improving Service Recovery Performance through Readiness for Technology Adoption and Structural Empowerment: Evidence from Software Houses of Pakistan Abstract: In the rapidly evolving global and Pakistani IT sectors the challenge of integrating technology adoption with effective service recovery mechanisms has become increasingly prominent. This study addresses the gap in understanding how readiness for technology adoption (RTA), structural empowerment (SE), and top management commitment (TMC) collectively influence Service Recovery Performance (SRP) in Pakistani software houses. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the research quantitatively analyses the relationships between RTA, SE, SRP, and the moderating effect of TMC through a survey of employees within the sector. Findings reveal a positive relationship between RTA and SE, and between SE and SRP affirming the pivotal role of structural empowerment in mediating the impact of technology readiness on service recovery. Moreover, TMC was found to significantly moderate the SE-SRP relationship, enhancing the effectiveness of empowerment practices in service recovery contexts. These results underscore the importance of cohesive strategies that incorporate technology readiness employee empowerment and management support to enhance service recovery outcomes. The study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the interconnected roles of RTA, SE, and TMC in improving SRP, particularly within the context of emerging markets. For policymakers and business leaders, this research highlights the necessity of fostering an organizational culture that supports technological advancements, empowers employees, and is backed by committed leadership to navigate service recovery challenges effectively thereby sustaining customer satisfaction and competitive advantage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00240 Keywords: Service Recovery Performance, Readiness for Technology Adoption, Structural Empowerment, Top Management Commitment, Pakistani Software Houses, IT Sector, Emerging Markets Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 593-602 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/746/681 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/746 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:593-602 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iram Shahzadi Author-Workplace-Name: International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: National Professional Officer Health Department Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadia Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sociology, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Practice of Adaptive Teaching in Improving Students’ Learning: An Effective Approach Abstract: Adaptive teaching is considered fundamental to teaching quality and student learning. It describes teachers’ practices of adjusting their instruction to students’ diverse needs and levels of understanding. It is becoming increasingly clear that not all students require the same education, and the requirement of personalized education is increasingly in demand. This quantitative study was completed through quasi-experimental research design. Systematic sampling technique was used to select 32 students of first semester (male =16, female=16) as sample of the study from the department of Applied Psychology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Students’ academic performance was measured in the subject of Functional English. Experiential group was taught through adaptive approach of teaching and control group was taught through traditional approach. Pre-test and post-test were performed. Findings of the study reveal that there was significant mean score difference of academic performance among students of experiential group with respect to pre-test and post-test. Furthermore, there was also found a statistically significant mean score difference on academic performance between experimental group and control group. It is recommended that at university level adaptive of teaching of teaching should be practiced to improve students’ learning. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00239 Keywords: Adaptive teaching, students’ learning Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 552-556 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/745/678 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/745 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:552-556 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zeeshan Mukhtar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: Corporate Governance and Ownership Structure Effect on Corporate Social Performance: Evidence from Non-Financial Industries of Pakistan Abstract: This paper will examine the diversified associations between corporate governance and ownership structure impact on corporate social performance in dissimilar industries across Pakistan non-financial. The OLS models regression are estimation to using data from 2011 to 2020, that the non-financial industries of Pakistan. Corporate governance including board independence (BINDP), board size (BSIZE), and audit size and committee (A&COM), and structure ownership including, ownership managerial (MOWN), ownership family (FOWN), and ownership concentration (COWN), inspires of organizations corporate social performance with environmental and social risk market capitalization. Generally, the outcomes significant of ownership structure and corporate governance is recognized in industries of non-financial different at a joint level while examines the organizations with a risk whole risk market capitalization disclosure. That suggest to identifying the ownership structure and corporate governance can risk mitigate the market capitalization disclosure non-financial industries in term of correlation the corporate social performance improving and the developed the benefits with the calculation of identical female director in women on board and family ownership organizations (independent or executive) to the panel. This study also demand consideration to the corporate governance and improve structure ownership to enhance the corporate social responsibility in industries non-financial with market risk capitalization analysis, whereas risk control performance of industries analysis after complement by critical mass and independent directors properties. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00237 Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, Corporate governance, Structure ownership, Agency theory, Ownership managerial, and Independence board Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 527-541 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/743/716 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/743 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:527-541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zargham Ullah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakista Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakista Author-Name: Fatima Shaukat Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, UE Business School, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Munawar Kashif Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakista Title: Role of High-Performance Human Resource Practices and Employee Innovative Behavior in the Implementation of Digital Transformation: A Case of Pakistan’s IT Sector Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine how high-performance human resource initiatives and creative employee behavior affect the adoption of digital transformation. There hasn't been much study done on how to employ human resources in digital transformation. The primary goal of this study is to determine which high performance human resource practices have the greatest impact on employee innovation and how those practices affect both employee creativity and company digital transformation. The study's focus is first-hand information. In this examination, a quantitative research design is employed. All IT professionals working in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, make up the population used in this study. Data collection is done using a convenience sampling strategy. IT staff members were given a total of 350 questionnaires; 310 of them were returned, and 300 of them were chosen for analysis. The research might benefit from multilevel and longitudinal studies that incorporate companies from different industries. The current study found extensive training, selective staffing, and rewards are essential steps in the digital transformation process to encourage employee innovative behavior. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00236 Keywords: Extensive Training, Selective Staffing, Rewards, Employee Innovative Behavior, Digital Transformation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 521-526 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/742/698 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/742 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:521-526 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noman Arshid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Riasat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Shoaib Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadia Watara Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer & Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico Highlands University Las Vegas, USA Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaquat Ali Ruk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Shah Abdul Latif University, Ghotki Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Zulfiqar Ali Ayaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: An Innovative Framework for Automated Software Testing and Validation Abstract: The rising scale and the intricate nature of these systems make the verification & validation (V&V) of classifications that are automated more costly and to much time-taking. Furthermore, the V and V of the following systems might be hampered if the techniques and procedures are not effectively documented, assessed, and selected. Practitioners must employ appropriate V and V methodologies and conduct acceptable V and V procedures to ensure the following systems perform as proposed and in cost-effective way. Earlier efforts have produced several categorizations and models that may be used to categorize V and V approaches and technologies. The goal of this study is to give a wide, comprehensive, and simple framework for characterization needs, rather than focusing on particular parts of V and V methodologies and procedures. To that purpose, in this study, we provide a multi-domained and multi-dimensioned framework for characterizing and classifying V and V approaches and tools in an organized manner. The framework reflects a complete description of several key features of V&V. As an example of usage, a web-based repository has been created based upon the framework to gather information regarding the use of V and V approaches and tackles. Experts and scholars may readily learn about and select acceptable V and V procedures this way. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00234 Keywords: V and V (Verification and Validation), Automation Systems, Framework for Windows, Method. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 510-515 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/722/668 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/722 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:510-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zaibunnisa Siddiqi Author-Workplace-Name: Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahzad Nasim Author-Workplace-Name: The Begum Nusrat Bhutto Women University, Sukkur, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Emaan Institute of Management & Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Asad Abbas Rizvi Author-Workplace-Name: The Begum Nusrat Bhutto Women University, Sukkur, Pakistan Author-Name: Nazia Abdul Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Does Transformational Leadership Matter for Employee Performance? Abstract: The positive role of the employee cannot be underestimated in the organization's success because employees are the main asset of any organization; these unique assets must be fascinated through an organizational learning culture (OLC). They must also adapt to the changes in the organization to accept the challenges of the current era. Subsequently, this study expects to evaluate the impact of transformational leadership (TL) on faculty performance in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). In addition, it examines the mediating role of organizational learning culture (OLC) between transformational leadership and employee performance (EP). Data is collected from HEIs in Pakistan. The questionnaire was adopted from past studies and distributed to 400 faculty members of business schools in Pakistan. The result of the study indicates that transformational leadership significantly impacts employee performance (EP) in the presence of a learning culture (mediating variable). The study's findings can be used in other organizations in Pakistan rather than only in academic institutions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00233 Keywords: Transformational Leadership (TL), organizational learning culture (OLC), Employee Performance (EP) Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 501-488 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/735/667 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/735 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:501-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anisa Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Rural Sociology University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Kanwal Asghar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Rural Sociology University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Farkhanda Anjum Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Rural Sociology University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Home Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Food Safety and Its Effects on Human Health in Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: Food safety is ultimate human right for the survival of human life. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are at the risk of risk of consuming contaminated food. Every year, millions of people become ill, and hundreds of thousands die due to underprivileged safety of food. Microbial, chemical, personal and environmental hygiene are all challenges for food from farm to fork/plate. The current study was conducted in Punjab province to investigate to assess peoples’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding food safety at domestic level, as well as potential health hazards due to insufficient food safety practices. Sample of 700 women in three districts in Pakistan's Punjab province: Hafizabad, Rawalpindi, and Multan were selected. For analyzing the quantitative data we utilized, bivariate analysis techniques. Specifically, we employed the Chi-square test to assess the degree of significance. Additionally, researcher used the Somers'd and Gamma tests to determine the strength of association. The major findings reveal a strong link between all socioeconomic and cultural variables (i.e. monthly income, education, food preparation at home, food management at home, consumption behavior, willingness to buy, risk perception, influence of media and health effects) and women's attitudes toward acquiring knowledge and practicing food safety to maintain their health. The public was concerned about food safety and handling standards. It was discovered that television could be effective tool for disseminating information about food safety to the general public. The frequency of food preparation at home also contributes to shaping attitudes, with more frequent home preparation leading to more favorable views on food safety practices. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00231 Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Food Safety Practices, Effect Human Health Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 482-488 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/733/687 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/733 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:482-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Najia Shaikh Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Commerce and Management, University of Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Javed Ahmed Chandio Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Sindh, Pakistan Title: Work-Life Balance Policies and Organizational Outcomes: A Qualitative Investigation Abstract: Increased globalisation and modernisation over the last decade have led to a greater focus on firms adopting work-life balance (WLB) policies to increase employee preservation. This research examines the relevance of work-life balance programmes and policies and their impact on organisational outcomes. Due to demographic and socioeconomic shifts, work-life balance (WLB) has become a significant issue for many businesses. This study intended to re-examine the idea of work-life balance from the perspective of employees in the banking and IT sectors. According to the results, work-life balance is influenced by an organisation's family work culture and personal characteristics such as time management and family support. There were no noticeable variations regarding work-life balance between workers with different family structures and those in the two analysed sectors. A recent poll reveals that IT, airline and banking personnel have similar perspectives on work-life balance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00230 Keywords: Family Support, Supervisor-Subordinate Relationship, Time Management , Work-life Balance, Coworker Relationship Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 475-481 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/730/664 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/730 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:475-481 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shoaib Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Nouman Arshid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Zulfiqar Ali Ayaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadia Watara Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer & Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico Highlands University Las Vegas, USA Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Riasat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: Failures and Repairs: An Examination of Software System Failure Abstract: The central theme of the article is to provide a better knowledge of software system failures and how to assure, maintain, and provide the support software systems that are in production. It includes the results of our search study. We conducted a qualitative analysis of thirty cases: fifteen from public incident reports and fifteen from in-depth interviews with engineers. Understanding and classifying failures as well as their identification, investigation, and mitigation were the main goals of our study. Furthermore, we obtained important analytical insights that are pertinent to the condition of practice as it is now and related problems. It is common for engineers to be unaware of the scaling limitations of the systems they support until those limits are exceeded, and failures have the potential to cascade across a system and cause catastrophic outages.We argue that the difficulties we've discovered may lead to changes in how systems are designed and supported. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00229 Keywords: Software failures, incident response, software monitoring, empirical research Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 465-474 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/723/663 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/723 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:465-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zulfiqar Ali Ayaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Shoaib Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Nouman Arshid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Riasat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Misbah Noor Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: Expert System for Web Graphical User Interface Test Case Generation for Usability Test Abstract: The ease of use test (UT) process is used to evaluate the usability of a website or its point of contact without involving actual site visitors. UT can be done manually or with the use of mechanized equipment. The manual course of ease of use test is time-consuming and expensive. Manual labor needs additional resources (analyzers) and exceptional possibilities to counteract those consequences. The goal of this investigation is to improve the competency and reliability of experiments' (TC) age through; the test system is communicated using programmed test instruments. Robotized testing (RT) may be effective and precise. There are several robotized devices available for programming testing, with limited access to TC computerization. The efficient writing audit (SLR) was directed in this examination to sort out the gap(s) in current AT and huddle in TC age. Furthermore the review was aimed at identifying the primary problems examined by various neighborhood analyzers during the process of physically generating TC. Fluffy reasoning master structure was used to generate TC based on the selected reasonable experiments. The fluffy rationale can emphasize non-probabilistic concerns vulnerability and multi-esteemed rationale. The information investigation was carried out to get access to the login page and trials were carried out provided the GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE instances using flowery reasoning. The framework extracted the watchwords attributes and conditions from the information examination code and displayed the results as experiments. A close examination was conducted among behavioral test system age processes using the fluffy-based master framework for evaluation. The assessment findings obtained through quantifiable examination show that the proposed framework is more productive and trustworthy for creating experiments than the manual framework. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00228 Keywords: Robotized testing (RT), use test (UT), GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 456-464 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/691/662 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/691 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:456-464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafsa Siddiqui Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Jawad Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: What Happens When a Leader is Toxic? A Qualitative Investigation Abstract: This paper investigates the phenomenon of toxic leadership and its dynamics within Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Drawing upon social constructivist worldview, the research explores the prevalence, antecedents, outcomes, and impacts of toxic leadership behaviors on the psychological well-being of individuals within academic settings. The study employs a qualitative research design, utilizing semi-structured interviews to gather comprehensive insights from faculty, staff, and students across multiple HEIs. The findings reveal that the causes of leader toxicity extend beyond the leaders’ personality alone, rather other factors are associated to it as well. In addition to the personality traits highlighted which are associated to toxic leaders, certain environmental and cultural factors also foster the development of toxicity among the leaders and their subordinates. Such leader-member exchanges lead to destructive consequences, affecting not only the subordinate alone at an individual level but the overall organizational effectiveness as well. Thus, coping strategies to deal with such toxicity have also been discussed. Key themes identified were categorized as personality traits, organizational culture, psychological consequences and coping strategies. This research contributes to both theoretical understanding and practical implications, shedding light on the complexities of toxic leadership dynamics within the academic context. It underscores the importance of fostering healthier leadership practices and organizational cultures to promote positive psychological well-being and enhance overall academic experiences within HEIs. Recommendations for future research have also been discussed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00225 Keywords: toxic leadership, psychological consequences, Higher Education Institutions, leadership practices, leadership behaviors Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 429-435 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/725/658 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/725 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:429-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdullah Shahbaz Anwar Ghaazi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Govt. Willayat Hussain Islamia Graduate College, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Aqsa Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, the Islamia University Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Arooj Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Nimra Khurshid Author-Workplace-Name: BBA, Agribusiness/Marketing, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Pakistan Title: Impact of Market Orientation, Green Innovation on Creative Performance: The Mediating Role of Sustainable Competitive Advantage Abstract: The purpose of this study to examining the correlation between marketing orientation and green innovation with sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) and creative performance. Creative performance being a dependent variable in this research is measured by two independent variables. Many Pakistani companies are doing activities in order to provide sustainable social development benefits to the society in which they are operating. These companies are investing and managing their market orientation and green innovation initiatives for the wellbeing of the society. This study also SCA. Using empirical testing the data gathered from consumers and information collected on companies engaged in market orientation and green innovation activities the research found out that that there is a very strong correlation between marketing orientation and green innovation and SCA and creative performance. The companies who are investing on marketing orientation and green innovation activities are enjoying good consumer loyalty and the Brands they operate enjoy healthy profits and sustainable market position. It is envisaged that the model tested in this research will be implied in the future empirical research concerning marketing orientation and green innovation with SCA and creative performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00224 Keywords: marketing orientation, green innovation, sustainable competitive advantage, creative performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 423-428 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/727/659 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/727 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:423-428 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Azam Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Junaid Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory, Bauru, Brazil Author-Name: Muhammad Mudassir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Punjab University, Pakistan Author-Name: Anoosha Kiran Author-Workplace-Name: Sports Sciences Department Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Achievement Motivation and Pre-mature Anxiety among Wrestlers Abstract: The aim of the present study was to measure the relationship between achievement motivation and pre-mature anxiety. The study further explored the difference of achievement motivation and pre-mature anxiety with respect to weight category, wrestling club training, gym training, and type of wresting (mud wrestling and matt wresting). To perform the current study, a survey was administered using a structured questionnaire in this correlational study. The quantitative research methodology was opted and 110 wrestlers of Multan were surveyed. The correlational study highlighted that there is a significant relationship between achievement motivation and premature anxiety. That there is a negative and significant relationship between achievement motivation and premature anxiety. This means that the increase in achievement motivation is likely to decrease premature anxiety among the wrestlers. This is an important finding that highlights the potential coping strategy to enhance the performance of the wrestlers by enhancing achievement motivation among them. The results showed that only the weight has negative but significant relationship with achievement motivation and all other variables are positively and significantly associated with the achievement motivation. It means the more the increase in the weight of the wrestler is linked with the decrease in achievement motivation. The increase in the wrestling camp training is likely to increase the achievement motivation as the experience matters. The results further showed that the increase in gym training will result increase in achievement motivation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00223 Keywords: Wrestling, pre-mature anxiety, achievement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 413-422 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/719/652 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/719 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:413-422 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Rizwan Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Naeem Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Islami Jamhoori Ittehad As An Oppositional Alliance Abstract: As one of Pakistan’s greatest political coalitions Islami Jamhoori Ittihad (IJI) had a significant impact on the country’s history. It is believed that IJI was a coalition whose primary objective was to thwart the PPP’s efforts to attain power in whatever way that was possible. Most of the time, oppositional alliances form to fight against the power of the government. The objective of the study was to explore Islami Jamhoori Ittihad (IJI) as an oppositional alliance. Most Pakistani coalitions oppose the army-led government and employ popular agitation to restore parliamentary authority. These coalitions were formed to challenge the army-led administration. In the beginning, the COP engaged in productive criticism of the federal administration in an effort to achieve its goals of a province autonomy, economic and social fairness, Shariah enforcement, government accountability, genuine federal system and increased law and order. COP was perceived as a way to disapprove the budget to debunk PPPs. Horse trafficking, political bribery, and corruption marred Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto’s no-confidence vote. Benazir gathered her people in Sawat to oppose this. Benazir claims that in 1989, with the help of the ISI and the Army, a motion of no confidence was filed against her, and that she was a major target. Key players in this motion included Hussain Qazi HA Nawaz Sharif and Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi. Jatoi said the opposition drafted a no-confidence resolution because corruption is worsening, Sindh is in chaos, inflation and prices are rising, and the government is making poor domestic and international decisions. Throughout the years 1988 and 1990, the political scene was dominated by conflicts similar to these. IJI and PPP misled each other’s reputation to limit their vote banks. To achieve this purpose they risked public attention. Both IJI and PPP utilized their power to tarnish each other. This technique hurt both parties, strained the national budget, and didn’t solve people’s issues. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00222 Keywords: Islami Jamhoori Ittihad (IJI), Oppositional alliances, Political maneuvering, Power struggles, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 409-412 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/718/651 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/718 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:409-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sana Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Punjab Higher Education Department, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, School of Economics & Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rizwan ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Lahore ALMA, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rabea Iftikhar Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Pakistan Title: Effect of ICT and E-Government on Public Revenue: Evidence from South Asian Economies Abstract: The growing importance of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and e-government has attracted the attention of researchers dedicated to enhancing public revenue. The present study aims to conduct an empirical analysis to investigate the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) and e-government on the public revenue of economies in South Asia. The panel of eight South Asian economies was constructed using data from 2001 to 2021. The empirical examination used econometric estimation techniques such as pooled regression, fixed effect model, and Generalised Least Square (GLS). The findings of the regression model indicate that there is a positive relationship between ICT and its corresponding indices with public revenue. The impact of fixed broadband subscription is notably more significant compared to other indices of ICT. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the influence of e-government in South Asia has been observed to affect public revenue positively. The study’s findings’ implications are significant in elevating public revenue in the South Asian region. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00221 Keywords: ICT, E-government, Public revenue, Internet users, South Asia Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 398-408 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/717/650 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/717 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:398-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farrukh Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Management Studies, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Rabia Sabri Author-Workplace-Name: College of Business Management, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ahmed Siddiqui Author-Workplace-Name: Manager ORIC, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Iraj Masood Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Humanities, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Emerging Issues in Management Accounting: Digital Technologies, Governance, and Sustainability Abstract: In the context of accounting management perspectives, corporate enterprises in the 21st century are facing issues determining whether their operational practices are genuinely profitable and environmentally sustainable. Accounting practice across organizations is influenced by various interconnected activities, including managerial behavior, technical advancements, competitive dynamics, and critical stakeholder concerns about enterprise accountability. Globalization has raised the demands for accounting management and used relevant and updated technological techniques to become ecologically friendly. This indicates the need for adopting the actions and practices by the companies that translate the operational processes into processes that do not raise the cost of processing or manufacturing rather have a sustainable impact on the environment and enhance profitability or revenue generation. The rising interest in environmental and social performance has made it a statutory requirement, just like accounting in the financial aspect. Management accountants must adhere to the recent changes where several problems must be identified and resolved. The impact of the organizations' business activities can be detected by making efficient environmental management accounting. The present systematic review thus aims to study the emerging issues in management accounting while relating the debate with sustainability, governance, and digital technologies. The systematic review has chosen five research articles to explore the emerging issues and challenges in management accounting via analyzing modern era digital technologies, corporate policies, and governance as exercised by the organizations and sustainability practices. The study identifies ineffective regulatory practices, lack of knowledge and skills, and the ineffective implementation of environmental accounting as primary factors that hinder accounting sustainability. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00214 Keywords: accounting management, sustainability, governance, digital technologies, environmental management accounting Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 363-371 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/711/642 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/711 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:363-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Tahir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Rahim Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Talha Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: Master of Science (MSc) in Data Analytics, Dublin Business School, Ireland Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Fawad Nasim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: An Automated Performance Enhancement Approach for Mobile Applications Abstract: In the rapidly evolving landscape of mobile applications, the demand for high-quality performance-driven software is paramount. However, the swift pace of development often leads to the introduction of code smells—bad programming practices that compromise both code quality and application performance. These code smells, if left unaddressed, can result in increased memory consumption, energy consumption, and CPU utilization, ultimately leading to a suboptimal user experience. This paper presents an automated approach for the detection and refactoring of code smells in Android applications, with a focus on improving performance. The proposed approach involves the development of a plugin integrated with Android Studio, which employs static code analysis to identify code smells. The plugin encompasses a customizable rule-based framework that allows for the detection of various code smells unique to Android development. To validate the approach, a comprehensive experiment is conducted. The experiment assesses the effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting code smells and explores the impact of refactoring on application performance. The results showcase that the proposed plugin successfully detects code smells in various open-source Android applications. Moreover the integration of refactoring recommendations significantly improves the performance of the applications, as demonstrated through memory, energy, and CPU consumption metrics. Comparison with existing tools reveals that the proposed approach offers superior performance in terms of both code smell detection and refactoring. Additionally, the approach bridges the gap left by some existing tools by identifying previously undetected code smells, such as "string concatenation." The presented method not only enhances code quality but also contributes to the overall performance optimization of Android applications. As mobile applications continue to play an increasingly central role in modern life, the importance of maintaining high-quality code that performs optimally cannot be understated. This work provides a valuable contribution towards achieving these goals offering developers a powerful tool for ensuring that their applications not only meet but exceed user expectations in terms of quality and performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00211 Keywords: mobile applications, code smells, performance optimization, Android Studio plugin, static code analysis, refactoring, application performance, memory consumption, software engineering Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 355-362 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/681/638 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/681 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:355-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Shakoor Author-Workplace-Name: Civil Engineering Department, Abasyn University Islamabad 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Mohammad Arif Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, South Korea Author-Name: Naheed Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Civil Engineering Department, Abasyn University Islamabad 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zeshan Khalil Author-Workplace-Name: Civil Engineering Department, Abasyn University Islamabad 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahrukh Pasha Author-Workplace-Name: Civil Engineering Department, Abasyn University Islamabad 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Hospital Waste Management at Capital’s Health Care Facility, Pakistan Abstract: The improper disposal of solid waste, particularly in developing countries, poses significant threats to the natural environment and public health leading to increased pollution and disease prevalence. Hospital-generated solid waste, characterized by its heightened toxicity and contagion potential, further exacerbates these risks when mismanaged. This study undertakes an evaluation of the solid waste management (SWM) practices implemented at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Hospital in Islamabad, with a specific focus on assessing their impact on the staff responsible for SWM. The data collection process encompasses on-site visits to check and compare the hospital wastes data available at hospital servers as well as by the structured questionnaires. According to the gathered data, PIMS Hospital generates an annual total of 61,030 kilograms of hazardous waste and 254,866.9 kilograms of non-hazardous waste. Given its status as the capital's healthcare facility, PIMS Hospital maintains a well-established and satisfactorily functioning standard of SWM system. This system includes the segregation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste at the point of generation facilitated by a color-coded scheme. Non-hazardous waste is then transported to a secure covered storage site using specialized trolleys, while hazardous waste is safely disposed of through the utilization of on-site, double-chambered incinerators. Data analysis underscores the heightened occupational risks faced by SWM personnel, including an increased likelihood of sharp injuries, and disease exposure, as well as the prevalent experience of stress and anxiety. The study's findings necessitate the imperative adoption of standardized practices for the proper handling treatment and disposal of solid waste by the involved staff. Furthermore a critical recommendation arises from the need for routine health monitoring of SWM workers by qualified medical professionals through established mechanisms to mitigate the potential transmission of diseases to their family members. Such measures are paramount in safeguarding the health and well-being of both the SWM staff and the broader community. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00210 Keywords: Risk waste, Environment, Hospital waste, Solid waste management. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 345-354 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/679/644 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/679 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:345-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadia Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Leena Anum Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Maryam Ejaz Samna Author-Workplace-Name: BBA (Hons), Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ruhaab Manzar Author-Workplace-Name: BBA (Hons), Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Does Emotional Fabrication Matters? The Role of Emotional and Promotional Strategies in Predicting Turnover Intentions Abstract: Employee turnover has significant implications for organizations, including increased costs associated with recruitment, training, and loss of experienced employees. This study aims to explore the antecedents of employee turnover, specifically focusing on the role of promotional strategies. The research investigates the factors that contribute to employee turnover, such as dissatisfaction, lack of support, emotional burnout, biased promotions, inadequate training, and poor communication within the organizational hierarchy. The study also examines the impact of promotion-focused strategies on reducing turnover by enhancing employee motivation, productivity, and loyalty. The study adopts a comprehensive approach to understand the relationship between turnover and promotional strategies in the context of call centers. By analyzing the antecedents of turnover intention, this research provides valuable insights for organizations to address the underlying factors that contribute to turnover and implement effective strategies to reduce turnover rates. Data was collected from 295 call center employees from various private call centers. The research design of this study was non-experimental, quantitative and correlational in nature. The findings validated several hypotheses, including the positive link between emotional labor strategies and emotional burnout, the association between burnout and employee incivility, and the positive relationship between employee incivility and turnover intention. Nevertheless, the findings confirmed the positive relationship between regulatory focus strategies and service performance, the negative association between service performance and turnover intention, and the positive link between customer incivility and emotional burnout. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00209 Keywords: emotional fabrication, emotional and promotional strategies, turnover Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 332-344 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/708/636 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/708 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:332-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Idrees Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahida Rasool Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Munir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Understanding Factors of Rising Militancy in Pakistan Abstract: Militancy in Pakistan is growing rapidly. Militant organizations are become challenge to encounter terrorism in the country. Mosques educational institutes religious seminaries markets public points armed forces police frontier crops judiciary and politicians are targeted by the militants across Pakistan. The resultant political and economic instability reflects their radical agenda. Government of Pakistan along with its armed forces are fighting back this wave of militancy for more than a decade now. In this context it is significant to investigate the cradles of militancy in Pakistan. This paper aims to explicate the main factors which contributes towards militancy in Pakistan. Political economic religious and societal sources are the focal areas of discussion. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00208 Keywords: Militancy, political, economic, religious and societal factors Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 319-322 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/707/634 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/707 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:319-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Kashif Imran Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Arifa Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; Department of Economics, Greenwich University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Safia Nosheen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumaira Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Title: Determining Performance of REIT (REIT): The Case of G-7 Economies Abstract: This study investigates the determinants of REITs (REITs) in order to investigate the performance of investment trusts in real estate in G-7 countries. For this purpose, a sample of 31 listed REITs from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Canada, France, and Japan was selected for a period from 2012 to 2021. The study employs Net Asset Value (NAV) as a proxy for REIT performance and considers various other factors as determinants, including net income, dividend yield, leverage, interest rates, inflation, foreign exchange rates, and size. The study applies a fixed effect with Driscoll and Kraay's standard error approach and results revealed a significant and positive influence of dividend yield, net income, foreign exchange rates, and size upon the net value of REITs. This concludes that these factors boost the performance of REITs. Conversely, this study discloses that both leverage, as well as interest rates, are significantly reducing the performance of REITs. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for investors and portfolio managers aiding in the expansion of their understanding of the influential factors that impact the performance of REITs. By considering these factors, stakeholders can make more informed investment decisions in the REIT market. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00207 Keywords: REITs; Driscoll - Kraay Standard Error Approach and G – 7 Economies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 307-318 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/706/633 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/706 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:307-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farida Yaseenzai Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Ahad Author-Workplace-Name: University of Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Zarina Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Women Empowerment through Higher Education Abstract: Pakistan, with a population of nearly 227 million people, stands in the fifth position among the world's most populous countries. This population is relatively evenly distributed between genders, with 49.2 percent being female and 50.8 percent male. According to estimates for the year 2023, Pakistan's population is anticipated to have grown to approximately 240,485,658 individuals. This number reflects Pakistan's representation at 2.99 percent of the total global population, firmly solidifying its rank among the top countries and their dependencies by population. In Pakistan, women make up approximately 49.2% of the total population. However, when we assess the current status of Pakistani women in comparison to women in other countries worldwide, it becomes evident that the situation is far from satisfactory and often falls into the category of one of the most challenging scenarios. Pakistani women often encounter a multitude of barriers on their path to success, including illiteracy, domestic violence, a lack of motivation and support, and various other obstacles. Pakistan remains a society where male dominance prevails, and achieving gender equality is crucial for the nation's overall development. Empowering women particularly through higher education plays a pivotal role in achieving this objective. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00205 Keywords: Empowerment, Higher Education Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 294-296 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/704/631 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/704 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:294-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Naeem Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Rizwan Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Samana Mehreen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Islami Jamhoori Ittehad As A Governmental Alliance Abstract: The study was aimed at investigating the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad as a governmental alliance. The Islami Jamhoori Ittehad was one of the most significant political coalitions in Pakistan’s history. IJI may have been an alliance formed to prevent the PPP from taking power. Governmental alliance in 1988 includes; these parties MQM and PPP in centre and as well as in Sindh. The PPP and ANP in NWFP in 1988. Furthermore, ANP and IJI in NWFP in 1990 governmental alliance. The IJI, ANP, MQM, and JWP made governmental alliance in 1990 in centre. Pakistan’s 70 years of politics show political instability. It was seen that political alliances were made between organized political parties and weak groups. Even when democratic governance was restored in 1988, there was no single party with the majority to form a government, resulting in crumbled alliance governments. Pakistan’s political environment is characterized by power politics, institutional inequities, and a constant struggle of political factions to achieve power and rule. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00204 Keywords: Islami Jamhoori Ittehad, political coalitions, governmental alliance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 291-293 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/703/630 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/703 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:291-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zeeshan Manzoor Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Suleman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: National Professional Officer Health Department, Multan, Pakistan Title: Stigmatization and Fear of Death Predicted Psychological Burden of Cancer Patients Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the impact of stigmatization and fear of death on psychological burden among cancer patients. Correlation research design was used to complete this quantitative study. Data were collected through administering a survey with the help of questionnaires. Purposive sampling was employed to select the sample of 79 cancer patients (male = 49, female = 30). Findings of the study reveal that perceived stigma and fear of death were significantly positive correlated with psychological burden. Moreover, Stigmatization and fear of death are the significant positive predictors of depression, anxiety and stress. Furthermore, results depict that female patients have the greater level of perceived cancer stigma and fear of death as compared to male. In addition, psychological burden was found among female at greater level than male cancer patients. It is recommended that clinical psychologists and psychotherapists should provide their role in counterturning stigmatization, death anxiety and psychological disturbance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00202 Keywords: Cancer, stigmatization, fear of death, psychological burden Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 273-276 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/701/629 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/701 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:273-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nazik Maqsood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer at National College of business administration and economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Tanveer Ahmad Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, School of Commerce and Economics, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abaid Ul Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, School of Accounting & Finance University of Wollongong, Australia Melbourne, Australia Title: The Impact of Dividend and Tax Avoidance on Earning Management of Companies Abstract: Using a sample covering practically all dividend-paying oil and gas companies companies in Pakistan during 2011–2020, we document that earnings management in these companies is driven by two concurrent forces: the willingness to pay (tax-exempt) dividends and avoiding unnecessary company income tax. Moreover, we show that the need for income increasing earnings management enabling current dividend distribution is mitigated by the amount of retained earnings from prior years. This article adds to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence for dividend and tax-driven earnings management in private oil and gas companies facing neither political pressures nor capital market incentives for earnings disclosures. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00201 Keywords: Earning management, Dividend payout, Oil and gas Companies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 256-272 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/699/628 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/699 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:256-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Rana Muhammad Waseem Akram Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Idrees Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mughesa Rubab Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mohsin Raza Author-Workplace-Name: National college of Business Administration and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Afsheen Zehra Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Socio-economic Determinants of Low Literacy Rate in Rural Areas of Punjab Pakistan Abstract: This study investigates the socio-economic determinants of low literacy rates in rural areas of Punjab Pakistan particularly focusing on Multan. The research design adopts a correlational approach utilizing a structured questionnaire-based survey method for data collection. The questionnaire, administered to a purposive sample of 200 respondents across diverse socio-economic strata within Multan Sadar, Multan Municipality, Jalalpur Piruwala, and the Tehsil of Shujabad, aims to capture demographic information, educational background, income, employment status, and access to educational resources. Ethical considerations prioritize informed consent, confidentiality, and participant autonomy. The subsequent data analysis involves organizing collected data in SPSS, conducting frequency distribution, Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and binary logistic regression to discern relationships between socio-economic factors and literacy rates. Findings reveal significant associations between socio-economic factors and educational background highlighting the critical roles of gender employment status income level access to resources and rural/urban divide in shaping literacy rates. These insights underscore the need for comprehensive policy interventions addressing socio-economic and gender-based barriers to improve literacy rates effectively in rural areas like Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00198 Keywords: Socio-economic determinants, low literacy rates, rural areas, education Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 246-255 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/697/626 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/697 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:246-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waseem Subhani Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Amin Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Kidney and Liver Transplant Institute, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Azeem Naz Author-Workplace-Name: School of Commerce and Accountancy, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Nasir Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumaira Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: School of Commerce and Accountancy, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Board Gender Diversity and Firm Value: A Case of PSX Abstract: The effect that manager diversity has on a company's worth is examined in this study. Our research used information from 2087 observations covering 226 non-financial companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Using panel data regression analysis and testing the results for robustness using the Blau and Shannon indices, we discovered that the presence of female directors on a business's board adds value to the company. Furthermore, our research, utilizing the critical mass theory's aspect, indicates that the impact of women's representation increases when it reaches a critical mass. This finding corroborates the critical mass theory within our sample of firms. We endorse the compulsory inclusion of women executives on the firm's boards as mandated by governance regulations. The study is consistent with legislative initiatives to improve corporate governance procedures to safeguard shareholders. Our findings also give policymakers direction by showing how crucial it is to support women's professional development and career advancement to increase their meaningful participation in business decision-making processes. To sum up we argue that gender diversity reduces agency conflicts and increases company value, making it a helpful instrument in corporate governance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00197 Keywords: Gender Diversity, Firm Value, Critical Mass Theory, Female Presence on Board Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 237-245 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/696/625 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/696 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:237-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rashid Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahid Rafique Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaquat Ali Ruk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Shah Abdul Latif University, Ghotki Campus, Pakistan Title: Fall Detection in Elderly People Abstract: Falls in elderly people are the second leading cause of accidental or unintentional injury deaths worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Around 6 million people die as a result of fatal falls with 80 percent of them coming from low- and middle-income countries. 37.3 million Elderly people suffer severe falls that necessitate medical attention. In rural and remote areas the lack of multispecialty healthcare infrastructure and specialized medical experts necessitates low-cost quick and skilled infrastructure/expert independent solutions for early fall detection mechanisms. The essential factors which are worked and discussed in the studies on the identification of incidents & procedures or movements associated with the sudden falling activities in the ageing people or senior people are identified in this review, which may provide support to the future research on the same subject. However, other parts of this study and literature which includes the sample size to be investigated targeted users or specific age having users under our study and methods for obtaining information regarding every application have yet to reach consensus. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00194 Keywords: fall detection, wearable devices, cloud computing, framework, Sensors Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 228-236 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/680/618 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/680 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:228-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jawaria Zahid Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Atif Khan Jadoon Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Bisma Hamza Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Beaconhouse System, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Title: Macroeconomics Determinants of Fiscal Sustainability in the Asian Countries Abstract: The present study is designed to investigate how macroeconomic determinants of the South Asian region have affected the fiscal sustainability from 1980 to 2021. This study has used Newey and West (1987) robust standard errors approach to overcome the problem of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in panel data. The results of the statistical model confirmed the existence of fiscal sustainability in selective Asian countries. The significant contribution of the study is to obtain robust standard errors that rectify the issues of violation of simple regression analysis, which is the solution to all problems relevant to OLS regression. Furthermore, the results also confirmed that using macroeconomic determinants significantly improves fiscal sustainability. The results confirmed that macroeconomic factors contribute to fiscal sustainability. The study concluded that South Asian countries should use macro indicators as sources to achieve a higher fiscal sustainability rate. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00188 Keywords: financial sustainability, budget deficits, public debt, inflation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 193-201 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/686/608 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/686 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:193-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ambreen Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Professional Studies, University of Lahore, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Maryam Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Yasmeen Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Association Between Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Gaming Addiction in Male University Students Abstract: Gaming addiction is notably associated with increased levels of social anxiety and loneliness among adolescents. The current study intends to explore the relationship between online gaming addiction, social anxiety, and loneliness among male university students. Non-probability purposive sampling was employed to select male participants between the ages of 20 to 30 years. Data was collected using the Gaming Addiction Scale, the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and the Social Anxiety Scale (SAS), along with a demographic sheet. SPSS 23 was employed for the data analysis. Correlation analysis revealed that there is a positive correlation between addiction, loneliness, social anxiety, and gaming addiction. The multiple regression analysis indicated that social anxiety and loneliness are positive predictors of gaming addiction. An independent sample t-test showed a significantly higher level of interaction anxiety and evaluation anxiety among adolescents experiencing loneliness and being involved in addictive gaming behavior. The results of this study highlight the role of social anxiety and loneliness in the development of gaming addiction in adolescents, offering insight into the intricate interplay between these variables. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for additional research to better understand behavioral patterns in gaming activities, strengthening our ability to address the problem effectively. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00304 Keywords: Gaming addiction, loneliness, social anxiety Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 901-906 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/811/783 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/811 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:901-906 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tumani Sanneh Author-Workplace-Name: The University of the Gambia, Department of Economics and Finance, The Gambia, Minhaj University, School of Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Qamar Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mafabi Muzamir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Studies, Islamic University, Uganda Title: Exploring Factors Influencing Trust in Banks: A Multifaceted Analysis Abstract: The intricate dynamics of trust formation within financial institutions, particularly in the banking sector, are explored in this research, combined with an exploration of the influence of attitudes and sociodemographic factors. Employing an ordered-logistic regression model on a different sample, we scrutinized the nexus between individuals' trust in banks and various factors such as age, educational attainment, technological proficiency, religious affiliations, marital status, income level, and family size. Our findings reveal several significant correlations: technological proficiency, age, and education all boost individuals' confidence in banks, whereas religious beliefs exhibit a negative relationship. Conversely, we have noted that the total number of children in a family, income level, and marital status exert adverse effects on trust in banking institutions. These discoveries underscore the complex interplay between personal attributes and attitudes in shaping perceptions of the trustworthiness of financial organizations. Policymakers and banking professionals must comprehend these dynamics to foster trust and stability within the banking sector. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00257 Keywords: trust, bank, Logit, probit, world value survey Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 696-702 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/728/708 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/728 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:696-702 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Asif Shamim Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Iqra University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Aribah Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Punjab Skills Development Fund, Pakistan Author-Name: Mr. Tumani Sanneh Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Role of Financial Cooperatives in Building Trust: A Gender Wise Global Analysis Abstract: Financial institutions are crucial for economic development. Lack of trust in financial institutions such as banks can have catastrophic consequences, as observed during past financial crises and the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the importance of financial institutions, we examine the major factors influencing trust in financial institutions among the female population at a global sample. We explore the potential impact of contextual factors, such as institutional performance and country-level trust, on trust in financial institutions by employing logit and Probit models in a global data set. We find that women tend to trust banks more than men on average. We propose that greater gender equality in society and financial inclusion can decrease the gender gap in trust in banks at the country level. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00258 Keywords: Trust in financial institutions; , Economic development; , Gender equality; , Employment; , Financial Inclusion Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 703-708 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/750/709 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/750 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:703-708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sidra Abd-ul-wahid Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Huma Ijaz Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Impact of Perceived Benefits and Perceived Risks on Online Shopping Behaiour with Mediating Role of Purchase Intention Abstract: Online purchasing has revolutionized consumer market. It allows individuals to access a variety of products with a single click. With evolution of e-commerce understanding the factors influencing online shopping behavior is imperative for firms to remain competitive. This study investigates the relationship between perceived benefits (PB) and perceived risks (PR), mediated by purchase intention (PI) on online buying behavior (OSB). Six key elements—shopping convenience, product variety, price advantage, product risk, privacy risk, and financial risk—were evaluated through data collected from 300 internet shoppers via a structured questionnaire. The data is analyzed with SPSS. Results underline the significance of convenience product variety and price advantage in stimulating online purchases, with PB positively impacting customers' online purchasing behavior (OPB). Conversely, perceived risks negatively affect online shopping decisions, necessitating efficient risk management strategies to bolster consumer confidence. The mediation role of PI was examined using the Hayes macro process, revealing its significance in the relationship between PB, PR, and OSB. Notably, PI mediates the impact of both PB and PR on OSB, highlighting its pivotal role in shaping consumers' online purchasing behavior. These findings offer actionable insights for businesses, emphasizing the importance of leveraging PB to encourage beneficial purchasing intentions and mitigate PR to foster online shopping behavior. Ultimately, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of consumer decision-making in online settings, facilitating the development of targeted marketing strategies and enhancing overall online shopping experiences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00226 Keywords: Online shopping behavior, purchase intention, perceived benefits, and perceived risk Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 436-455 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/724/657 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/724 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:436-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Azeem Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rizwan Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of History and Pakistan Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Wajid Bhatti Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shazia Ismat Author-Workplace-Name: BS (Archaeology), Department of Archaeology, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Title: An Overview on the History and Architecture of Kharpocho Fort Baltistan Abstract: This study is an attempt to explore the historcal and architectural significance of Kharpocho fort, situated in the Baltistan region. The Kharpocho Fort, built on a mountain in the Centre of the city of Bultistan. This study further encapsulates that the fort helps in understanding the state's efforts to guard the city from outside threats and to monitor the routes leading in and out of the huge city. The fort stands as a testament to the rich cultural heritage and historical significance of the area. Through an in-depth analysis of its historical context, architectural features and cultural symbolism, this study aims to shed light on the fort’s importance and its role in preserving the cultural identity of the Baltistan region. This study dig deep regarding understanding of kharpocho fort’s contribution to the region’s cultural landscape. This research aims to give a simple, yet thorough understanding of Kharpocho Fort, celebrating it not just as a structure but as a resilient symbol embedded in the hearts of the people of Baltistan. This paper also examines and explores the questions as: What is the history of Kharpocho fort? What is the current status of Kharpocho Fort in terms of its physical condition, structural stability, and preservation needs? What are the key architectural features and design elements of Kharpocho Fort, and how do they reflect the historical and cultural context of the Baltistan region? What are the main factors contributing to the deterioration of Kharpocho Fort, and what are the most urgent restoration and conservation requirements? DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00250 Keywords: Kharpocho, Baltistan, History Architecture, Culture, Fort Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 647-652 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/761/697 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/761 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:647-652 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asra Jabbar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Iftikha Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab (Old Campus), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ayesha Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Javed Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Virtual University of Pakistan Title: The Impact of Financial Development and Trade Openness on Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence from Luxembourg Abstract: Financial deepening and trade openness are among one of the important drivers of economic growth. Liberalized financial sector promote investors and this boosts up production activities in any economy. On the other side, both exporters and importers together promote trading activities and this encourages quantity of output in any economy. Based on this intuition, this study is structured to inquire the effects of financial development and trade openness on economic growth for Luxembourg economy. This research uses ARDL bounds test for an annual data series from 1980 to 2020 and empirical results suggests that trade openness and financial development have significant and appreciating impact on economic growth. The results further confirm that capital stock has significant and increasing impact on economic growth. Among all these three drivers, trade is the strongest driver that boosts economic growth. Lastly, labor force is witnessed as irrelevant driver for the selected economy. These results are supported by all the diagnostic tests. In order to give boost to economic activities in Luxembourg, trade openness, financial development and capital accumulation should be regulated in such a way that they may remain production friendly in selected country. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00262 Keywords: Quantity of Output; Financial Development; Trade Openness; ARDL Approach; Luxembourg Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 730-735 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/611/713 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/611 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:730-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zohra Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, SZABIST University Hyderabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Summera Unar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, SZABIST University Hyderabad, Pakistan Title: Cryptocurrency Market Dynamics: Trends, Volatility, and Regulatory Challenges Abstract: The research paper takes a deep dive into crypto currency market dynamics and regulation to bridge the gap of understanding these issues with implications for the economy. The arrival of crypto-currencies changes the terrain of finance completely by bringing in a new asset class with unprecedented level of volatility. Through this research paper, we will try to conduct a thorough investigation into the relationships within the crypto currency market, which will cover trend analysis, volatility patterns, and sketching the volatile regulatory status that accompanies this evolving environment. By adopting a holistic strategy including quantitative data analysis, qualitative research and regulatory watch, this paper will contribute to the knowledge about the mechanisms behind crypto currency markets and provide actionable strategies to the stakeholders enabling them to determine a clear course of action in this dynamic environment. The research is seeking to offer essential impressions about crypto currency ecosystem dynamics and regulatory pressure as a contribution to getting a bigger understanding of the sector which is emerging fast. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00249 Keywords: Finance, Crypto currency, Crypto currency Market, Volatility Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 641-646 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/760/696 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/760 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:641-646 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faheem ul Hussain Dehraj Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Campus Naushahro Feroze, Pakistan Author-Name: Mukhtiar Ali Erri Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Feroz Khan Laghari Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Fahad Author-Workplace-Name: MS Finance Scholar, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ibrahim Tiwano Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan, Title: How Does Capital Structure Influence the Dividend Policy? A Comparative study of both Commercial and Islamic Banks: A Time Series Analysis (2006-2021) Abstract: The impact of the capital structure on the dividend policy is discussed in this study. Keeping in view the both commercial and Islamic banks of Pakistan. Using the secondary panel data from the time 2006 to 2021 was compilled from the State Bank of Pakistan yearly published reports. Those are available on its official website. Therefore the two separate regression models have been developed to ensure the dividend payout policy. For analyzing the data, the SPSS latest version 26 have been used. But before analyzing the regression model, some assumptions for the normality of the data were checked. Keepin in view the results of the skewness and kolmogorov-smirnov level of significance. Thereafter the empirical analysis further begun to check the normality of financial data through variance inflation factors (VIF). Finally the results of our models show of the both banking industries that the dividend payouts positively and significantly are determined by size, profitability, and deposits. Since the Investment opportunities from both banking sectors didn't explain the significant association with dividend payments. Also the institutional borrowing of both sectors having negative coefficients sign. This mean based on their respective negative coefficients -.004 and -.040 which separately indicate that the One unit increasing in institutional borrowing will decrease respectively .004 and .040 units in dividend payout by the both conventional and Islamic banks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00220 Keywords: Capital Structure, Dividend Policy, Commercial and Islamic Banks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 391-397 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/716/648 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/716 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:391-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Nasir Ali Author-Workplace-Name: School of Politics and International studies, KIU Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Title: A Critical Appraisal of Gilgit-Baltistan Education Strategy 2015-2030 Abstract: This study aims to analyze Gilgit-Baltistan Education Strategy 2015-2030 and its revised strategy and implementation plan issued on September 2023 by the Directorate of Education Gilgit-Baltistan. An objective analysis reveals that none of the promised goals outlined in Education Strategy w.e.f 2015 to 2023 have been achieved at any satisfactory level. Revised Strategy and Implementation Plan w.e.f 2023 to 2030 do not reflect on major causes of failure to achieve previously set targets/goals. The strategy paper entails abstract assumptions, encouraging intervention from private sectors and an idealistic call for financial commitments from provincial and federal government. The findings of the study reveals that the subject strategy fails to chart out clear guidance to acclimatize the available resources and it does not incorporate any pragmatic mechanism to eliminate risk factors indicated against each set of goal and objective. The study underscores the importance of considering judicious utilization of available financial and human resources and revision of departmental regulations and statutory laws to curb undue favours and prevent political interferences in Education department Gilgit-Baltistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00235 Keywords: education strategy, private sector, federal and provincial government Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 516-520 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/737/672 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/737 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:516-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Haider Ali Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Politics and International Relations, Lahore Leads University, Pakistan Title: Anticipating Climate Catastrophe: The Impacts of Diminished Snowfall in Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir Abstract: Climate change poses a significant threat to regions like Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K) and Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) where vulnerabilities are pronounced. Decreased snowfall alters water supplies and agriculture, exacerbating climate-related challenges. Integrated strategies, drawing on research, policy, and community efforts, are crucial for addressing these impacts effectively. Scientists agree on human-induced global warming, impacting precipitation patterns, temperatures, and glaciers in GB and AJ&K. Such changes affect water availability, agriculture, and increase the frequency of severe weather events, endangering local livelihoods. Of particular concern is the accelerated melting of glaciers in the Hunza Basin, heightening the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and posing a threat to downstream communities. Addressing climate change requires comprehensive approaches. This includes infrastructure resilience, community preparedness, sustainable agriculture, and improved early warning systems. Collaboration across sectors investment in climate science and empowering local communities are essential. Urgent action at local national and global levels is vital to mitigate climate change impacts and secure a sustainable future for all vulnerable regions like GB and AJ&K. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00232 Keywords: Climate change, threat, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan, challenges, efforts, Hunza Basin, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods, comprehensive approaches, sustainable future Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 489-488 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/734/666 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/734 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:489-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sikandar Seemab Author-Workplace-Name: M.phil in English Linguistics, English Department, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Behjat Azhar Author-Workplace-Name: M.phil in English Language and Literature, English Department, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Sameera Iftikhar Author-Workplace-Name: MS in English, English Department, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: An Investigation into the Role of Pronunciation Apps in Speaking Improvement: A Comprehensive Analysis Abstract: This article examines the issue of the effectiveness of pronunciation applications for second language learning in terms of improvement in speaking proficiency. The issue of pronunciation is one of the cause of the most of the challenge to some language learners as a result of those linguistic and cultural factors. Because of the wide use of pronunciation apps in the contemporary digital world, their effectiveness in speech improvement needs to be examined. Data collection will be done through mixed-methods approach where quantitative analysis of apps usage data will be conducted along with qualitative interviews and assessments that will give a total picture of effect of pronunciation apps on the skill development. These apps can help to improve language learners' pronunciation more deeply, which then leads to increased confidence and a more fluent use of the target language. It is technology that makes this type of apps important tools during the process of second language acquisition. In conclusion, the research paper about the language education, the technology integration, and second language learning serves to improve the language learning for learners worldwide. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00219 Keywords: Pronunciation, Pronunciation Apps, Speaking Improvement, Second Language Learning Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 385-390 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/715/653 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/715 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:385-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shazia Jabeen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer & Chairperson, Department of Psychology Jinnah University for Women Author-Name: Ziasma Haneef Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Karachi Author-Name: Mehwish Mursaleen Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Karachi Title: Exploring the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Resilience: A Clinical Psychological Perspective Abstract: Clinical psychology is of paramount importance in elucidating, evaluating, and boosting the two critical dimensions of emotional intelligence (EI) and resilience among the many people who contend with various psychological distresses. This research paper tries to discuss the complex issue of emotional intelligence (EI) and tolerance with a special focus on high stress environments. While the impact of emotional intelligence and resilience individually have been supported by existing literature, the interaction of these two factors, especially in circumstances where individuals are exposed to major life disruptions or extreme stress, still require further exploration. Through the application of mixed methods approach, combining the quantitative data of EI and resilience level as well as qualitative interviews, this research attempts to discover which factors underlie the EI and resilience interconnections. The research findings should not only strengthen the existing theories but also offer credible practical recommendations on how to boost resilience-building initiatives in both public and private setups. In fact, emotional intelligence and resilience are non-separable resources in life's rollercoaster, success on both personal and professional scale and, on top of this, well-being in general. Through appreciation of the relevance of each component and their complementary nature, individuals can interpret and practice these qualities competently and thus thrive in current complex and rapid-changing world. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00215 Keywords: : Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Emotional Intelligence, Resilience Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 372-377 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/712/643 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/712 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:372-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Sarwar Sindhu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mathematics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ahsan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mathematics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physics, Virtual University of Pakistan Author-Name: Imran Ameen Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan Title: Modeling of Decision-Making Based on Hesitant Fuzzy Sets Abstract: The hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) is successfully used as a fuzzy set (FS) extension to demonstrate circumstances where it is permissible to determine a few potential membership de- grees (MDs) of a component in a set due to the uncertainty between distinct values. Aggregation operators (AOs) are widely applied to accumulate vague and uncertain information these days. The hesitant fuzzy weighted aggregation geometric (HFWAG) operator is created by the authors as a new AO for hesitant fuzzy (HF) data. Some of the most important qualities of the suggested operators are highlighted, as well as their extensive interrelationship. Then, using those operators, we develop a methodology for interpreting the HF multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) hurdles. The proposed concepts are demonstrated using a real-life example related to medical di- agnosis, with the results’ believability tested using test criteria and compared. Because the weights of criteria can affect the outcome of a choice, they have a substantial impact on judgments. The De Luca-Termini entropy metric is utilized to estimate the weights of criteria in the current work. Moreover, TOPSIS and VIKOR were also employed to compare the results of our method. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Fuzzysets,hesitantfuzzysets,aggregationoperator. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 720-729 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/549/711 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/549 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:720-729 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakista Title: Nexus among Regulatory Framework, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: Insights from Structural Equation Modeling Approach Abstract: The concept of sustainable development holds immense importance for both current and future generations. This study investigates the manner in which economic growth acts as a mediator in the relationship between sustainable development and the regulatory framework. We have utilized the structural equation modeling technique to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of exogenous and endogenous variables. We executed this investigation using a sample of 24 countries that accounted for about 65% of global greenhouse gas emissions between 2000 and 2019. According to empirical results based on direct effects, the regulatory framework hinders sustainable development and economic growth. The empirical findings indicate that the regulatory framework has a noteworthy and favorable indirect influence on sustainable development, with economic growth serving as a mediating factor. Furthermore, because of the positive indirect effect, the regulatory framework's negative direct effect on sustainable development outweighs its total adverse effect. In the end, legislators should give utmost importance to creating a balanced regulatory framework that promotes economic expansion while incorporating concepts of environmental, social, and economic sustainability to ensure the well-being of present and future generations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00200 Keywords: Regulatory Framework, Economic Growth, Sustainable Development, Structural Equation Model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 110-117 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/754/690 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/754 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:110-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khuda Bakhsh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hassan Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Rajendra Adhikari Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Australia Title: Forecasting Prices and Production of Pulses in Faisalabad Market, Pakistan Abstract: Forecasting values of prices and production are important for value chain actors because they can plan their activities while considering these values in mind for improving profitability. The present study is designed to determine forecasting values of production and prices of mung bean lentil and chickpeas using arrival quantity of pulses in the big market of pulses in Punjab i.e. Faisalabad. Similarly price data is used to forecast future prices of pulses. ARIMA model is employed to determine forecasting arrival quantities and prices of pulses using monthly data from January, 2018 to June, 2023. Results show that there is no smooth price increases in mung beans during different months of a year. A declining value of lentil and chickpeas is an alarming indications for all value chain actors. Estimated values based on ARIMA models for price and arrival quantities of pulses have important implications for the producers and wholesalers dealing in pulses particularly chickpeas mung beans and lentil. A declining forecasting value of lentil and chickpeas leaves a serious thought on the sustainability of value chain of these pulses in the province. A declining supply in the market with an increase in the price of lentil in future will affect stakeholders of supply chain of lentil. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00216 Keywords: : Forecasted value; Production; Prices; pulses Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 105-109 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/702/695 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/702 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:105-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Iram Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Sana Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Student, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Convergence Hypothesis and Economic Growth in ECO Countries: An Insight from MM-QR Approach Abstract: This study assesses the convergence hypothesis and economic growth in ECO countries spanning from 1990 to 2021. Employing the MM-QR technique, it investigates the relationship between various factors and GDP growth. The study incorporates gross fixed capital formation, life expectancy, the effective rate of depreciation, secondary school enrollment, and the initial logarithm of GDP per capita as independent variables, with GDP growth as the dependent variable. Two distinct measures are employed: absolute convergence and relative convergence. Absolute convergence analysis reveals a positive and statistically significant trend. It indicates that poorer nations are experiencing higher growth rates compared to their wealthier counterparts. Moreover, the study investigates sigma convergence, explaining that the standard deviation of per capita income during the first and second decades signifies the existence of sigma convergence. However, during the third decade, although sigma convergence persists, it lies between the levels observed in the first and second decades. The study points out the significance of implementing pertinent policies to bolster GDP growth. It emphasizes the need for targeted strategies aimed at fostering economic development within the ECO countries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00213 Keywords: GDP growth, Gross fixed capital formation, Secondary school enrollment, Life expectancy, Effective rate of deprecation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 89-104 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/693/640 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/693 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:89-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Mudassar Naushahi Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology. Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Amir Inayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, School of Accountancy and Finance University of Lahore, Pakistan, Title: Tax Decentralization and Economic Growth of Pakistan: The Role of Political Institutions Abstract: DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00195 Keywords: Tax decentralization, political freedom, economic growth, co-integration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 78-88 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/694/622 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/694 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:78-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anam Javaid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rukhsana Kalim Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shahid Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Role of Human Capital in Strengthening Energy Mix-Climate Change Relation: A Study of Selected Low and High Vulnerable Economies Abstract: Adaptive capacity of human is influenced by socio-economic factors such as skills, resources, technology and governance. Human-induced climate change is affecting all the nations of world. Adaptation measures are required to mitigate its effects. The aims of current research are: a) to identify the factors that can reduce vulnerability in low and high vulnerable countries, b) to find the factors that can moderate the effect of climate change in these countries, c) to compare the effect of these factors in high and low vulnerable economies. Panel Quantile Regression is used as an econometric technique to get the final results of the study. Sample is comprised of 40 low and high vulnerable countries, and data range from 1995-2020. Division of sample countries is based on the ranking of ND-GAINS. Data for present study is collected from ND-GAINS, WDI and PWT. Results exposed negative relationship between Human Capital and climate change vulnerability. Moreover, human capital along with energy-mix reduces climate change vulnerability in case of low and high vulnerable countries. Communication and education increase capacity-building skills and knowledge which help to reduce the risk associated with hazard and prepare us to deal with that hazard. Present study is conducted to highlight the importance of Socio-Economic factors in strengthening energy-mix climate change relation. This study will help the Policy makers and governments to cope with the adverse impact of climate change. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00190 Keywords: Human Capital, Vulnerability, Energy Mix, renewable energy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 209-221 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/688/619 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/688 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:209-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Atif Author-Workplace-Name: Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Afaq Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Sibghatullah Author-Workplace-Name: Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Saeed Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Yaqoob Author-Workplace-Name: Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Socio-Economic Inclusion and Sustainable Economic Growth: An Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: Over 48 years (1975-2022), this research analyzes Pakistan's socio-economic inclusion and sustainable growth using data from PBS, SBP, and WDI. It examines GDP growth alongside healthcare expenditure, capital formation, education spending, employment, and school enrollment. Employing ARDL models and tests, it explores short and long-term dynamics, emphasizing the significance of healthcare, capital investment, education, and employment. The rigorous methodology ensures reliability, offering evidence-based policy recommendations crucial for fostering inclusive and enduring economic development. Additionally, it evaluates the impact of government expenditure on education and employment dynamics, highlighting their role in shaping economic progress and gender inclusivity in education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00192 Keywords: GDP growth, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Government Expenditure on Education, Current Health Expenditure, School Enrollment, Secondary Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 70-77 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/690/616 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/690 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:70-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Ibrahim Tiwano Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan Author-Name: Feroz Khan Laghari Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Fahad Author-Workplace-Name: MS Finance Scholar, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahzaib Akram Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Scholar, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Laraib Zaman Author-Workplace-Name: MS Finance Scholar, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: Impact of Interest Rate on Stock Price, Analysis of Stock Movement of Fauji Fertilizer and Engro Corporation Limited: Evidence From Pakistan Stock Exchange Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of interest rate on Pakistani stock market price. Take a teen year ending data from 2009 to 2018 of two companies which is listed in Pakistan stock market (PSX) Fauji fertilizer and Engro Corporation limited. MATLAB tool is used for analysis the secondary data of interest rate and both companies stock price. Study uses the correlation and linear regression approaches in order to evaluate the impact of interest rate on stock price of both companies, the result shows the link between interest rates and stocks is favorable. As the interest rate is increase or decrease the stock price of both companies are increase or decrease. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00189 Keywords: Interest rate, Stock price, Pakistan Stock exchange, Fauji fertilizer and Engro Corporation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 202-208 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/687/610 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/687 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:202-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asma Asghar Author-Workplace-Name: MS scholar, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafsa Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saira Arsh Author-Workplace-Name: PhD scholar, Department of Economics, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Sports Activities in Lahore Abstract: Women in Pakistan have been subjected to gender discrimination in different aspects of their lives, including their participation in sports. The main purpose of this study is to assess the socio-economic barriers hindering participation of women in sports activities. To this end, we adopted the survey design method. The idea behind this study is feminism in sports theory. The feminist approach to women’s participation in sports is focused on empowering women both inside and outside of the sports world, advancing gender equity and arguing for equitable chances in sports. SMART-PLS 4, SPSS, and RStudio are used for data analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used within structural equation model (SEM) to evaluate the hypotheses. The results revealed that women’s participation in sports is highly influenced by family influence, socio-cultural support, economic barriers, personal interest and motivation and sexual harassment, while media coverage and wage inequality is insignificant. Sexual harassment and economic barriers negatively affects participation of women in sports. The results suggest that policy makers, sports governing bodies, universities, and society should work together to increase female sports participation by raising awareness, reducing economic barriers, and improving physical health and fitness. There is gap in understanding the socio-economic barriers that contribute to the low participation of women in sports activities in Lahore, Pakistan. This research include factors socio-cultural support, family influence, wage inequality, sexual harassment, media coverage, personal interest and motivation and economic barriers that hindering women’s sport participation in Lahore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00187 Keywords: Economic Barriers, Women’s Sports Participation, Socio-Cultural Support, Lahore, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 182-192 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/685/607 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/685 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:182-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arif Massood Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management, & Administrative Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghazanfar Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management, & Administrative Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Title: The Effect of Workplace Spirituality and HRM Practices on Job Performancethe Mediating and Moderating Approach Abstract: Providing the vital roles of nurses in defining the sustainability of the healthcare system, nursing performance is recognized to be significant in providing quality care of patients. However, job performance reported in Pakistani public hospitals over the past few years has been deteriorated. There have been numerous researches about factors that affect job performance like HRM practices, spirituality at work and employee engagement. So, in this regard, leadership desires to change the behavior to engage the nurses in improving performance. The current study examines the direct effect of HRM practices and spirituality at work on job performance and on the employee engagement. The indirect mediating effect of employee engagement is examined on the associations and the moderating effect of change leadership between employee engagement and job performance is also examined. Purposive sampling was used to collect the data. There were 390 practical data from fifteen public hospitals in Pakistan were applied for further data analysis. The software PLS-SEM was applied to measure the structural model. Further the bootstrapping supported on the effect of inner life and employee participation and career development on employee engagement and on job performance is significant. In addition, the study found the partial mediating effect of employee engagement between inner life and career development on job performance is significant. The moderating effect of change leadership between employee engagement and job performance is also significant. The empirical implication showed that HRM practices and spirituality at work confines the negative effect of shortage of nurses and also increasing nursing job performance of nurses and providing better working atmosphere. However, there is no need to any intervention from the top management to modify the nursing behaviors. Future research could increase on the scope of the study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00203 Keywords: Human Resource Management practices, Spirituality at work, Employee Engagement, Job Performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 277-290 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/700/635 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/700 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:277-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zahid Mehmood Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Faid Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Management Sciences, NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Fauzia Mubarak Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, NUML, Islamabad, Title: Economic Growth and Financial Intermediation Nexus in Pakistan: An ARDL Analysis Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between economic growth and financial intermediation in Pakistan. By utilizing data from 1996 to 2022, presence of cointegration in the long run is investigated by employing the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, whereas error correction model (ECM) is used to depict short run linkages. The augmented dickey fuller (ADF) test verifies the stationarity properties of the series. The results show that financial intermediation promotes economic growth both in short run as well as in long run and confirm the view of Schumpeter regarding finance growth nexus. The findings also reveal that investment and human development also significantly contribute to productivity and economic expansion whereas public expenditure exhibits a positive but insignificant effect due to crowding out effects. The study found that despite improvements in Pakistan's financial structure, sustainable economic growth requires an enabling investment climate and robust governance which can be achieved by implementing suitable reforms for development of a well-organized financial sector. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00238 Keywords: Financial Intermediation, Economic Growth, Cointegration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 542-551 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/744/680 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/744 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:542-551 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sumera Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Nazim Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abdul Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Pakistan Title: Navigating Knowledge Hiding: The Influence of Supervisee Job Based Psychological Ownership on Job Performance in Manufacturing Settings Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of supervisor knowledge hiding (SKH) on the job performance of supervisees in the manufacturing sector. The study creates a conceptual framework that depicts the relationships between SKH, supervisee job-based PO and supervisee job performance. The author investigated how SKH affects the output of subordinates as well how to mitigate SKH's detrimental impact on supervisee job performance, and in what way supervisee job-based PO act to decrease the negative effect. This paper examines a mediation model that is grounded on the conservation of resources (COR) theory. The data was obtained from 347 employees who were serving in the manufacturing industry of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Through the implementation of a quantitative research design and extensive analysis of data, findings reveal that SKH negatively impact on subordinates that ultimately reduce the performance of supervisees at workplace. This research contributes to the recent finding that the adverse effects of SKH can potentially be buffered through the supervisee's possession. The model test with Partial Least Squares (PLS)-4 was used as the analysis technique in the study. Based on the available information, this is the first study to look into the relationship between SKH, supervisee job performance and supervisee job-based PO using conservation of resource (COR) theory. The authors switched the focus that conservation of resource (COR) theory offering new ideas into the process behind the link between SKH and supervisee job performance. This research also looked at how SKH hiding in the workplace affects job-based PO. This research focuses on workplace behavior. Employee attributes can dissuade a negative reaction to SKH. The effect of SKH on supervisees can be mitigated by focusing on supervisee job-based PO. This is an increasing push to focus on workplace positivity, which improves supervisees' job performance. It is imperative that we investigate the reasons how employees can perform effectively at work while remaining loyal and devoted to it. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00247 Keywords: Supervisor Knowledge Hiding, Supervisee Job-based Psychological Ownership, Supervisee Job Performance, Conservation of Resource Theory Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 617-627 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/757/693 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/757 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:617-627 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khadija Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD (Scholar), Management Sciences, National Business School, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: Consumer Behaviour Moderates the Effect of Green and Social Network Marketing and Strategies on Textile Business Performance in Faisalabad, Pakistan Abstract: The purpose of the current study is to look into how marketing strategies, social network marketing, and green marketing affect the textile industry's performance in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Examining how consumer behaviour influences the relationships between green marketing, social network marketing, marketing strategies and the business performance of the textile industry in Faisalabad, Pakistan. This study used quantitative methods, collecting data using self-structured questionnaires and SPSS analysis. The findings demonstrated a positive correlation between marketing strategies, social network marketing and green marketing and the textile industry's financial success in Faisalabad, Pakistan. The results also showed that the relationship between the business performance of the textile sector in Faisalabad, Pakistan, and social network marketing, green marketing and marketing strategies was positively regulated by customer behaviour. Future research on this topic will be beneficial, as will the regulatory bodies drafting regulations and implementing business performance-related policies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00246 Keywords: Green marketing, social network marketing, Pakistan, marketing strategies, Business performance, textile industry, consumer behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 609-616 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/756/692 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/756 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:609-616 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aimon Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Human Resource Management, College of Management and Sciences Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Nousheen Munawar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Human Resource Management and Finance, College of Management and Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumera Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Accounting and Finance, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Nousheen Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Finance, Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Institute of Technology (KASBIT), Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Imran Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Title: Antecedents of Staff Attrition Abstract: Addressing turnover has consistently remained a pivotal concern across industries. Mitigating turnover can empower organizations to retain their crucial personnel, consequently fostering heightened productivity and potentially bolstered profitability. This study delves into the correlation between employees' perception of organizational politics and the lure of alternative job offers featuring better compensation as drivers of turnover among Bank Alfalah (Karachi) personnel. Employing a cross-sectional approach with deductive reasoning, this study collected responses through survey questionnaires from Bank Alfalah employees. The outcomes unveiled a noteworthy positive association between turnover and both perceived organizational politics and the appeal of higher-paying alternative job opportunities. Additionally, the study unearthed that office politics plays a more robust role in translating turnover intentions into decisions. These findings bear significant implications not only for the banking sector but also for theoretical advancements in research centered around organizational politics and the allure of enhanced compensation through alternative employment avenues. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00243 Keywords: Alternate Job with Higher Pay, Organizational Politics, Turnover, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 586-592 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/752/684 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/752 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:586-592 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Zahid Hussain Shaikh Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Mathematics Department, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Author-Name: Ragni Lund Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, BA Department Sukkur IBA University, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Niaz Hussain Ghumro Author-Workplace-Name: Professor (Math & Econometrics), BA Department, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan Title: Macroeconomic dynamics and Panel VAR -Analysis in Developing Countries Abstract: This study applied the Panel Vector Autoregressive Model (PVAR) to examine the macroeconomic dynamics impact of variables. PVAR examined the results by taking the Data from seven Developing countries; Indonesia, Mexico, Chile, Denmark, China, Israel, and India. Based on this study, five variables are included to run the Panel VAR i.e., Inflation, short-term interest rate, RGDP, Official reserves, and exchange rate Volatility. Developing countries faced lots of difficulties thus examining which variable reflects a high effect to improve countries’ infrastructure. Therefore, this study performs the Panel VAR, Variance decomposition, and Impulse response thus stating that inflation and short-term interest have a high impact on developing countries, whereas, RGDP and official reserves have a low impact, resultantly the volatility rate fluctuating highly when little change in inflation and interest rate occurs. Additionally, monetary policy, foreign transactions, and economic growth are also included in this paper. Because inflation relates to the monetary policy, short-term interest rate relates to investors’ opportunity, RGDP relates the economic growth and official reserves reflect foreign transactions or support. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00251 Keywords: Panel VAR, Exchange rate volatility, Inflation, Real GDP, Official reserves, Economic impact, Macroeconomic variables Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 118-126 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/763/701 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/763 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:118-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Navid Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Faisalabad Business School National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Akhtar Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Saeed Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rimsha Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Mahnoor Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management Sciences Agriculture University of Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Ghulam Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Usman Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Laboratory College. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Afzal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Female Presence in Boards on Financial Performance of Banks: Empirical Evidence from Emerging Economies Abstract: The study examined the effect of the presence of female directors in the board and other board characteristics like board size independence of directors CEO duality and meetings attended by directors. The Panel data analysis is used by taking a sample of 21 Pakistani banks and 52 Chinese banks. The results of this study reveal that some board features like board size and independence of directors have a significant effect on banks’ performance both in Pakistan and China. But other board variables like CEO duality and female director presence have insignificant impact on the performance of Pakistani and Chinese banks. These results are consistent with earlier studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00264 Keywords: Female directors, Board size, CEO duality, Number of meetings, Independent directors, Banks performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 749-755 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/769/763 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/769 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:749-755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shezza Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ahmad Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Child Care Strategies of Working Women in Lahore Abstract: Effective child care techniques are required in order for women to achieve balance between professional life and parental duties due to the increased number of women entering the professional workforce. This study is based on grounded qualitative study. In this study participants are working women and all are related from profession of teaching. This study attempts to give readers a thorough overview of the child care practices used by modern professional women. In order to overcome the difficulties related with child care, the study investigates here numerous strategies used by professional women. It looks at official and informal child care systems, highlighting both of its benefits and drawbacks. The distinction between official and informal childcare arrangements is made by the presence of nursery facilities, preschools and nannies. Cost availability convenience and quality of care are just a few of the variables this study covers in relation to choosing child care alternatives. The results suggests different child care tactics used by professional women, with a focus on the value of a variety of child care options supportive work settings personal networks technological improvements and regulatory initiatives. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00266 Keywords: child, care, strategies, working women, challenges, Lahore, Pakistan, family support Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 756-762 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/770/720 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/770 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:756-762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mudassir Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil, Department of Politics & IR, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rida Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: BS IR, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Naveed Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of Politics & IR, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Bano Qudsia Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Examining the Legislative Landscape: A Comprehensive Analysis of Juvenile Delinquency in Punjab Abstract: Juvenile delinquency, a complex social issue has been a persistent concern in Punjab India. This article delves into the legislative landscape that governs the handling of juvenile offenders in the state. It presents a comprehensive analysis of the existing laws, their effectiveness, and the need for reforms. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, forms the backbone of the legislative framework in Punjab. This act emphasizes rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders into society, rather than punishment. However the implementation of this act has faced several challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, lack of trained professionals, and insufficient funding. Moreover, the article highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of juvenile delinquency in Punjab. It calls for a shift from a purely punitive approach to a holistic one that addresses the root causes of delinquency such as poverty lack of education and family dysfunction. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00281 Keywords: Juvenile delinquency, Punjab, India, legislative landscape, The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, rehabilitation and reintegration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 857-865 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/787/746 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/787 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:857-865 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Sumera Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Dept. Of Mass Communication, Lahore College Women University, Pakistan Author-Name: Laiba Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Mass Communication at Forman Christian College, Pakistan Author-Name: Aaima Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Dept. of Mass Communication & Media, University of Narowal, Pakistan Title: Perspectives of Young Women Entrepreneurs Towards Amazon in Pakistan: An Extension of E-Commerce in a Developing Market Abstract: This research examines the experiences and viewpoints of young female entrepreneurs in Pakistan who use Amazon as a platform to run their businesses. This study aims to gain insights into the challenges and opportunities these women face in the context of e-commerce in a developing market. The researcher carried out a qualitative research approach to conduct interviews with ten young female entrepreneurs who use Amazon as their business running platform. Through the lens of Uses and Gratification theory and thematic analysis this study proposes that online earning platforms and digital media serve as tools for the empowerment of women. This research argues that e-commerce platforms like Amazon have the potential to revolutionize the business landscape for young women entrepreneurs in developing markets such as Pakistan. Addressing the challenges faced by these entrepreneurs can lead to greater gender equality and economic empowerment for women in the country. The findings of this research revealed several challenges that these entrepreneurs face such as issues related to payment methods logistics and cultural barriers. Nevertheless the study also highlights the advantages of using Amazon including the potential to reach a broader customer base increase sales enhance the visibility of their businesses and most importantly the sense of empowerment and financial independence. Moreover it also brought valuable insights into how the potential of e-commerce platforms is driving gender equality and economic development. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00268 Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Amazon, E-commerce, Uses and Gratification Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 770-776 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/772/722 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/772 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:770-776 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Aqib Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Management and Social Sciences, The Millennium Universal College (TMUC), Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sarina Zainab Shirazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Management and Social Sciences, The Millennium Universal College (TMUC), Pakistan Author-Name: Samyr Ali Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Management and Social Sciences, The Millennium Universal College (TMUC), Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Kemal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Management and Social Sciences, The Millennium Universal College (TMUC), Pakistan Title: Assessment of Human Resource Management Framework from Islamic Paradigm: Proposition of an Islamic Model of Human Resource Management Abstract: The study of Human Resource Management (HRM) in the context of Islamic philosophy has gained traction especially in the last two decades. This paper aims to assess the HRM purpose, processes and practices in the light of Islamic doctrine to eventually present an Islamic model of HRM that is hinged upon Islamic principles and values. The postulated model offers a unique perspective by incorporating both contemporary and spiritual dimensions to HRM framework in order to provide a holistic outlook to the study of Islamic Human Resource Management (IHRM). The proposed model named The AF Islamic HRM Model is driven by two key Islamic concepts of Adl (justice) and Falah (wellbeing or success) where Adl represents an essential underlying element for all HRM processes as per the proposed IHRM model and the conception of Falah implies an ultimate reward or success in this world as well as in the world hereafter as perceived from the Islamic belief system. The paper entails a qualitative research approach by evaluating the existing HRM models as well as analyzing the already available literature regarding Islamic perspective to the HRM theory to ultimately posit a model which contributes value to the existing knowledge base of Islamic HRM. There is not much research regarding the application of Islamic ideology to various facets of HRM and this study endeavors to address this research gap by proposing an IHRM model which consolidates both the contemporary HRM philosophy as well as the Islamic tenets and guidelines, encompassing diverse aspects of both religion and worldly life by providing insights about the conventional HRM body of knowledge with a touch of ethics and spirituality. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00267 Keywords: Human Resource Management (HRM), Islamic Human Resource Management (IHRM), Human Resource Management Models, HRM Practices, Islamic Perspective, HR Processes Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 763-769 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/771/721 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/771 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:763-769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Huma Jamshaid Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nauman Abbasi Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Raza Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Sustainability Amplified: Servitization, Integration and Buyer-Supplier Nexus Abstract: This study examines the dynamics of buyer-supplier relationship connectors and sustainable supply chain performance with the moderating role of the level of Servitization and the mediating role of Supply Chain Integration. A purposive sampling survey conducted by a well-structured questionnaire has been administered through a sample of 120 organizations. The manufacturing industries of Pakistan including automotive textile chemical electronics and pharmaceutical were selected for data collection. Using the theoretical lens of Social Exchange Theory the outcomes reveal that a positive relationship exists between buyer-supplier relationships and sustainable supply chain performance. The results imply that companies that actively engage in building strong and collaborative relationships with their suppliers are expected to achieve higher levels of sustainability in their operations. Moreover through a mediated moderating model supply chain integration and servitization emerged as significant mediators and moderator among buyer-supplier relationships and sustainable supply chain performance. Besides the theoretical contribution this study offers substantial evidence to policymakers regarding how to improve and reshape their relations to accomplish supply chain integration and enhance sustainable supply chain performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00206 Keywords: Buyer-Supplier Relationship Connectors, Servitization, Sustainable Supply Chain Performance, Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 297-306 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/705/632 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/705 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:297-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khawaja Khalid Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mahnoor Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Transformational Leadership Climate on Business Sustainability and New Product Development Process: Moderating Influence of Strategic Flexibility Abstract: Transformational leadership is believed to be crucial factor behind an organization’s success. Studies have been conducted on leaders’ transformational leadership style but there has been limited research on transformational leadership climate (TLC) in an organization and its effect on new product development process (NPDP) and business sustainability (BS). This study fulfills this gap and it also contributes to the literature by testing the moderating role of strategic flexibility (SF) between TLC and NPDP & BS. The study draws its hypothesis on the basis of contingency theory upper echelons theory and transformational leadership theory. The authors collected the data from the top managers of private educational institutes affiliated with BISE Multan and used SmartPLS for analyses of data. Based on the analyses of 145 questionnaires we report that TLC enhances NPDP and BS whereas SF has a significant moderation impact on the relationship between TLC and BS. For the educational institutes we suggest top management to acknowledge and implement TLC in their organizations for sustaining their performance and for successful launching of new programs/services. Additionally the importance of resource and coordination flexibility is emphasized for sustainability. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00117 Keywords: transformational leadership climate, new product development process, strategic flexibility, organization sustainability, education institutes Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 323-331 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/600/834 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/600 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:323-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarina Muhammad Mairaj Author-Workplace-Name: Student, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Syed Meeran Hasnain Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, ZCPT Ziauddin University Author-Name: Ahad Hasan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Laiba Muskan Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Student, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Samana Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Student, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Aiman Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Student, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Javeria Ilyas Author-Workplace-Name: Student, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Author-Name: Wajiha Aziz Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Student, ZCPT, Ziauddin University Title: Enhancing Employee Retention through Ergonomic Practices: Examining the Moderating Effect of Work-Life Balance Abstract: This study investigates the impact of various ergonomic and workplace factors on employee retention, aiming to understand how organizations can foster a supportive work environment to enhance employee satisfaction and reduce turnover. Using structural equation modeling the research examines key variables including workstation design proper lifting techniques task rotation anti-fatigue mats ergonomic tools and equipment, break scheduling, and work-life balance. The findings reveal that these ergonomic factors significantly influence employee retention with proper lifting techniques and ergonomic tools showing the strongest positive associations. The analysis demonstrates that employees who experience a supportive ergonomic environment are more likely to stay with their organization thus emphasizing the importance of these factors in retention strategies. Additionally work-life balance is shown to moderate the relationship between ergonomic practices and retention suggesting that employees who feel their organization values their personal well-being are more likely to remain committed. Fit indices such as the RMSEA CFI TLI SRMR and GFI confirm the robustness of the model indicating a good fit with the observed data. The study’s conclusions highlight the need for organizations to invest in ergonomic improvements and work-life balance initiatives to maintain a stable and productive workforce. While the study offers valuable insights its limitations include the cross-sectional design reliance on self-reported data, and the specific organizational context which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research could expand on these findings by exploring additional variables and conducting longitudinal studies across diverse settings to provide a more comprehensive understanding of employee retention dynamics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Physical Therapy, Ergonomics, Work life Balance, Employee Retention, Smart PLS, Proper Lifting Techniques, Ergonomic Tools Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 84-91 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/958/1025 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/958 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:84-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faheem Ur Rasool Author-Workplace-Name: M.Sc. Hons Agricultural Economics Scholar, Department of Economics and Agricultural Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Abdul Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics and Agricultural Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Nasir Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics and Agricultural Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shahid Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Qasim Raza Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Economics, Department of Economics and Agricultural Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Economic Assessment of Hybrid and Non-Hybrid Maize Crop in Sahiwal Division Under Changing Climate Abstract: It is a fine admissible verity all over the world that the changing climate exerts influence on all the kinds of survivals. As an agricultural based economy Pakistan rely on well-being of agriculture and it makes huge contribution in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan. Agriculture totally nature based and it is straight exaggerated by the exchange behavior of different climatic variables i.e. humidity rainfall as well as temperature. Minor alter in one of these variables can cause extreme alter in the production of crops and the country’s economy damaged in the result of yield loss. This study will be focused on climate changing impact on hybrid as well as non- hybrid maize crop within Sahiwal division, in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Sahiwal division is the well-known agricultural production location and on the other side, it is very sensitive to climate change. That is the reason behind the study of the economic assessment of hybrid and non-hybrid maize crop under the climate change in Sahiwal division. With the help of arranged set of questions check the impact of crop production on net farm revenue and Ricardian analysis operated to quantify the supposed impact due to changing climate. After estimating net farm revenue it is a regressed against climate soil and socio-economic variables. Study helps out in assessing the climate changing impact on hybrid as well as non-hybrid maize crop and plus suggesting adoption practices to farmers and thus giving reasonable policy support in the end. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Climate change, Hybrid and non-hybrid maize crop, Net farm income revenue, Stake holders, Ricardian analysis, Sahiwal Division Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 79-83 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/957/1024 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/957 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:79-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Siddiqui Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayman Taj Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Director ORIC, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Saira Jessani Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: The Effects of Green Procurement, Green Production, and Green Logistics in the Overall Performance of Green Supply Chain Management Abstract: The goal of the study is to examine the effects of green procurement, green production and green logistics on overall performance of green supply chain management. Pakistan is a country where green practices are still rare and environmental performance of the organizations needs to be focused. In the given backdrop it is a dire need that gaps are identified, and organizations should strategize their role and environmental responsibility and set benchmarks for the sustainable businesses as well as betterment of the society. A prescribed questionnaire with close ended questions was designed to collect data from various sector of Pakistan industries. The nature of this study is quantitative; simple random sampling is used and the sample size is set to 325 respondents. Reliability test, exploratory factor analysis followed by regression analysis were carried out by using SPSS. Results showed that there are positive and significant relationships of green procurement, green production and green logistics on overall performance of green supply chain management. The results are further elaborated in the respective sections of this research with some concrete recommendations. This research may be of great help in implementation of green practices in large organizations as well as SMEs and will ultimately benefit the all stakeholders, environment and will provide long-term sustainability. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00445 Keywords: green procurement, green production, green logistics, green supply chain management Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 67-78 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/956/1022 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/956 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:67-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syeda Marrium Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Federal Urdu University of Arts & Science Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Moeid Hamid Ansari Author-Workplace-Name: Manager Facilities, PPHI, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Yasir Javed Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Student, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Impact of Emotional Advertising on Consumer Buying Behavior: A Study in the Context of Tea Brands in Pakistan Abstract: This research was organized to analyze the impact of emotional advertising on consumer buying behavior. The study is bounded to low involvement products specifically tea brands in Pakistan. It is also conducted to identify the most effective emotional appeal in advertisements that highly influence on consumers buying decision. A quantitative research method was utilized to assess the impact of emotions of love, happiness, excitement and humor on tea consumers, and a five-point Likert scale questionnaire-based survey was designed to obtain data from a sample size of 300 participants and their responses were gathered to analyzed the different emotional appeals like love appeal, humor appeal, happiness appeal and excitement appeal in advertisements. The hypothesized model has been investigated through SPSS software. The correlation and multiple regression model results demonstrates a positive significant impact of emotions like love, humor, excitement and happiness on buying attitude of tea consumers. The paper ensures the positive association between emotional advertising and consumer buying behavior with respect to the Tea brands in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00443 Keywords: emotional advertising, consumer behavior, tea brands Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 54-66 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/955/1019 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/955 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:54-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hadia Qaiser Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting and Finance, National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Fahad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting and Finance, National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan Title: Fintech in Pakistan: Current Landscape, Challenges, and Global Insights Abstract: Fintech has been a global phenomenon and trend lately. Fintech can completely revolutionize the financial industry. The paper seeks to determine how fintech may help promote economic development in Pakistan, particularly by increasing access to financial services for those in rural and unreached areas. This study will do an in-depth analysis of challenges for Fintech adoption In Pakistan and provide solutions policy recommendations for them. In an economy like Pakistan where financial inclusion rates are below average Fintech can prove to be a game changer. Modern Fintech facilities like digital banking online payments alternative lending micro-finance and robo-advisory can help promote financial inclusion in Pakistan. Fintech has been proven to increase efficiency and cut down the cost of providing financial services. The main aim of this study is to analyze the current Fintech landscape in Pakistan and understand the obstacles hindering its adoption in Pakistan. This study will also suggest areas where fintech can be applied and derive lessons from other countries where Fintech has been successfully applied. This paper is a systematic review of the already existing literature and uses secondary data. We will use this already existing data to provide a clearer picture of what fintech innovations can be applied in Pakistan according to its financial landscape and how we can learn from other countries. Overall the results of this study will help in understanding the fintech situation in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00442 Keywords: Fintech, financial inclusion, digital finance, Fintech barriers, Fintech acceptance, financial services Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 48-53 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/953/1015 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/953 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:48-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Suraiya Kaleem Author-Workplace-Name: LLB Law, Bahuddin Zakariya Univeristy Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Adnan Ali Syed Author-Workplace-Name: MS Banking & Finance, GC University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saba Latif Author-Workplace-Name: MS Banking & Finance, GC University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqar Sadiq Author-Workplace-Name: PhD (Finance), Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The Moderating Effect of Business Law on the Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in European Countries Abstract: The influence of Business law on the link between FDI and Economic growth of European countries was the focus of this research. To test these relationships, panel data from 28 members states of the European Union within the time horizon of 2010–2024 was used, and the analysis was conducted with help of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings showed that FDI had a positive association with economic growth though the degree was mediated by business law. This evidence also showed that the beneficial effect of FDI on economic growth is in higher proportion in countries with better legal structures of business. Such insights suggest the need for sound business laws that enhance opportunities for foreign investment as a tool for the growth of European countries’ economy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00441 Keywords: FDI, Economic Growth, Business Law, EU, PLS-SEM Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 42-47 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/952/1013 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/952 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:42-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehwish Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Fahad Author-Workplace-Name: MS Finance Scholar, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Aisha Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waqas Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, School of Economics and Management, Xidian University Shaanxi, Xi'an China Title: Leveraging Banking Financial Performance through Shari’ah Board’s Characteristics: Empirical Investigation Abstract: This study examines the impact of board characteristics on the financial outcomes of Shari'ah-compliant banks in Pakistan, with a particular focus on supervisory attributes such as board size, frequency of meetings, and independence in decision-making. The empirical analysis utilizes data from all Islamic banks of Pakistan over the period from 2021 to 2023, a timeframe chosen to evaluate financial performance in the context of post-pandemic economic challenges. Employing panel data analysis through multiple regression models, the study reveals that bank size does not have a significant effect on the financial outcomes. In contrast, the board size plays a crucial role in influencing financial success. Specifically, boards that are composed of independent members that meet regularly for strategic evaluations tend to achieve better financial performance. These results emphasize the importance of enhancing Shari'ah-compliant governance structures, particularly in the context of economic recovery. The implications of these findings suggest that to improve the decision-making process, Islamic banks should focus on quality and independence in board composition and prioritize frequent strategic assessments to improve financial outcomes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Financial Performance, Shari'ah Supervisory Board, ROA, Board Independence, Meeting Frequency Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 36-41 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/935/1000 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/935 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:36-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faraz Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, IQRA University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Kehkashan Nizam Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, IQRA University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Zubair Sajid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, IQRA University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Sunain Qamar Author-Workplace-Name: MBA, Department of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahsan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University, Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Striking a Balance: Evaluating Credit Risk with Traditional and Machine Learning Models Abstract: This research assesses machine learning models' validity, clarity, and equity, compared to classical models and especially logistic regression in credit risk evaluation. In the traditional model of data management, efficiency and the accuracy of information are challenges; an issue of machine learning models is model selection and multicollinearity. The study intends to help financial institutions establish the best strategy for their needs. Furthermore, it delves into the effect of heterogeneous data sources on the credit risk model using machine learning. The research analyses the implications of using machine learning in assessing credit risk. Interestingly, focusing on peer-to-peer lending platforms, the research aims to deal with the need for more attention to combining machine learning and traditional models in the literature. The deductive method is the application of inferential analyses, the Traditional model is logistic regression, and the Machine Learning model is a neural network (CNN model) based on secondary data from the Kaggle peer-to-peer lending dataset. With likely findings expected to comprise prediction of the probability of default and better availability of loans, risk analysis leads to formulated lending decisions managing a financial portfolio. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00425 Keywords: Credit Risk, Credit Scoring, Machine Learning Model, Traditional Model, Default Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 30-35 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/942/995 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/942 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:30-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hussain Imam Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Saima Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mariam Amman Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Areesha Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Fickle Relationships in The Sun Also Rises, Great Gatsby, The Sound and the Fury and T.S Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Abstract: In the essay "Different Themes Rendered with Similar Approaches — A Comparison between The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby," the author examines thematic similarities between Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises and Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, highlighting the decadence, disillusionment, corruption, and failure of the 1920s (Shen). This essay provides valuable background for understanding the Lost Generation's literary history and societal context. However, using Harold Aram Veeser's New Historicism framework, our study narrows the focus to fickle relationships and chronic dissatisfaction in the post-WWI generation. By comparing The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby, alongside The Sound and The Fury and works by T.S. Eliot, our research explores how unstable relationships reflect the broader existential crises of the era. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Fickle Relationships, Great Gatsby, Sound and the Fury Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 26-29 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/932/987 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/932 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:26-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Zaighum Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Business Administration Department, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Adil Adnan Author-Workplace-Name: Dean, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Sosan Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Business Administration Department, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan Title: The Influence of Political Marketing Mix on Voting Intention: The Mediating Roles of Brand Image, Political Cynicism, and Brand Engagement Abstract: This study investigates the impact of the political marketing mix on voting intention, emphasizing on the mediating roles of brand image, political cynicism, and brand engagement. The research is grounded in quantitative data collected from 480 respondents in Attock, Pakistan. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the relationships among variables. The findings reveal a significant positive effect of the political marketing mix on voting intention, with brand image and brand engagement serving as positive mediators, while political cynicism negatively mediates the relationship. These results offer valuable insights for political campaign strategists and contribute to the broader understanding of voter behavior in emerging democracies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00420 Keywords: political marketing, voting intention, brand image, political cynicism, brand engagement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 21-25 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/937/985 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/937 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:21-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rahimi Mansoor Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, The Hochschule Wismar, and University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany Author-Name: Shaista Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, CUSIT, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan PhD Scholar, CUSIT, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Subhan Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Head Finance Department, Alfalah University, Jalalabad, Nangarhar, Afghanistan Author-Name: Rovaid Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Title: The Impact of ESG on Financial Performance of Top 100 Companies of Pakistan Abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of ESG on financial performance. The present study is accounting-based research, i.e. ROE and ROA are used to measure the financial performance of companies. Data for the study is taken from financial statements for the period of 2018 to 2022 from the top 100 companies of Pakistan, which are listed on PSX. Results which are extracted from the Random Effects model determine that ESG has a significant effect on ROA and ROE. The findings of this study are important to management and for formulating policies of companies. According to the findings of this research study, to improve a company’s financial performance over the long term, companies need to allocate their resources and invest in activities that are related to (ESG). DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/ Keywords: Environmental Factors, Social Factors, Governance Factor, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Firms Size, Firms Age, Firms Leverage Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 14-20 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/939/975 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/939 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:14-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Waqas Rana Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Mohammad Shahnawaz Ashfaq Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Faizah Yasir Jalbani Author-Workplace-Name: Adjunct Faculty, Faculty of Management Sciences, SZABIST, Karachi, Pakistan Title: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Influencer Marketing Abstract: Nowadays Influencer marketing is one of the most growing industry. Social media influencers are increasing with time and brands are moving towards endorsing themselves on digital platforms. AI is the new element for growing of influencer marketing and it will help influencers to improve their digital platforms. AI will be impacting positively with the help of the new ways to manage the campaigns of influencers or celebrities on social platforms. The new virtual social presence has made consumers interested in the virtual influencers which will also affect the perceived quality of products used by these influencers. The study is quantitative and data collected is on convenience sampling in non-probability. The instrument used to collect data was through questionnaire. The findings of the research showed positive impact of Artificial intelligence on Influencer marketing. All the independent variables celebrity endorsements, perceived quality and virtual social presence with the mediator Artificial intelligence showed positive relation with influencer marketing. The result was analyzed and processed through SPSS. This research will help influencers to use AI for effectiveness and to know about emerging AI influencers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00431 Keywords: Influencer marketing, Artificial intelligence, celebrity endorsements, perceived quality, virtual social presence Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-13 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/938/991 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/938 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:3:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rida Hameed Khan Author-Name: Maimoona Javed Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil in Business Economics from School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Author-Name: Ali Ameer Haider Author-Workplace-Name: MBA in Human Resource Management from Southern Business School, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan Author-Name: Lala Rukh Author-Workplace-Name: MBA in Human Resource Management from Southern Business School, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan Author-Name: Hamza Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor at School of Business Management, Multan University of Science and Technology, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Title: The Capabilities of Organizations in Implementing Artificial Intelligence: In Light of Data Incomprehensibility and Dependency Abstract:The proposed study intends to evaluate organizational capacity for handling problems, investigate methods for optimizing AI implementation, and analyze the effects of data incomprehensibility and dependence on AI implementation. This research deals in its ability to provide organizations, academics, and policymakers with recommendations and insights regarding the difficulties associated with data incompressibility and dependency when deploying artificial intelligence in massive volumes of data. Artificial intelligence is being employed in many different industries, and its influence is growing every day. With the development of AI, it is becoming increasingly crucial for us that the system be dependable and trustworthy. Additionally, it can be explained in detail how the company can use AI to solve problems and enhance currently available solutions, as well as how to comprehend the difficulties associated with applying AI, how to protect and use data, and how to make sure that the AI technologies being used are morally right and good for society. There are five Independent Variables including Technological Infrastructure for Complex Data Handling, Data Management and Analytics for Unstructured Data, Adaptive and Agile Data Systems, Data Quality and Integration Strategies, and Ethical and Regulatory Considerations in Complex Data Handling. One Dependent Variable includes the Efficiency of AI Implementation in Handling Incomprehensible and Dependent Data. DOI: Keywords: The Capabilities of Organizations in Implementing Artificial Intelligence: In Light of Data Incomprehensibility and Dependency Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/899 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/899 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1000-1000 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Hamza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Professor Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: AI-Driven Assistants' Potential for Scaled Agile Software Development Abstract: Scaled agile development is commonly used in software engineering to enhance cooperation, productivity, and product quality. Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into scaled agile development methods (SADMs) is a promising way to simplify procedures and manage the complexity of software projects. This article examines the impact of AI-powered assistants on the scaled agile framework (SAFe), a popular paradigm for large-scale software development. Our article targets three main objectives: (1) Assessing the obstacles and constraints organizations face while implementing SADMs (2) evaluating the benefits of AI in large-scale situations, and (3) identifying features of SADMs that AI-driven assistants may improve. After conducting a thorough literature analysis, we identified and summarized 18 key difficulties organizations face. Our research identified seven benefits and five barriers to using AI in SADMs. The findings were categorized according to whether they occurred during the development or planning and control stages. We analyzed 15 AI helpers and tools and used them to meet research issues. The findings were categorized according to whether they occurred during the development or planning and control stages. We analyzed 15 AI helpers and tools and used them to meet research issues. DOI: Keywords:SAFe; scaled agile framework; AI; artificial intelligence; tools; assistants; agile; large-scale Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/933/978 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/933 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p: Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Mazher Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of History, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abida Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor (Law), Dr. Iqbal School of Law, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Zil-e-Huma Rafique Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Mumtaz Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Director, Research and Development, Punjab Higher Education Commission, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Electorates, Electioneering and Electoral Politics in Pakistan: A Study into Bhutto-Zia Antagonism (1970-1988) Abstract: There is a direct connection and relationship between elections and electorates. Even All the voting patterns rightly emerge from the election-electorate binary eventually determine the fate of electoral process which both results and inculcates into the government-making with all modes of decision-making and functioning, law-making and smooth functioning of all the organs of the state including executive or administration, policy making and judiciary, etc. However; it marks ideal approach which seems quite different from ground realities. The political epoch of 1970-1988 tells the different stories revolving around three variables i. e. Electorates, Electioneering and Electoral Politics as dependent variables under one big independent variable—Bhutto-Zia Antagonism which proved watershed to the forthcoming history of the nation which can be taken as hypothesis. This study is a fresh look into the then political arena based on the functioning and results of the aforementioned variables. As the historical record of Pakistani Elections manifests, they had been held on the need-based intervals due to the weak democratic institutions, complexity of the power-play and political instability which have been categorically discussed by the election experts worldwide. For instance; the results of 1970 General Elections were not accepted by the political and other stakeholders that led to rifts and dichotomies and ultimately claimed the integrity of the country on gloomy note. Similarly; the 1977 General Elections were the worst example of ‘electioneering’ and mistreatment of the expectations of electorates which invited General Zia to marshal the circumstances. Here, in the research in hand, an effort has been made to highlight the role of electorates, albeit the dominance of electioneering and gradual decline of the response of the electorates in forthcoming series of elections in summative as well analytical manner and this will help in establishing as well as developing an overall understanding of the phenomenon, especially in Pakistani perspective. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00389 Keywords: Pakistan, Constitution, Parliamentary Democracy, Elections, Electorates, Legislatures; Law-making; Executive; Judiciary Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 747-751 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/901/934 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/901 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:747-751 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Sana Fayyaz Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Sub-Campus Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Syed Wahid Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Sub-Campus Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Tariq Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Sub-Campus Vehari, Pakistan Title: Profitability of Islamic Banks in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: The main object of this study is to investigate the Profitability of Islamic banks in Pakistan. The data duration of the study is 2006-2021 and penal regression analysis is used to test the Profitability of Islamic banks in the context of Pakistan. This study applied the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM and Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey tests to check the multicollinearity autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity respectively. According to the Hausman test, Redundant Effect Test is suitable for the current study. Results of the Random Effect Method indicate that the GDP and BS have statistically significant as well as positive effects on the Return on Assets (ROA). While the IR, NPL, and INF have statistically significant and negative effect on the Return on Assets (ROA). Results of the study suggest that factors that have a negative effect on the ROA, like interest rate, non-performing loan, and the inflation rate would be judgmentally investigated by the Islamic Bankers of Pakistan through structuring the bank’s policies. That would give support in the banks’ better performance and enhanced profitability, which would directly improve to their significant role in the economy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00388 Keywords: Return on Assets, Gross Domestic Product, Bank Size, Interest Rate, Non-performing Loans, Earning per Share, Inflation, Islamic Banks, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 741-746 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/897/927 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/897 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:741-746 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maliha Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Alhamd Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaf Abbasi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Alhamd Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sidra Kiran Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Alhamd Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Quratulain Author-Workplace-Name: Head of Department, Alhamd Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Role of Time Management in Developing Self- Regulating Study Habits among Students at University Level Abstract: The research work conducted on the topic of role of time management in developing self-regulating study habits among students at University level. In order to achieve the objectives, this study used descriptive survey design. Total population was 792 students from public sector universities of okara region. 70% sample of total population was selected. Consequently, 167 male and 217 female students were selected from University of Okara. Whereas, 91 male 80 female students were selected from the University of Agriculture Faisalabad ( sub campus Depalpur Okara). All of these students were selected from various departments (Statistics, Islamic Studies, Physics, Mathematics, Education, Biology, English, Zoology, Chemistry, and Computer Science). A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data for the students. It was a 5-point scale type consisting 40 statements along with 2 questions as open ended to assess the role of time management in developing self-regulating study habits among students at university level. Systematic random sampling method was used to select sample size of 555 students. The purpose of this study was to achieve the following objectives, 1 assess the effect of time management on self-regulating study habits of students at university level, 2 to analyze the important factors that affect the study habits of students at university level, 3 to compare the effect of time management techniques on the basis of gender, locality, university and departments (science and arts). Present study was aimed to answer the following questions, 1) how the time management effect self-regulating study habits of students at university level? 2) What are the factors that affect the study habits of students at university level? 3) What is the effect of time management techniques on the basis of gender, locality, university and departments (science and arts)? The results help in the field of education specially and for the bright future of students generally. The major findings of this study indicate that majority of the students have agreed about the importance of time management for achieving high ranks at university level. They feel stressed due to over work and try to minimize interruptions. Most of the students have reported that they share their academic issues with family and home environment affect the students grades. Students also reported that class environment also affects student learning. The study concluded that importance of time management can never be neglected. It indicates that time management is a key to success and is very important for the development of self-regulating study habits among students at university level. The study also concluded that there is no significant difference between the students on the basis of gender, locality, university and science and arts departments regarding the role of time management in developing self-regulating study habits among students at university level. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00387 Keywords: study habits, university students, time management Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 730-740 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/896/926 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/896 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:730-740 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Afzal Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan. Author-Name: Muqaddas Salahuddin Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan. Author-Name: Sammia Hira Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan. Author-Name: Muhammad Faseeh Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan. Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Software Engineering, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Software Engineering, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: A Systematic Literature Review of Understanding the Human-Computer-Intraction Collaboration with User Experience Design Abstract: In the realm of human-computer interaction (HCI), while the integration of computerized systems with humans (e.g., robots) is crucial, the focus often remains on the technology itself rather than on user acceptance and interaction. This creates a significant research gap, as future advancements in digital systems will rely heavily on effective HCI. This article reviews literature through a framework emphasizing User Experience (UX), which focuses on enhancing interactions between people and technology. UX is described as a method for creating desirable, accessible, and useful technology experiences. The paper concludes with recommendations for future UX research, particularly in wireless and emerging technologies, highlighting the role of User Experience Strategy (UXS) in addressing consumer needs and developing practical, engaging solutions. This systematic literature review's general target is to investigate studies published in the past 15 years related to using AI strategies in conventional technology. The fundamental goal is partitioned into the next RQ research question to accomplish a more point-by-point and far-reaching perspective on this subject. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00386 Keywords: Human-Computer-Interaction, UX Design, HCI, UXIP, UXS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 723-729 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/872/925 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/872 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:723-729 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Bakht Jamal Author-Workplace-Name: SED, Government of Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Qurrat-ul-Ain Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Education, Department of Education, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Doung Dara Author-Workplace-Name: Deputy Director of Education and Research at Mindset Development Organization, (MDO), Cambodia Author-Name: Aiman Shabbir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Gul Muhammad Shaikh Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Dental Education, Shahida Islam Medical and Dental College Lodhran, Pakistan Title: Impact of ICT on the Academic Performance of Students at University Level Abstract:Contemporary educational institutions heavily rely on information and communication technology (ICT) which has put impact on students’ learning. The researcher investigated the impact of ICT on the academic performance of students at the university level. To achieve research objectives, the descriptive research design of the quantitative survey approach was employed. All the students of the MS (Education) program were population in 15 public sector universities in Punjab while 500 samples of the students were taken through simple random sampling. The self-structured quantitative questionnaire was used as a research tool. Validation and reliability were confirmed through experts’ opinions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The findings reflected that the majority of the students used ICT devices and improved their academic performance. Therefore, it was concluded that students at the university level were actively involved in using ICT devices and recommended to infuse ICT in teaching learning and ensuring collaborative learning. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00385 Keywords: ICT, Academic Performance, University Students, Public Sector Universities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 719-722 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/895/922 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/895 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:719-722 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iftikhar Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Arifa Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; Department of Economics and Finance, Greenwich University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Ejaz Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Seyab Yasin Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Financial Development, Net Foreign Assets and Domestic Businesses on Export Performance: A case of Singapore Economy Abstract: The effects of financial sector liberalization; foreign assets, domestic businesses in the form of listed companies and domestic manufacturing, and real interest rate on export performance of Singapore economy are tested by using ARDL bounds testing approach by covering period from 1978-2023. The empirical results suggest that liberalizing financial sector and foreign assets significantly accelerate export performance. This study considers two proxies for domestic businesses – listed companies and manufacturing. The results uncover the significantly expansionary effects of both indicators of domestic businesses on export performance. Lastly, real interest rate is adversely affecting export performance in Singapore. This study suggests that by expanding domestic businesses; increasing investments in foreign assets, liberalizing financial sector and reducing real interest rate can give boost to exports in Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00384 Keywords: Financial Sector Liberalization; Domestic Businesses; Foreign Assets; Export Performance; ARDL Approach; Singapore Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 712-718 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/894/920 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/894 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:712-718 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zain Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum, Beijing Author-Name: Arooma Mahjabeen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology University, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Adil Author-Workplace-Name: M.com(1.5years), Department of commerce, Punjab university Gujranwala campus, Pakistan Title: The Pure and Hybrid Corporate Strategies Performance during the Crisis Periods for Sustainable Performance Abstract: This research investigates pure and hybrid corporate strategic responses to crises for sustainable corporate financial performance (CFP). The study used a panel data technique for 374 non-financial firms on the Pakistan Stock Exchange from 2006-2021. The generalised least squares regression was used to control heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. The results proved that corporate business strategy (CBS): prospector, analyser, and defender strategies positively affect CFP, and reactor strategy reported a negative association with CFP during the crisis period. The study results reveal that the pure strategies, defender and prospector, outperformed the hybrid strategy during the crisis. The reactor strategy somewhere shows positive performance in the crisis period for a few industries. The study's findings support contingency theory and offer theoretical contributions and policy implications for executives and practitioners seeking sustainable performance during crises. It guides practitioners to concentrate on CBS typology and internal and external environments to achieve higher competitive performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00383 Keywords: Corporate Financial Performance, Corporate Business Strategy, Crisis period, Pure and Hybrid Strategy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 703-711 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/893/918 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/893 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:703-711 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tahir Saeed Jagirani Author-Workplace-Name: University Utara Malaysia Author-Name: Saifullah Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Science Hamdard University HIMS, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Amad Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: MBA, University of Education, Division of Management and Administrative Science, Pakistan Author-Name: Bad re Alam Author-Workplace-Name: Management Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University China Title: Drivers and Barriers to Circular Economy Implementation: An Explorative Study in Pakistan’s Textile Industry Abstract: Currently, the Circular economy has gained significant attention from practitioners, academia and researchers during the last decade due to its potential environmental and social benefits. However, in the past meager attention was given to finding out the drivers and barriers to CE adoption in emerging economies including Pakistan. Consequently, this research work aims to explore the drivers and barriers to the implementation of CE initiatives in Pakistan’s textile sector. The explorative research method was used to identify key drivers and barriers at the micro-level implementation of CE within the textile Industry of Pakistan. The research design for this study includes quantitative methods. The self-administered survey questionnaire was used to gather the data. Study results show that available technology (34 per cent), awareness (19 percent) and compliance with regulations and stakeholder pressure (15 percent) and intellectual capital within the organization (7 percent) are the five top drivers. Likewise, financial investment (30 percent), technical and technological capacity (24 percent) national and organizational policies (17 percent) and product quality (16 percent) are the four top obstacles in the operation of CE initiative in textile sector of Pakistan. The study focuses only on Pakistani textile industries and therefore, proper indications are purely restricted to developing Asian countries. Existing work is the first in its type which has explored the key drivers and barriers in the implementation of CE initiatives at the concern stage within the textile industry in Pakistan. Accordingly, it will help to increase an understanding of the subject matter as well as enable to devise effective business policies by the practitioners for up-scaling CE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00382 Keywords: Manufacturing, developing states, Barriers, Textile, Drivers, Circular economy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 692-702 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/892/917 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/892 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:692-702 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: International School Lahore (ISL), Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Azeem Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Digital Status Related to Manuscripts and Rare Materials in Government Punjab Public Library Lahore, Pakistan Abstract: The main objective of this study is to investigate, explore and analyze the digitization of manuscripts and rare materials at the Government Punjab Public Library (GPPL) in Lahore, Pakistan. For this purpose mixed methods approach were used to study the status of digitization, selection criteria and challenges in GPPL. Outcomes of the study exposed a significant gap among the targeted materials and current progress. Only a small portion of the rare materials was digitized. The selection criteria of rare materials for digitization prioritized by experts was the significance of historical records and its condition. This study further explained that the digitization of the library project faced many challenges, including budgetary constraints, lack of staff training, inadequate metadata creation and limited public access. The major recommendations of this study about digitization of the remaining materials were standardize library staff training and creation of metadata, establish online access platforms dedicated to users and promoting a culture of innovation among library staff. According to these recommendations, the Punjab Public Library can significantly increase its digitization efforts, Preservation and can ensure the online access of its valuable manuscripts and rare materials for future generations. This study also explores and examines the questions as: What is the significance of history records and its conditions? What is the status of the digitization of manuscripts/rare material? What is the selection criteria of digitization of manuscripts/rare materials? What are the challenges faced by digitalization of the library project? How to cope with these challenges? DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00381 Keywords: Digitization, Manuscripts, Rare Materials, Punjab Public Library, online Access Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 687-691 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/891/916 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/891 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:687-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Luke Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Transformational Theology Emeritus (2003-2023) Title: Geography of the Bible: Exploring the Physical and Historical Context of the Old Testament Scriptures Abstract: Exploring the Physical and Historical Context of the Old Testament Scriptures" provides a comprehensive exploration of the crucial role geography plays in understanding the narratives of the Bible. Spanning from ancient Near Eastern regions like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Syria/Palestine, the study illuminates how these environments shaped the lives of biblical figures and the development of ancient civilizations. Key geographical elements such as fertile river valleys, strategic locations, and cultural exchanges with neighboring powers are examined, offering insights into the historical and cultural backdrop against which biblical events unfolded. By delving into these contexts, the abstract underscores how understanding biblical geography enriches appreciation of the Bible's timeless truths and spiritual messages, demonstrating the inseparable link between physical landscapes and divine narrative. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00380 Keywords: geography, Bible, historical context Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 684-686 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/890/914 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/890 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:684-686 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asif Ali Jauhar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Psychology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dur e Sameen Author-Workplace-Name: University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumaira Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Psychology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Role of Demographic Characteristics in predicting Psychological Burden and Marital Satisfaction among Diabetic Patients Abstract: The study was conducted to predict the relationship of psychological burden and marital satisfaction among patients of diabetic mellitus with role of demographic variables. Sample size was 150 diagnosed diabetic patients in which 75 married males and 75 were married females. Sample was approached through purposive sampling technique. All diabetic patients were selected from public hospitals and private clinics of Multan Division, Pakistan. The Nishter Hospital Multan, Combined Military Hospital Multan and City Hospital Multan and it was focused to their gender, age, education, type of disease, working status and socio-economic condition. Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (Lovibond, 1995) and Index of Marital Satisfaction (Hudson, 1981) were used as a research instrument to collect the data. Data were analyzed on SPSS. Findings of the study reveal that there is negative correlation between psychological burden and marital satisfaction. Moreover, depression, anxiety and stress are the significant negative predictors of marital satisfaction. Results suggest that level of psychological burden was reported higher among female patients than male. Mean score of marital satisfaction was greater among male as compared to female patients. Furthermore, there was significant mean score difference on PB between educated and uneducated patients. Patients with type 2 have greater level of psychological burden as compared to type 1 diabetes. Level of psychological burden was greater in those patients who have above than 3 children as compared to those who have 1-3 children. Difference is significant between working and non-working diabetic patients on psychological burden. Results suggest that there is no significant mean score difference of marital status with respect to education, type of diabetes, family size, and working status. There was no significant difference of PB and MS with respect to socio-economic status. Role of demographic characteristics of the participants is significant in predicting psychological burden among them. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00378 Keywords: Depression, anxiety, stress, marital satisfaction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 677-683 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/889/912 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/889 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:677-683 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noman Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Alam Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Ihtisham ul Haq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hasnain Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan Author-Name: Seemab Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Terrorism on International Trade: A Panel Study for SAARC Countries Abstract: This study investigates the impact of terrorism on international trade among SAARC countries over the period 1990 to 2022. the study used international trade as a dependent variable, while Terrorism, GDP, Exchange rate and Real-world GDP are independent variables. Before going toward cointegration tests, the study used unit root tests and concluded that some variables were stationary at the level while others were stationary at the level. Unit root test results suggested using the PMG-ARDL model to estimate the long and short-run impact among variables. GDP positively correlates with trade, suggesting that economic growth encourages trade activities; exchange rate fluctuations have mixed effects depending on the appreciation or depreciation of the currency; and real-world GDP changes have a positive spillover effect on trade within the SAARC region and a significant positive impact on terrorism. Government policymakers should consider the issues of terrorism, insecurity, and law to reduce investor skepticism and fully actualize the potential of their trade hosting. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00377 Keywords: Terrorism, International trade, Panel data, ARDL model, SAARC nation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 671-676 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/888/910 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/888 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:671-676 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryam Qureshi Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, SZABIST University, Permanent Faculty in the Department of Management Sciences, Hyderabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Saima Hassan Ikram Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Director Academics, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Hyderabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Usman Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Role of Financial Innovation in Enhancing the Meezan Bank’s Market Share: Evaluating the Perception of Regional versus Branch Level Employees Abstract: In Pakistan very few researchers have focused on targeting the element of financial innovation within the sector of Islamic banking, despite of its ongoing growth. This study therefore aims to provide the perception based analysis about the effect of Financial innovative/Fintech tools on the market share of Meezan Bank in Pakistan. The present study report the results from the questionnaire survey distributed to the 52 branch as well as regional employees of Meezan Bank in Pakistan. The analysis of survey findingsthrough multivariate regression suggest that financial innovation is positively related to the market share of Meezan bank. On the basis of Step wise regression it is suggested that among the six elements of Fintech services (Mobile banking, internet banking, telephone banking, Automated teller machines (ATMs), Point of Sale terminals (POS), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) only ATM and POS are the most significant variables. Moreover, regional employees are significantly optimistic about the influence of Fintech on the market share of the selected bank. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00374 Keywords: Financial innovation, Fintech, market share, perception based analysis, Meezan bank, and AI Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 647-655 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/887/905 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/887 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:647-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jannat Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Nazik Maqsood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tanveer Ahmad Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Commerce and Economics, University of Central Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hina Amir Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Abaid Ul Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, School of Accounting & Finance University of Wollongong, Australia Author-Name: Kanwal Bilal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan Title: Impacts of Social Capital, Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth of a Primary Data Analysis: Evidence from Pakistan Special Focus on Listed Banks Abstract: This research study which is quantitative in nature, investigates the inter-relation between social capital, financial inclusion, financial literacy, and sustainable development in Pakistan. Data was gathered by running surveys on a diverse group of basic units of Pakistan which was further analyzed utilizing complicated statistical methods like regression modeling. The research stresses on the paramount role of Financial Inclusion among other Sustainable Development goals, with many existing academic literatures strongly stating its ability to create economic stability as well as reducing poverty. Pakistan also gets praised for its efforts to offer financial services, specifically to the deprived and disadvantaged, as one of the critical steps towards the fulfilment of the sustainable development goals. Accordingly, the study pinpoints a role of Financial Literacy in making Sustainable Development as there is a direct relationship between financial literacy and economic welfare. This reveals the urgent need for financial education programs that will help individuals to take better financial decisions based on facts. In addition, although Social Capital is one of the major factors, the respondents consider it less important than Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy. However, that social capital is generated by community participation is acknowledged as fundamental to the development of collective action and social integration thereby enhancing developmental efforts. In general, this research provides important information on the relationship between Social Capital, Financial Inclusion, Financial Literacy, and Sustainable Development, and promotes integrated approaches that will ensure access to financial services, improve financial literacy, and increase social capital to create inclusive, resilient, and sustainable development paths in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00373 Keywords: Sustainable Development, Social Capital, Financial Inclusion, Financial Literacy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 637-646 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/886/904 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/886 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:637-646 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naheeda Perveen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, The University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Khadija Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Shabir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, The University Okara, Pakistan Title: Comparative Studies of Hybrid ARIMA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Techniques for Predicting Exchange Rate in Pakistan Abstract: For predicting time series data the ARIMA and ANN provides a good technique in the field of research. Time series data often contain both linear and nonlinear patterns. Therefore, neither ARIMA nor neural networks can be adequate in modeling and predicting time series data. When applying the linear models, most existing studies seem to use the same specification for estimation and forecasting, but the dynamic impact of the concerned variables is ignored. In this study combined the ARIMA and Artificial neural network model by adopting both an equal weighted approach and profit weighted approach to capture both th linear and nonlinear components of the exchange rate, and also developed a hybrid techniques by using models of artificial neural network (ANN) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and their performance were compared to ANN and Hybrid ARIMA models. The Hybrid models are used for forecasting the future exchange rate for dollar, the exports and imports of data The findings showed that combining both ARIMA and ANN models reap the advantage of linear and nonlinear modeling. The capability of the two models are analyzed based on standard statistical measures such as, mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean squared error (MSE). Models effectiveness The effectiveness of the models are analyzed for the foreign exchange rate, imports and exports of the data and concluded that hybrid techniques provided the best forecasting results. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00372 Keywords: ARIMA, exchange rate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 630-636 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/885/903 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/885 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:630-636 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aleena Amir Author-Workplace-Name: Nust Business School, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Mapping Femvertising Research: A PRISMA Driven Systematic Review of Literature Abstract: The study seeks to carry out an extensive literature review centered around the concept of femvertising, which advocates for advertising that empowers women. The study aims to gather and integrate insights on femvertised advertising through comprehensive analysis of a wide range of studies, following PRISMA guidelines. This study investigates into significant factors that have been extensively examined in academic literature and brings attention to the areas that have been neglected, potentially enhancing our overall understanding of femvertising. In total, the study incorporated 28 studies following a thorough examination of the literature. The study found that the majority of previous research has primarily focused on the concept of authenticity in relation to femvertising and the agentic empowerment of women. Nevertheless, it is important to note certain crucial factors that warrant further investigation. Later, practical implications of the study are discussed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00376 Keywords: Femvertising, Advertising, PRISMA guidelines, Systematic literature review Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 663-670 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/883/911 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/883 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:663-670 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abida Abdul Aziz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Faculty of Social Science, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khalid Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Faculty of Social Science, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Influence of Teacher Commitment to Students on Students' Social Development: The Moderating Role of Gender Abstract: The study proposes that teacher commitment to students is positively related to student's social development. Furthermore, the study suggests that gender moderates the relationship between teacher commitment and students' social development, such that the relationship was stronger for females than males. The study employed a questionnaire to collect cross-sectional data from 459 data from SSE/SST teachers and 10th grade students from high schools in Punjab, Pakistan. Analyzing data using structural equation modeling in Amos 24 revealed that all the hypothesized relationships were supported. The study found a significant relationship between teacher commitment to students and positive social development, suggesting that teacher commitment can help students positively enhance their social development. Furthermore, the study found that the relationship between teacher commitment to students and students' social development was significant for female students and insignificant for male students. The study contributes to the literature on teacher commitment and students' social development and offers novel practical insights. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00370 Keywords: Teacher commitment, students’ social development, Gender, structural equation modeling Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 614-621 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/881/897 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/881 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:614-621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sajjad Mohsin Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Effects of Business Teachers Pedagogical Skills on Male and Female Students in Business Institutions of Lahore Abstract: The effectiveness of teachers' pedagogical skills plays a crucial role in shaping students' academic experiences and performance, particularly in business education. This study investigates the impact of business teachers' pedagogical skills on male and female students in business institutions of Lahore, aiming to understand how these skills affect students' academic performance, engagement, and motivation. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 300 students through a structured questionnaire, focusing on key pedagogical aspects such as clarity of instruction, teaching methods, interaction with students, and assessment techniques. The findings reveal significant gender differences in students' perceptions, with female students rating pedagogical skills higher than male students across all areas. Correlation analysis indicates strong positive relationships between pedagogical skills and student outcomes, emphasizing the importance of effective teaching practices in enhancing academic performance and engagement. Regression analysis identifies interaction with students and clarity of instruction as key predictors of academic success. These results emphasize the need for business educators to adopt interactive and clear teaching strategies that cater to the diverse needs of male and female students. The study's implications highlight the importance of gender-sensitive approaches and professional development programs in promoting effective pedagogy in business education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00368 Keywords: Pedagogical Skills, Business Education, Gender Differences, Student Motivation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 605-613 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/880/896 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/880 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:605-613 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Systems & Technology, University of Management & Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abid Ghaffar Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Software Engineering, College of Computing, Makkah, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Farah Kainaat Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute for Art and Culture Raiwind Road Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Siddqiue Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute for Art & Culture Raiwind Road Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Evolving Landscape of User Experience in AI-Powered Games: A Multigenerational Perspective Abstract: This study looks at how user experience (UX) and artificial intelligence (AI) interact dynamically in the gaming business and how these elements have changed over the course of several player generations. The study examines how AI integration affects gaming, immersion, and overall pleasure for people from different age cohorts by using a multigenerational lens. The study examines the effects of AI-driven features on player involvement and preferences, including dynamic narrative, adaptive difficulty, and personalised interactions. It also explores the difficulties and possibilities AI presents for developing inclusive and accessible gaming experiences for a range of consumers. The ultimate goal of this article is to offer insights on how AI will shape game design in the future, meeting the changing demands and expectations of players of all ages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00366 Keywords: AI-Powered Games, A Multigenerational Perspective , Gaming Sector , IT industry Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 599-604 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/879/928 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/879 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:599-604 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rida Noor Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sarwat Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Rutaba Salman Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Psychological Health of Unemployed Young Jobseekers: Roles of Financial Hardship, Economic Threat, and Parental Pressure Abstract: This study investigates the interactions between financial hardship, economic threat, parental pressure, and their combined effects on psychological distress among young job seekers. A sample of 200 young people (aged 20-35 years) was used. Participants completed the Financial Hardship Scale, the Economic Threat Scale, the Parent Career-Related Behavior Checklist, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations between financial hardship and economic threat (r = .24, p < .001); between parental pressure and financial hardship (r = .19, p < .05); and economic threat (r = .18, p < .05). Negative correlations were found between mental health and financial hardship (r = -.33, p < .001); economic threat (r = -.21, p < .001); and parental pressure (r = -.20, p < .001; .05). Path analysis showed that parental pressure significantly predicted financial hardship (β = .575, p < .05); economic threat (β = .248, p < .05); and psychological distress (β = 1.089, p < .001). Furthermore, financial hardship predicted economic threat (β = .337, p < .001); psychological distress (β = .411, p < .001); and economic threat also predicted psychological distress (β = .184, p < .001). These results highlight the complex interactions between family expectations, economic stress, and mental health of young adults in the labor market and suggest the need for targeted interventions and support measures. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00367 Keywords: Jobseekers, Financial hardships, Economic threat, Parental pressure, Unemployment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 595-598 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/877/929 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/877 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:595-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Affaf Asghar Butt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Rabiah Shaukat Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Aamer Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Amer Sohail Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Title: Antecedents and Consequence of Corporate Cash Holdings Abstract: One of the prevailing issues of corporate governance in emerging economies is the principal-principal (PP) conflict, which refers to the conflict between two principals—minority shareholders and majority shareholders. The tension between the principals directly relates to the controlling rights of the firm’s strategic decisions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the indirect effect of the principal-principal (PP) conflict on firm performance through cash holding and determine how institutional ownership levels moderate this relation. This study used a novel methodology, i.e., PROCESS MACRO, developed by Andrew F. Hayes for moderated-mediation estimation and multiple-liner regression with year and industry dummies. A sample of 230 non-financial firms listed on Pakistan Stock was taken from 2013 to 2021. The results show a positive association between PP conflict-cash holding and cash holding-firm performance, adversely affecting the performance by hoarding cash. The indirect bootstrapping effect for the low, middle, and high institutional ownership levels was also significant. The controlling owners take away the rights of minority shareholders by hoarding extra reserves, but institutional shareholders moderate this relationship and help improve the firm performance. Our study contributes to the extant research on principal–principal conflicts in emerging economies. We advance the debate on the complexity of relationships between inside and outside shareholders. Our findings demonstrate that understanding controlling and minority shareholders and institutional conditions provides a more fine-grained understanding of the complexity of principal–principal conflicts. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00355 Keywords: Principal-principal conflict, Cash holding, Institutional ownership, Firm performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 583-594 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/873/893 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/873 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:583-594 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kashif Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Department of Accounting and Finance, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Sohail Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Project and Operation Management, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (lBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Shumaila Jabbar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Putra Business School, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Author-Name: Shoaib Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Department of Commerce, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Farzana Noreen Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Management and Administrative Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Perceived Trust and Its Antecedents’ Impact on Intentions to Use Fintech; Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: The Study examines the impact of perceived trust and its antecedents on the intentions of individuals to use fintech services in Pakistan. By identifying the primary factors that influence these intentions, the research offers fintech service providers and policymakers valuable insights into the adoption and utilization of fintech in the Region. This information is indispensable for the successful marketing of these services. The research centers on four primary constructs: perceived risk, perceived usefulness, perceived convenience of use, and perceived trust. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) are employed as theoretical frameworks. Perceived risk refers to the potential negative consequences of fintech usage, perceived usefulness evaluates the enhancement of financial activities through fintech, perceived ease of use measures the simplicity of utilizing fintech services, and perceived trust evaluates the reliability and competence of the fintech provider. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 400 participants aged 18 and older who have either used or are willing to use fintech services from the major cities in Pakistan. According to data analysis conducted with PLS software, the intention to utilize fintech services is significantly influenced by perceived usefulness, perceived simplicity of use, and perceived trust. Hence, there is no significant impact on perceived risk. Cronbach’s alpha if less than. 6 or greater than. 8 is not considered good; while the acceptable limit for CR and AVE lies between. 7 and 9. This paper aims to explain the overall understanding of Pakistan’s fintech adoption and hereby stresses the significance of the perceived trust and perceived usefulness in the context of the given phenomenon. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00365 Keywords: Perceived Risk, Perceived Trust, Fintech adoption, Perceived usefulness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 573-582 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/876/898 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/876 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:573-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaweriya Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Dept. of Economics & Management Sciences, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Mirza Faizan Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Dept. of Economics & Management Sciences, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Raza Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Retired Chairman, Dept. of Economics & Management Sciences, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Pakistan Energy Outlook for Next 25 Years Abstract: This research aims to estimate the sectoral demand and supply of energy in Pakistan. It incorporates macro and microeconomic data to make reliable forecasting for each sector and sources of energy that is aligned with demographic, economic and industrial development of Pakistan. Box Jenkins methodology in which the ARMAX model is applied to use historical data for forecasting. This research used the time series data from 1990 to 2021. From the analysis, it has been found that estimated energy indicates that energy demand and supply will be continuously increasing, and the demand and supply gap will be minimized in the next 25 years. The overall estimates of the energy supply mix indicate that over-dependence on oil for energy production will be reduced from 23.3% in 2021 to 15.2% in 2046. Similarly, demand for oil will decline from 21.2% in 2021 to 10.7% in 2046. However, supply mix reflects an inclination towards the usage of coal and renewable energy sources for the production of energy. In addition, renewable energy sources demand increases from 1.0% in 2021 to 7.3% in 2046. The core finding of the research suggests that energy deficit will decline with the effective implement a government energy supply plan that result in the elimination of energy deficit in next seven years. There is a supply and demand gap even though both energy demand and supply will increase. Higher dependence on imported energy import bills is on continuous rise which burdened the economy with higher debt. However, by shifting it to renewable energy sources, this can be minimized and made the energy affordable and accessible. The energy estimates for the supply suggest that dependence on oil will decline due to higher environmental concerns. However, there will be more inclination toward sustainable sources of energy production. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00364 Keywords: Pakistan Energy , Deman-supply Gap, Box Jenkins Methodology, Energy Demand-Supply Gap, Energy Forecasting Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 563-572 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/827/889 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/827 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:563-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chen Hongtao Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Project Manager, University of Geoscience Beijing, Department of Electrical Engineering Author-Name: Zhu Ying Lin Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Design Manager, Henan Agriculture University, department of engineering of Architectural Design Title: Managing Complexity: A Comprehensive Study of the Matiari to Lahore ±660kV DC Transmission Line Project Abstract: The construction of a ±660kV DC transmission line, such as the Matiari to Lahore project in Pakistan, represents a significant and complex undertaking requiring advanced project management expertise. This project involves foundation laying, tower assembly, and wiring, necessitating collaboration across multiple professions and departments. To ensure success, it is critical to adopt cost-effective strategies that minimize expenses, accelerate construction timelines, and prioritize safety. This paper explores various strategies to optimize the construction of ±660kV DC transmission lines. Key strategies include the use of energy-efficient technologies, such as high-efficiency conductors and transformers, which reduce operational costs and energy losses. Additionally, durable materials like advanced composites and corrosion-resistant alloys enhance infrastructure longevity and reliability. Modular construction methods, which allow for pre-fabrication of components, are emphasized for their ability to speed up construction, improve quality control, and reduce waste. These methods also enhance safety by minimizing on-site construction time and exposure to hazardous conditions. Conducting rigorous safety audits is essential for identifying potential hazards and ensuring appropriate safety measures. Employing sophisticated project management software improves organizational coherence, facilitates communication, tracks progress, and identifies potential issues early. Interdisciplinary project management teams are crucial for enhancing coordination and ensuring project success. These teams integrate experts from engineering, construction, logistics, and environmental science to address diverse project challenges effectively. Stakeholder engagement and community involvement are also emphasized to address concerns, gain support, and ensure the project meets the needs of all parties involved. Transparent communication and proactive engagement help prevent delays and disruptions. By incorporating these strategies, we aim to optimize construction efficiency while maintaining the critical infrastructure integrity of the ±660kV DC transmission line. This paper provides valuable insights into best practices and innovative approaches for future large-scale and complex projects. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00352 Keywords: 660kV DC Transmission Project, Transmission Line, Power Engineering, Construction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 553-562 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/840/888 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/840 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:553-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Afzaal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Economics and Commerce Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Adnan Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Economics and Commerce Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Adeel Ishaq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Registrar, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Farah Kainaat Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute for Art and Culture Raiwind Road Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Title: How Can Economic Factors Influence the Tourism Demand in The Economy? A Panel Data Analysis of South Asian Countries Abstract: This study uses panel data and econometric models to analyses the relationship between macroeconomic factors and tourism demand. The main concerned of this study is to investigate the tourism demand by taking as dependent variable and corban emission, education, food security, renewable energy resources and trade openness as independent variables. To fulfillment the objective of this study panel data of south Asian by employed the unit root test to check the stationarity and employed the fully modified the least square used for the causality test. The results of this study guided the short run as well as long run relationship exists in the data. This study found opportunity to contribution in the literature and helpful for the authorities and researcher to make the policies related to control the pollution and make the better relationship between south Asian countries so improve the demand of the tourism in the countries. ` DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00363 Keywords: Carbon Emission, tourism, economic factors, panel data analysis, FMOLS, DOLS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 546-552 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/875/886 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/875 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:546-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nasir Javed Awan Author-Workplace-Name: nasijaved1212@gmail.com Title: Unveiling Charismatic Leadership: Catalysts of Positive Work Attitude, Job Involvement, and Work Engagement Abstract: This research investigates the significant effects of charismatic leadership on employee job outcomes within the evolving landscape of Pakistan's pharmaceutical industry. Specifically, it delves into how charismatic leadership shapes positive work attitude, job involvement, and work engagement, with job satisfaction acting as a pivotal mediating factor. By adopting a robust quantitative approach, comprehensive data were meticulously gathered from 210 employees spanning various hierarchical levels within the pharmaceutical sector, ensuring a rich and diverse dataset. The empirical findings unequivocally demonstrate significant positive associations between charismatic leadership and the targeted job outcomes. These results not only highlight the transformative potential of charismatic leadership in fostering a more motivated and committed workforce but also underscore the indispensable role of job satisfaction as a critical mediator in these relationships. This research offers compelling evidence that cultivating charismatic leadership qualities among managers can lead to substantial enhancements in employee attitudes and behaviours, thereby driving overall job satisfaction and organizational performance. Moreover, the study suggests that these leadership practices have broader applicability across diverse cultural contexts and industries. Theoretical implications reinforce the Leader-Member Exchange Theory, while practical recommendations advocate for leadership development programmes to incorporate charismatic leadership as a strategy to improve organizational performance and reduce turnover intention. Future research should extend these findings by exploring different sectors and employing varied methodologies to further validate and expand upon these results. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00362 Keywords: Charismatic Leadership, Organizational Performance, Job Satisfaction, Positive Work Attitude, Job Involvement, and Work Engagement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 532-545 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/874/884 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/874 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:532-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sana Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Misbah Rauf Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Author-Name: Kashif Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting and Finance, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Dynamics of Causality between Inflation Volatility and Exchange Rate Volatility in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis Abstract: This study investigates the dynamic relationship between inflation volatility and exchange rate volatility in Pakistan over the period from 1960 to 2023. Utilizing time series data, the study employes the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyze both short-run and long-run causality between these variables. The study has found bidirectional causality between exchange rate volatility and inflation volatility, indicating that fluctuations in one variable significantly influence fluctuations in the other, both in the short and long term. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that to stabilize prices, policymakers should implement measures to stabilize the exchange rate and to stabilize the exchange rate, planners should adopt policies that stabilize the prices. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00361 Keywords: Vector Error Correction Model, Volatility, Short-run, Long-run, Johansen Juselius Cointegration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 526-531 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/867/882 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/867 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:526-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Suhail Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil. Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sana Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Financial Development in the SAARC Region: Identifying Influential Factors Abstract: The study aims to explore the determinants of financial development in SAARC countries by using the panel data of eight SAARC countries over the time period 1990-2022. The study used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to determine the factors that affect financial development. The study used domestic credit to the private sector as a proxy to measure financial development as a dependent variable while independent variables are GDP per capita growth, trade, lending interest rate, gross domestic saving, GDP deflator, and broad money. The study has also applied Granger Causality analysis to determine the causal relationship between variables. The findings of the study indicate that lending interest rate and GDP deflator have a negative impact on domestic credit and GDP per capita growth, trade, gross domestic saving, and broad money have a positive impact on domestic credit. The study recommended that governments of these countries should promote trade openness, growth, saving and broad money to boost financial development. It is also suggested that policymakers should make policies to reduce the interest rate and inflation to promote financial development in SAARC countries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00360 Keywords: Broad money, saving, trade, Granger causality, inflation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 513-525 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/852/881 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/852 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:513-525 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayesha Ishaque Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name: Abu Dhabi School of Management (ADSM), UAE, University Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France Title: Leadership and Infrastructure in Implementing Professional Learning Communities in Lahore HEIs: An Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach Abstract: Professional learning communities (PLCs) are considered vital for teachers’ professional development and filling the achievement gaps among students. Implementing PLCs in higher educational institutions (HEIs) may be affected by various factors such as leadership support, infrastructure, environment, and knowledge about its usefulness. Identifying all these key factors is necessary for the HEIs growth and students’ outcomes. This study aims to identify such important factors that help implement PLCs in Pakistani universities by utilizing Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The data were collected from fourteen university faculty members. This qualitative study first identified the important factors for the implementation of PLCs from the prior studies then established relationships among these factors and proposed a final model through the ISM approach. The results suggest that leadership support and infrastructure are important factors for the implementation of PLCs in Pakistani HEIs while time constraints, equal participation, workload, working environment trust among stakeholders and vague understanding of PLCs act as mediators. The suggested final model can be used for further empirical investigation and future planning and implementation of the PLCs. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00349 Keywords: Infrastructure, Higher Educational Institutions, Interpretive Structural Modeling, Leadership, Professional Learning Communities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 505-512 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/871/877 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/871 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:505-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Subhan Author-Workplace-Name: Islamia College University Peshawar, Department Management Sciences, Pakistan Author-Name: Tofail Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Islamia College University Peshawar, Department Management Sciences, Pakistan Author-Name: Wali Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Islamia College University Peshawar, Department Management Sciences, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Hamid Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Islamia College University Peshawar, Department Management Sciences, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shahid Jan Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Islamia college university Peshawar, department management sciences, Pakistan Title: Impact of Country Governance and Financial Development on Corporate Fraud Cases: A Cross Country Perspective Abstract: This study aims to examine the impact of country governance and financial development on corporate fraud cases across countries' perspectives from the year 2012-2018 by using country- wise data. This study runs different statistical models like descriptive, correlations, Random effect model, fixed effect model. This study chooses a fixed effect model based on the Hausman test and used Quantile regression for robustness and interquartile 0.25 to 0.75 difference regression models to find out the difference that the effect of variables are significant or insignificant at different quartile. The results of the different models show that country governance having a significant impact on corporate fraud cases and the association is negative thus improvement in country governance would expectedly reduce the corporate fraud cases. while financial development in terms of the financial market has a significant impact on corporate fraud cases and association is positive thus the development of a financial market where different financial products and instruments with less knowledge have the probability to be easily used for fraud. whereas financial development in terms of financial institutions having a significant effect on corporate fraud cases and the relationship is negative thus improvement in financial institutions like the security exchange commission of Pakistan and state bank would certainly minimize the corporate fraud cases. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00359 Keywords: Country governance, Financial development, Corporate fraud cases, Fixed effect model, Quantile Regression Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 487-504 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/869/874 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/869 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:487-504 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sana Arooj Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Government Commerce College for Women, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Yasir Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Hafeez Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant director, Crop Reporting Service Agriculture, Department, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghulam Mustafa Author-Workplace-Name: Deputy Director, Crop Reporting Service Agriculture, Department, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Forecasting Mango Production and Area in Punjab, Pakistan for 2021-2029 Abstract: Production of Mango in Pakistan has increased due to use of improved farm inputs and better management practices. Despite an increased production and rising demand in the export market, the potential of mango export has, however, not been fully achieved. Pakistan has comparative advantage in the production of Mango and enormous potential exists for its export in the vast Middle East market. The Punjab province of Pakistan which account for 63% of the country's total mango output. The objective of this study is to predict the area and output of mangoes of Pakistan's Punjab province for the year 2029. For this purpose, the 63-year data from 1957-2019 has been collected from Crop Reporting Service Punjab. Box-Jenkins method has been used to build an appropriate Univaraite ARIMA model. The best model was chosen after a comparison of the models' mean absolute percentage error, root mean squared error, stationary R-square, and other properties. The area's acceptable model was ARIMA (1,1,0) and production’s acceptable model was ARIMA (1,1,1). Additionally, this estimate predicts that by 2029, the area will be (246.46-279.63) hectors and output will be 1358.10-1538.47) million tons. The results of this study will be useful to government planners, marketers, businesses and purchasing nations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00358 Keywords: Area, ARIMA, Box Jenkins-approach, Correlograms, Forecast, Mango, Stationary Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 481-486 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/868/871 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/868 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:481-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minza Mudassar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Asif Shamim Author-Workplace-Name: IQRA University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muzamir M. Mafabi Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Nasir Aziz kamboh Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Analyzing the Relationship between Macroeconomic Factors and Interpersonal Trust: A Multivariate Examination of Global Data Abstract: This research article delves into the intricate connection between socioeconomic variables and interpersonal trust, employing a robust logit analysis using WVS (wave 7) for 55 countries. Built upon established theories in the fields of sociology and economics, this study aims to explore the influence of a range of independent variables on interpersonal trust, including GDP per capita, the Human Development Index (HDI), the gender development index (DGI), population size, internet users, satisfaction, and income problems. Our findings support the resource-based theory of trust by demonstrating that GDP per capita and HDI have a significantly positive impact on interpersonal trust. The analysis indicates that a larger population size is associated with a decrease in trust, which aligns with theories that emphasize the challenges posed by increased population complexity. Moreover, the research identifies that internet users and satisfaction exert a moderate positive effect on trust, highlighting the role of information access and well-being in trust formation. Furthermore, income problems are shown to have a significant negative effect on interpersonal trust, aligning with the socio-economic stress theory. The results of this study offer valuable insights for policymakers and economists aiming to foster interpersonal trust in various social contexts. A comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted influence of these variables on trust can inform the development of more effective strategies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00357 Keywords: Interpersonal Trust, Socioeconomic variables, economic development Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 475-480 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/853/875 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/853 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:475-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muzamir M. Mafabi Author-Workplace-Name: Islamic University in Uganda, Department of Business Studies Author-Name: Tumani Sanneh Author-Workplace-Name: The University of The Gambia, Department of Economics and Finance Author-Name: Sadaf Sharjeel Author-Workplace-Name: The University of Lahore, Department of Economics, Pakistan Title: What Are the Implications of Government's Right to Collect Information on Public Trust in Banks? Abstract: The study employs Ordered Logistic and Ordered Probit regression to examine trust in banks, influenced by demographic attributes, social characteristics, and attitudes. The study findings indicate that older people are more inclined to trust banks due to extended contact and experience. A negative and significant relationship exists between being married, income level, having children, and being female, with trust in banks. Married individuals and higher income earners face financial responsibilities and develop critical perspectives towards banks due to distrust. Parents, burdened by financial obligations, and women historically dealing with systemic discrimination and financial insecurity, show skepticism toward banks. A higher education level increases a person's trust in banks as they gain financial literacy and knowledge of banking systems. Religiosity reduces trust in banks due to ethical doubts and a preference for alternative financial methods. Trust in banks increases the acceptance of the government's power to gather financial information. The impact of demographic, social, and regulatory factors highlights the complexity of trust in banks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00356 Keywords: Trust in Banks, Demographic Attributes, Social Characteristics, Religion, Government Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 468-474 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/828/868 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/828 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:468-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saeed Abbas Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, IBA University – Sukkur, Pakistan Author-Name: Qasim Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Indus University, Pakistan Author-Name: Huzaifa Ather Rajar Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Mirza Talha Baig Author-Workplace-Name: SEO Executive, Newports Institute of Communication and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Ahmed Mithiani Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Project Manager, Newports Institute of Communication and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Munzir Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Team Lead, Newports Institute of Communication and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shoaib Author-Workplace-Name: Implementation Engineer, Newports Institute of Communication and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Awaaz Institute of Media and Management, Pakistan Title: Consumer Behavior and Preferences Shift: The Impact of Boycotting Imported Brands on Local Product Demand Abstract: This study investigates the impact of boycotting imported brands on local product demand, focusing on how customer sentiments (CS), perceived quality (PQ), social norms (SN), and advertising (AD) influence attitudes towards imported products (ATIP) and subsequently local product demand (LPD). Using a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling, data were collected via an online survey of social media users aged 18 and above. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS was employed to analyze the data. The results show that negative customer sentiments and strong social norms significantly reduce ATIP while increasing LPD. Advertising also negatively impacts ATIP and positively affects LPD. Perceived quality directly boosts LPD without significantly affecting ATIP. Mediation analysis reveals that ATIP mediates the relationships between CS, SN, AD, and LPD but not between PQ and LPD. The study's findings highlight the critical roles of sentiments, social norms, and advertising in shifting consumer preferences towards local products. Limitations include the use of convenience sampling, the cross-sectional nature of the study, and reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce biases. Future research should employ random sampling, longitudinal designs, and consider additional influencing factors like cultural and economic variables. Expanding the geographic and cultural scope of studies and utilizing diverse analytical techniques will provide a more comprehensive understanding of consumer behavior in the context of boycotting imported brands. These insights can guide policymakers and marketers in developing strategies to promote local products and sustain shifts in consumer preferences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00354 Keywords: Customer Sentiments, Perceived Quality, Social Norms, Advertising, Imported Products, Local Products Demand, Boycott Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 455-467 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/865/865 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/865 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:455-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Saima Hanif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Arif Ali Shah Author-Workplace-Name: HOD, LIS Department, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Atta-ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Sana Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Title: Changing Role of Libraries and Librarians in the New Technological Era: An Evaluative Study of University Libraries of Islamabad Abstract: In the new technological era, libraries and librarians have to play new roles. These new roles also demand new competencies. This study will analyze the impact of mechanical advancements on scholarly libraries in the capital city of Pakistan and the changing roles of the librarians working there. Moreover, the challenges faced by these librarians will also be addressed. The quantitative method was adopted and private and public sector universities of Islamabad were taken to conduct this study. Data were collected through Google Survey forms and a total of 75 responses were received. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 2022. The findings of the study may help in filling the gap that has existed in the library due to the utilization of technology, improve support for academic communities, and contribute meaningfully to the advancement of knowledge and learning in the digital age. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00353 Keywords: libraries, new technologies, universities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 448-454. Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/864/860 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/864 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:448-454. Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Karim Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Pakistan Title: Forecasting Modeling of Day of the Week Calendar Anomalies in Pakistan Stock Exchange: An Artificial Intelligence Perspective Abstract: Stock price forecasting provide valuable insight to the investor to facilitate well-informed investment decision making. The aim of this study is to examine the calendar anomalies i.e. DOW in Pakistan stock exchange though Artificial intelligence techniques. For this purpose, Support vector machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT) and Artificial Neural Network is used to forecast the daily stock prices. The daily stock prices data of KSE100 index ranges from May,1994 to August 2023 is used as out variable while stock open, close, high and low prices are used as features/input variables. The training and testing ratio was 80:20 means 80% of the data was used in training and the 20% values were utilized for forecasting. To evaluate the accuracy of predictions, mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE)/mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and R-squared (R^2) are taken as decision criteria. The daily forecasted stock prices show the almost zero error on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday in SVM. Decision tree show very low error in actual and forecasted stock prices. Therefore, it is concluded that, the DOW anomalies exist in KSE100 index of PSX. Results show that, SVM can better predict the stock prices than DT and ANN. These results conclude that the forecasted stock prices are much closer to actual daily stock price means the daily stock prices can be forecast in KSE100 index. These finding contradicts the Efficient market hypothesis and conclude that the Pakistan stock exchange (PSX) is weak-form inefficient market. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00351 Keywords: Calendar anomalies, ANN, Decision Tree, SVM, EMH, Forecasting Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 436-447 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/861/856 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/861 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:436-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sylvester Joseph Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & IT, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Amna Tahir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & IT, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Farwa Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khalid Hamid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & IT, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan. Author-Name: Sadaquat Ali Ruk Author-Workplace-Name: Shah Abdul Latif University, Ghotki Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Title: A Review Analysis on Using "AIED" to Improve Student Engagement in Hybrid Education Abstract: Hybrid learning is a sophisticated blend of in-person and online learning. This concept mixes multimedia assets with traditional classroom activities. Hybrid learning combines virtual and in-person approaches. The goal of the study is to improve student engagement in hybrid learning settings by utilizing artificial intelligence (AI). Maintaining students' interest and motivation is becoming more difficult for educators as online and hybrid learning gain traction. A lot of educational institutions find these models intriguing because they provide peer-to-peer connection, flexibility, and student-teacher involvement. AI can address problems in education by enhancing student collaboration, communication, and real-time feedback. The advantages and disadvantages of hybrid learning are examined in this article, along with the most effective methods for integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into learning settings. AI has the power to revolutionize hybrid learning by fostering a more engaged learning environment and giving teachers and students greater autonomy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00348 Keywords: Artificial intelligence, interactive learning, hybrid education, online teaching, student involvement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 424-435 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/848/855 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/848 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:424-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sami Ullah Nagra Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Business Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sania Batool Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Business Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Iqra Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Business Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Ayub Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Economics Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Dynamics of Trade in Developing Countries: A Panel ARDL Analysis of Renewable Electricity, Labor Force, and Economic Factors Abstract: This study looks at how important economic, environmental, and labour force variables interact with trade dynamics in emerging nations. The study examines the relationship between trade and renewable power generation, labour force participation, and economic indicators throughout the period from 2000 to 2023 using a panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. With the exception of CO2 emissions, which show a negative correlation, the results show a strong positive association between trade and the variables under investigation. These results highlight the significance of sustainable economic development methods in promoting trade growth in poor countries and throw insight on the intricate processes influencing trade patterns. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00346 Keywords: Trade, Renewable Electricity, Gross Fixed Capital, Renewable Energy, Panel ARDL, Developing Countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 418-423 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/860/850 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/860 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:418-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zeshan Jalil Ghazi Author-Workplace-Name: PHD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Waleed Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, KFUEIT, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Abdul Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, KFUEIT, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: Value Relevance of Accounting Information of Stock Returns with the Moderating Role of Firm’s Ownership Structure: A Case Study of Initial Public Offerings in Pakistan Abstract: This study investigates the effect of VRAI on stock returns moderating the role of ownership structure between accounting information variables and stock returns. The study used the data of 92 firms conducting initial public offerings (IPOs) registered on the Pakistan Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2022. The study found that EPS, CEPS and book value are positive and significant factors in the stock returns of firms during IPOs. However, the study found that the influence of variables NI, CNI and DPS on SR is positive but statistically insignificant. Similarly, the study also found that ownership structure is positively and significantly related to stock returns during IPOs. The moderation analysis shows that the ownership structure significantly moderates the relationship between EPS and stock returns, CEPS and stock returns and BV and stock returns. Keeping in view the study outcomes, it is concluded that accounting information variables are key to influencing the stock returns of firms during IPOs. Similarly, ownership structure plays an imperative role in moderating the relationship between accounting information variables and stock returns during firms conducting initial public offerings. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00345 Keywords: Accounting Information, Initial Public Offerings, Ownership Structure, Stock Returns Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 412-417 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/859/848 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/859 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:412-417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sammia Hira Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & IT, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Maria Afzal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & IT, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khalid Hamid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & IT, Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: Department of IT Incharge Gulab Devi Teachings Hospital, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Saleem Zubair Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaquat Ali Ruk Author-Workplace-Name: Shah Abdul Latif University, Ghotki Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan. Title: Improving 5G network operations with Software-Defined Network Contro Abstract: The fifth generation (5G) mobile network is being created to keep up with the Internet of Things (IoT) and the rapid expansion of communication technologies, which generate large amounts of data. This mobile network provides expanded communication features for cellular phones. However, there are limitations to this strategy. Programming Characterized Organization (SDN) technology is being developed as a basic solution to the problem of dealing with many devices running multiple administrations. In 5G portable organizations, SDN architecture improves adaptation, versatility, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency. Many alternative designs are often utilized to build the SDN control plane. For 5G networks, we analyze several setups and recommend using the. Controller management architecture for Logically Centralized-Physically Distributed (LC-PD) systems. This solution outperforms traditional control plane systems, delivering superior throughput and reduced latency. This study demonstrates how the LC-PD control plane architecture improves internet services' QoS and communication efficiency in 5G mobile networks. We conduct simulation experiments utilizing the Mini net-WIFI emulator. Our simulations show that the LC-PD control plane architecture increases the quality of service (QoS) compared to other SDN implementations of Internet services in 5G networks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00344 Keywords: Software-Defined Networking (SDN), 5G networks, network administration, controller placement Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 404-411 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/826/845 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/826 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:404-411 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Faseeh Sultan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan. Author-Name: Sammia Hira Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan. Author-Name: Sohail Masood Bhatti Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan. Author-Name: Allah Rakha Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan. Title: Analysis of Machine Learning Methods for Intrusion Detection Systems in Wireless Networks Abstract: Wireless networks have become integral to modern communication systems, making them vulnerable to various security threats. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are essential for detecting and mitigating these threats and can also powerfully screen network traffic for pernicious activities that are planned to abuse the classification, honesty, realness, and accessibility of the network. Machine learning (ML) and Deep learning (DL) techniques are effective in identifying and classifying network attacks. This study proposes a novel intrusion detection system that employs ML and DL models to classify and distinguish network attacks in wireless networks. The proposed system enhanced detection accuracy and efficiency in IDS, the scalability of IDS systems, and estimated the performance of IDS in wireless networks. It also investigates IDS techniques using machine learning, designs and implements IDS in wireless networks using machine learning, and trains several IDS models regarding wireless networks that are fitted. It contrasts the exhibition of proposed models and existing procedures. The suggested system can therefore be utilized as an effective IDS for wireless networks, providing real-time detection and classification of network attacks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00343 Keywords: wireless networks, machine learning, deep learning, classification, intrusion detection system Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 391-403 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/830/844 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/830 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:391-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmad Bilal Author-Workplace-Name: PhD. Scholar, Institute of Islamic Studies, Punjab University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Umer Yousaf Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Sheir Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting lecturer at GC University Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Comparative and Applied Study of Qur'anic and Biblical Teachings on the Principles of Commerce and Business Abstract: This study examines the ethical principles of commerce and business as outlined in the Qur'an and the Bible, providing a comparative analysis of their teachings and their application in modern business practices. The research explores key themes including honesty in trade, ethical treatment of workers, prohibition of usury, promotion of charity and social responsibility, and their implications for contemporary economic systems. Through detailed case studies of businesses implementing Qur'anic and Biblical principles, the study evaluates the outcomes and challenges of integrating religious values into corporate governance. It synthesizes findings from primary sources—Qur'anic verses and Biblical passages—as well as secondary sources such as scholarly articles and commentaries. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to understanding how religious teachings can inform and guide ethical business conduct, fostering trust, sustainability, and social responsibility. Recommendations for future research and practice highlight opportunities for further exploration and implementation of these principles in diverse cultural and regulatory contexts. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00342 Keywords: Qur'anic teachings, Biblical teachings, commerce, business ethics, comparative analysis, ethical business practices, social responsibility Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 384-390 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/858/846 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/858 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:384-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guo Hong Fu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, Sichuan, China Author-Name: Muhammad Asghar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China Title: Development and Promotion Countermeasures for Export Growth of Pakistan Textile Products Abstract: Pakistan's textile industry is vital to GDP, employment, and exports. Pakistan is strategically located in the global textiles and apparel market due to its large production and export capabilities. This sector struggles with inconsistent product quality, market barriers, high global standards, and protectionist trade policies in wealthy nations. Addressing these issues is essential for industry growth and global competitiveness. This study identifies these challenges and proposes strategic solutions to improve export performance and global competitiveness to boost Pakistan's textile sector's economic stability and growth. A thorough mixed-methods strategy integrating qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was employed in the study. By conducting surveys by websites and literature reviews related to the industry, we were able to gather primary data. We also used secondary sources such as government reports, trade journals, and trade organizations to compile our data. We used quantitative analyses in our study to determine how spending on R&D, technology upgrades, and quality control affected export performance. We looked at energy consumption, production, waste management, and export amounts in various industries of Pakistan. Improving export performance and meeting international standards requires investments in quality control, technology upgrades, and research and development, according to the study. It also lists the obstacles to entering certain markets and suggests ways to overcome them, such as through government assistance, sustainable practices, and vocational education and training. If Pakistan's textile industry follows these suggestions, it will become more competitive internationally. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00341 Keywords: Pakistan Textile Industry, Development Barriers, Strategic Solutions, Textile Ex Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 377-383 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/857/842 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/857 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:377-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Meraj Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor & Associate Dean, Faculty of Social and Basic Sciences & Head of Department (Economics), Mohammad Ali Jinnah University (MAJU), Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Abida Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Student of MS-Economics and Finance, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, (MAJU), Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shoaib Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Ha’il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Author-Name: Dr. Afaq Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University (MAJU), Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Noman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University (MAJU), Karachi, Pakistan Title: Towards A Debt-Overhanged Economy: Causes and Consequences for the Economy of Pakistan Abstract: The reliance on debt is not only essential but also a key factor in economic growth of poor countries like Pakistan because of a meager tax base and an annuity of fiscal deficit. Trade surplus is a common tool that covers the budget deficit but twin deficit makes the economic conditions worst. The excessive borrowing can stimulate the economic cycle in the short run but in the in the long-run it creates the issues of debt-overhang. This timely study is an attempt to investigate the short-run and long-run dynamics of debt on the economy of Pakistan. The empirical results (ARDL co-integration) suggests that long-run relationships exist among the variables under consideration such as Exports and Remittances have negative effects on debt, while other variables have positive effects. The Error-Correction-Model (ECM) analysis indicates mean-reverting behavior, where the dependent variable returns to its long-run equilibrium. Post-estimation tests support the model's assumptions. The Jarque–Bera test shows that residuals exhibit normal distribution. CUSUM and CUSUMsq tests indicate reliability and stability of the regression model. There is a long-run relationship between exports of goods and services (EGS), imports of goods and services (IGS), gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), net official development assistance (NOD), personal remittances (PRR), and debt in Pakistan. In the long-run, Exports of goods and services have a negative impact, Imports of goods and services have a significantly positive impact, Gross fixed capital formation has a positive impact, Net official development assistance has a positive impact, Personal remittances have a negative impact on debt respectively. However, Trade as a percentage of GDP has an insignificant impact on debt in the long run. The study also found that the impact of each variable on Debt is different in the short run. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the factors that affect Debt in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00340 Keywords: Debt Overhang, Economy, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 368-376 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/856/841 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/856 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:368-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Salman Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar at Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahid Jan Afridi Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Political Science Scholar at Department of Humanities and Social Sciences РEOPLES’ FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF RUSSIA NAMED AFTER PATRICE LUMUMBA, RUDN University, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Shamsuddin Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Department of Political Science, Government Boys Degree College, Chaman, Pakistan Title: Changing Dynamics of Foreign Policy in the Emerging Multipolar World – An Objective Study of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Abstract: Within the ever-changing context of modern international relations, Pakistan's foreign policy manoeuvres take place in the middle of a multipolar global order. This paper explores the subtleties of Pakistan's strategic adjustments, looking at how changing world power dynamics influence its diplomacy. With a focus on the relationship between regional stability, global influence, and national sovereignty, Pakistan manages a wide range of alliances and relationships. Pakistan's foreign policy history exhibits both continuity and adaptability, ranging from historical alliances with the United States during the Cold War to strategic diversifications including China, Russia, and other regional organizations. This paper provides a thorough examination of Pakistan's diplomatic methods, emphasizing their diversity and the need of diplomatic adaptability in handling international issues. Pakistan's foreign policy becomes an important factor in determining regional dynamics and global stability as it asserts its geopolitical relevance through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and participation in multilateral forums like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). With the goal of shedding light on Pakistan's changing place in the multipolar international order, this article attempts to explain the strategic thinking that goes into the country's foreign policy choices. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00339 Keywords: economic diplomacy, security cooperation, strategic alliances, multipolarity, foreign policy, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 362-367 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/855/839 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/855 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:362-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Raees Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: Muhammad Raees Ashraf Author-Name: Dr. Kausar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Study of Firm Performance: EMS Adopter Firms to Achieve Sustainable Business Goals Abstract: EMS effectiveness is studied concerning financial, environmental, and competitive outcomes among corporations. A comparative analysis of Companies with EMS integrated into their management systems will be made with those Companies without EMS in this research. EMS’s contribution to business sustainability is also analyzed and validated with the help of quantitative research methods including panel data using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and regression analysis. The research focuses on the differences in the financial results, the positive impact on the natural environment, and competitive advantage of enterprises that voluntarily apply the EMS compared to those that do not. The findings of this study shown that EMS adoption enhance environmental performance and offer competitive advantage by enhancing stakeholder relations and market positioning. This alters the nature and benefits that organizations experience while implementing EMS as some companies initially experience cost implications and functioning challenges but in the long run, EMS brings profitability and cost-effectiveness. It may provide more information on how EMS promotes and can sustain responsible business activities and the most effective means of doing so. The above analysis may be useful to firms and policy makers in understanding how to encourage sustainability that will benefit economies and the natural environment in the long-term. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00338 Keywords: Environmental Management Systems (EMS), Environmental Performance, Competitive Advantage, Sustainable Development Goals, Panel Data Analysis, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 357-361 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/854/838 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/854 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:357-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ateeque Anwer Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Commerce, Govt Associate College of Commerce Narowal, Pakistan Title: How Oil Price Shocks Influence on Inflation Rate? Evidence from Malaysian Economy Abstract: The primary object of this research is to inspect the effect of oil price (OP) on expansion and inflation rate (Inf) in Malaysia, this data collected on specific macroeconomic indicators such as inflation (Inf) and country’s oil price (OP) by utilizing year to year information from 2008 to 2018. This research study are based on secondary data. By using E- views regression model, correlation model, descriptive analysis, and graphical Causality model were used to break down the information about oil price (OP) and inflation rate (Inf). The relationship between two factors is presence more correlation effect at 5% large dimension over the long term. These show that the significant correlated with each other. In this study, data used as a form of secondary just oil cost price influenced the expansion of Malaysia economy. The conversion standard does not specify the main reason for both of the factors (Inflation rate (Inf) and Oil Price OP). Along these lines, the oil unrefined cost, which an effect on expansion economy. On the other hand that the rate of oil cost and expansion additionally make esteem changes, the advancement similarly changes. There is a progressively critical connection between oil price (OP) and inflation rate (Inf) in Malaysia economy. Research founded that there is a significant relationship between oil price and inflation rate. This finding helps the Malaysian government in essential leadership a way to deal with the oil price to manage inflation rates. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00350 Keywords: Oil price (OP), Inflation rate (IR), economic factors (EF), Government, Malaysia Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 350-356 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/849/835 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/849 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:350-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaista Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Saad Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Faria Author-Workplace-Name: Chief Business Officer, Star BPO, Pakistan Author-Name: Meer Bilawal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Tabassum Zubair Author-Workplace-Name:Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Amna Munir Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Syeda Zeerak Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Sajjad Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Title: Effects of Spoiler on the Attraction of Forthcoming Web Series and Viewership Abstract: This study investigates the intricate relationships among spoilers (SP), word of mouth (WOM), genre (GEN), viewer engagement (VE), producer response (PR), advertising (AD), and viewership (VS) within the entertainment industry. Utilizing SmartPLS 4.0 for data analysis, we examined fourteen hypotheses through a cross-sectional, survey-based methodology with a sample size of 425 participants. Results reveal that SP and WOM significantly impact VE and PR, highlighting their importance in shaping viewer experiences and producer actions. Genre also plays a crucial role, influencing both VE and PR. Mediation analyses show that VE and PR significantly affect VS, with VE through AD enhancing VS, while PR through AD does not. However, WOM’s impact on VS via PR is not supported. These findings align with previous research but also reveal new insights into the differential impacts of producer responses and advertising on viewership. The study's limitations include its focus on specific content types, cross-sectional data, and potential biases in self-reported measures. Recommendations for future research include exploring diverse content types, conducting longitudinal studies, and incorporating external factors like marketing and social media trends. The study provides actionable insights for content creators and marketers to enhance viewer engagement and loyalty through strategic use of spoilers, word of mouth, and genre-specific approaches. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00335 Keywords: Web series, spoilers, word of mouth, viewership, media industry, viewers’ response Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 341-349 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/847/833 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/847 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:341-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Zahra Ishtiaq Paul Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Sohail Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Adjunct Faculty, Institute of Business and Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Reshaping the future of HR: Human Resource Analytics and Talent Management Abstract: Strategic human resource management is needed in the fast-changing 21st century company environment. Organizations must find new ways to maximize their personnel since human resources management is crucial to success. Human Resource (HR) Analytics has gained significant recognition as a powerful tool in this pursuit, offering valuable insights into HR-related data that facilitate well-informed decision-making. This study analyzes HR analytics and organizational performance, with talent management as a mediating variable. It is a descriptive and explanatory study conducted to analyze the relationship among studied variables. A mixed method approach has been used in which qualitative data was collected through twenty-four interviews and quantitative data from a sample of 245 respondents was drawn through purposive sampling. SPSS analyses quantitative data, while NVivo analyzes qualitative data. Current research helps organizations obtain a competitive edge in a world that is increasingly competitive. The significant findings of the study indicated that HR Analytics plays an important role in organizational performance in the presence of talent management as a mediating variable. The cross-sectional design was used; a longitudinal investigation could provide more information. The understudied variable relationships are studied in the corporate sector only. The research findings emphasize the importance of HR analytics on the success of the corporate sector in Pakistan. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of human resource analytics in enhancing organizational performance by employing talent management. The research findings will make an important contribution to resource-based theory in the context of Pakistan as a developing South Asian country. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00334 Keywords: HR Analytics, Talent Management, Organizational Performance, Resource Based theory, Pakistan, Mediation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 332-340 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/829/830 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/829 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:332-340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Saleem Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar Department of Pakistan Studies Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakis Author-Name: Dr. Javed Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Pakistan Study Center Bahuddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Political Parties’ Contribution to the Changing Political Climate in Pakistan Abstract: In any defined political system with sustained democracy, the political parties act as basic solid pillars that contribute in the right direction, exact nature, and level of political development. The history of political development is so deeply stained by military interference but the major political parties such as PMLN, and PPP played a significant role in maintaining a stable democracy though they were lacking in their commitments at many points in economic and social levels. In the constantly changing and unpredictable political climate of Pakistan, the smooth changeover of power is so rare and the history of Pakistani politics is compromised by political parties' rivalries that affect the democratic development and its sustenance on larger bases. The following survey was conducted to evaluate the contribution of political parties to the development of the democracy in changing political climate. Data was collected by using a simple convenient sampling technique through different secondary sources and then analyzed by using content analysis. The survey concluded that political intolerance among different political parties at different stages affects the political climate so drastically and also is a major factor for poorly sustained democracy along with unnecessary military interference. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00333 Keywords: Political development, democracy, changing political climate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 329-331 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/845/828 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/845 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:329-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Nasir Javed Awan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD, Asia e University, Malaysia Title: Enhancing Organizational Performance: Investigating the Intersection of Employees’ Job Outcomes and Workplace Environment Abstract: Work engagement, job involvement, and job satisfaction are pivotal in shaping employees’ job outcomes, which subsequently influence organizational performance. However, these critical factors are often deficient in Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry, leading to suboptimal performance levels. This study delved into the relationship between job outcomes and organizational performance, with a particular focus on the mediating role of the workplace environment. An analysis of data from 240 employees across 52 pharmaceutical companies in Lahore, utilizing SPSS and Hayes’ PROCESS macro, revealed that job attitudes significantly impact performance, mediated by the workplace environment. The study identified management practices, effective communication, technology integration, feedback mechanisms, and resource empowerment as key drivers of improved performance. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to enhance employee outcomes and boost organizational performance within the pharmaceutical sector. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00332 Keywords: Organizational performance, employees’ job outcomes, work engagement, job involvement, job satisfaction, and the workplace environment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 310-328 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/844/837 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/844 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:310-328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name:Benish Naseem Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aftab Anwar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Awais Anwar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Abrar Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Jaffar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Government Shalimar Graduate College Baghbanpura Lahore, Pakistan Title: Empowering Women through Education: A Study on Reducing Violence against Women in Lahore Abstract: This study using MICS data with 2411 observations explores factors influencing violence against women (VAW) such as women's education (WEDU), safety perceptions (WS), polygamous marriage (PM), and age (WA) to inform targeted interventions. Utilizing data from 2,411 observations in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), a logistic regression model is employed to assess the effects of these variables on VAW. The key variables examined include women education (WEDU), women safety (WS), polygamous marriage (PM), and women's age (WA). The analysis reveals that women’s education (WEDU) and women safety (WS) significantly reduce the likelihood of experiencing violence, with coefficients of 0.516 and 0.441, respectively, both statistically significant at the 1% level. Polygamous marriage (PM) is associated with an increased risk of violence (coef. 0.939, p < 0.05). Women’s age (WA) has a negative effect on VAW, although it is marginally significant (coef. -0.114, p = 0.051). This research provides a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing violence against women in Lahore, highlighting the importance of education and safety measures in mitigating violence. The cross-sectional nature of the MICS data limits the ability to infer causality. Future research should employ longitudinal data to better capture the dynamics over time. The findings suggest that enhancing women’s education and safety measures can significantly reduce violence against women. Policymakers should prioritize these areas to create safer and more empowering environments for women. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00331 Keywords: Violence Against Women, Women Education, Women Safety, Polygamous Marriage, Women’s Age, Household Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 303-309 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/843/826 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/843 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:303-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Sajjad Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Southern Business School, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Title: Curse or a Blessing: Excessive Use of ChatGPT in Academia Abstract: This research study provides a comprehensive analysis of excessive use of ChatGPT in academia which started a debate that either the excessive use of ChatGPT in academia is a blessing or a curse. Recently, the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) like ChatGPT had dramatically enhanced the human and computer interaction by offering the unparalleled accessibility and convenience. The study has measured the potential factors of academia which caused the excessive use of ChatGPT. Instant gratification (IG), academia work overload (AW) and social isolation (SI) has been taken as the predictors of excessive use of ChatGPT in academia. By employing the Uses and Gratification theory, it has been observed that how university students seek the help of AI for gratification, to minimize their work load and to mitigate the impact of social isolation. To escape from hard work, to reduce the life stressor and to gain comfort, students constantly seek for positive reinforcement from their tutors. So, positive reinforcement (PR) has been taken as a mediator in the relationship between IG, AW, SI and excessive use of ChatGPT. Access and technical know-how will strengthen the relationship of IG, AW, SI and PR while lack of technological literacy will lessen the strength of such relationship. Hence, technological literacy (TL) has been taken a moderator for IG, AW, SI and PR. Data has been collected from a homogenous population of business and management students of public and private universities of southern Punjab, Pakistan. A survey has been by conducted by distributing a structured questionnaire to 1100 graduate and undergraduate students. Out of which 678 students responded. At the end 617 useable responses were recorded for analysis. It has been found that IG, AW and SI enhances the use of ChatGPT while PR partially moderates this relationship. Additionally, TL strengths the relationship of IG, AW, SI and PR. The study measured the possible reasons of excessive use of ChatGPT in the academia while the perils of AI is yet to be explored in academia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00329 Keywords: ChatGPT, Instant Gratification, Academia Work overload, Social Isolation, Positive Reinforcement, Technological Literacy, Uses and Gratification Theory Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 290-297 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/841/823 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/841 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:290-297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khurram Baig Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, University Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Advocate High Court, Pakistan Author-Name: Amaiqa Altaf Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Azam Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Title: Impact of AI on Communication Relationship and Social Dynamics: A qualitative Approach Abstract: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into social media platforms has ushered in a new era of digital communication, offering unprecedented opportunities for content curation, relationship-building, and information exchange. Through this qualitative study, we have explored the multifaceted impact of AI-driven algorithms and natural language processing (NLP) technologies on user experiences and societal dynamics, addressing key research objectives and questions. Our findings underscore the transformative potential of AI in enhancing content curation and user interaction on social media platforms. Participants highlighted the benefits of personalized content recommendations and AI-enabled features such as chatbots, which streamline user interactions and provide instant support. Furthermore, AI algorithms play a crucial role in facilitating relationship-building through friend suggestions and group recommendations, fostering community engagement and social connections among users. However, alongside these benefits, our study also revealed significant challenges and ethical concerns associated with AI integration in social media. Participants expressed concerns about the proliferation of echo chambers and misinformation, fueled by algorithmic biases and the spread of false information through social bots. Privacy considerations emerged as a prominent issue, with participants emphasizing the need for transparency and accountability in AI implementation to safeguard user data and mitigate risks of algorithmic surveillance. In light of these findings, it is evident that the responsible deployment of AI technologies is paramount in ensuring positive user experiences and preserving the integrity of digital information ecosystems. Ethical considerations must guide the design and implementation of AI-driven algorithms, prioritizing transparency, fairness, and user empowerment. Platform operators, policymakers, and civil society stakeholders must collaborate to develop robust regulatory frameworks and governance mechanisms that uphold ethical standards and protect user rights in the digital age. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00283 Keywords: artificial intelligence, social media Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 282-289 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/789/822 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/789 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:282-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shahzad Habib Gill Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nazim Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Interpersonal Value Facets on Safety Culture: The Mediating Role of Safety Caring Abstract: In today’s organizational landscape, cultivating a robust safety culture is essential, particularly in high-risk sectors such as construction and utilities. The present research explores how several interpersonal value facets, including harmony value, respect and trust, caring and understanding, and safety caring overlap with one another and shaped the MEPCO’s safety culture. Drawing on social exchange theory, this study demonstrates how promoting specific positive organisational practices can encourage reception of these positive safe behaviours and thus, promote a positive safety climate. The research adopts cross-sectional research design where data is gained through questionnaires from the MEPCO employees, and then the data is analyzed by applying Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Consistent with the hypothesized effects, the analysis establishes the harmony value, respect and trust and caring and understanding factors of safety caring as being closely related. The safety caring component’s powerful influence over safety culture demonstrates the significance of emotionally sensitive and friendly work climates. This paper also brings contributions to the safety culture literature addressing relational aspects and offers practical recommendations for sectors characterized by high hazards and severe consequences to them. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00328 Keywords: Safety Culture, Safety Caring, Harmony Value, Respect and Trust, Caring and Understanding Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 270-281 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/839/819 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/839 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:270-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Admin Officer, Tehsil Head Quarter Hospital, Kallar Kahar, Chakwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Nusrum Min Allah Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Admin Officer, District Head Quarter Hospital, Hafizabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Rubab Noor Author-Workplace-Name: Logistic Officer, District Head Quarter Hospital, Hafizabad, Pakistan Title: Anchoring Loyalty: Examining the Role of Ethical Leadership and Life Satisfaction in Public Sector Job Embeddedness Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between job embeddedness (JE) and turnover intention (TI) in public sector with a focus on mediating effect of life satisfaction (LS) and moderating role of ethical leadership (EL). The study employed quantitative design where 245 employees working in the public sector were surveyed through structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) for data analysis and hypothesis testing. According to the findings, JE has a negative impact on TI among public sector employees mediated by LS. Similarly, EL adjusts the connection between JE and TI. These outcomes have implications that require public sector stakeholders to pay attention to both individual as well as contextual factors to manage effectively and retain employees. Public organizations not only need to improve their workers’ level of involvement within these entities or communities but also think about hiring, training, promoting ethical leaders. This research highlights how organizational as well as community embeddedness impacts the LSM and TIPSEs in public sector mediated by EL. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00325 Keywords: public sector, turnover intentions, leadership, Punjab, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 266-269 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/836/813 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/836 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:266-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rimsha Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Rimsha Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hammad Badar Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Aqsa Iftikhar Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Thal University Bhakkar, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Ghulam Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Navid Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Faisalabad Business School, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Zulfiqar Hussain Awan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Faisal Nadeem Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Title: Influence on Banks' Credit Risk Through Monetary Policy Instruments: A Study of Listed Commercial Banks in Pakistan Abstract: Monetary policy goals in any country are to accomplish economic and social goals to achieve financial prosperity. The study determined the impact of monetary policy tools on bank’s Credit Risk, which was previously unexplored. The analytical and econometrical design was adopted in this study. Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, CD test, and DK regression were employed to determine the impact of monetary policy instruments on the bank’s Credit Risk. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to evaluate balanced panel data from 22 banks currently operating in Pakistan cover the span of 2009-2021. Banks were declared cross-sectionally dependent. ROE was positively associated with MG, ROA was negatively linked with INF in the Correlation Matrix. The overall research explored that PR and MG had a positive impact on ROE and ROA, but SLR showed an inverse impact on Credit Risk. This research used a large number of banks as a novel component in Pakistan’s context and filled a gap in the country’s banking literature. The paper will assist the government, managers of the banking industry, monetarists, stakeholders, investors, academicians, and researchers. This study could be extremely helpful to regulators in formulating favorable policy rates that fulfill Pakistan’s economic targets. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00324 Keywords: credit risk, monetary policy, commercial banks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 255-265 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/835/811 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/835 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:255-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Abid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: National Professional Officer Health Department Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sirajul Haq Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Public Administration University of Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan Title: Comparison of Occupational Stress and Clinical Performance among Nurses of Public and Private Sector: Role of Emotional Intelligence Abstract: The current study was aimed to investigate the comparison of occupational stress and clinical performance among nurses of public and private sector: role of emotional intelligence. The survey method was used as a method of data collection. The population of the study was employed nurses in Nishter hospital, Combined Military, Children Complex Hospital, City Hospital Multan, Buch International Hospital Multan. Purposive sampling technique was utilized to select the 100 (public, n = 50, private, n = 50). Results reveal that occupational stress is negatively correlated with clinical performance. Occupational stress has a negative impact on clinical performance among nurses. Emotional intelligence significantly mediates the relationship between occupational stress and clinical performance among nurses. Moreover, Occupational stress, emotional intelligence, and clinical performance were found to have significant variations concerning the sector of nurses. Nurses of private sector showed the greater level of occupational stress as compared to public sector. In addition, clinical performance of public sector nurses was reported higher as compared to private sector. Developing emotional intelligence and providing support and opportunities are crucial strategies to reduce occupational stress among nurses. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00323 Keywords: Occupational stress, emotional intelligence, and clinical performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 251-254 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/834/810 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/834 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:251-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asif Khan Author-Workplace-Name: The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Madiha Awais Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashif Bilal Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Humaira Beenish Author-Workplace-Name: The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Rashad Author-Workplace-Name: The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Assessing the Impact of Technological Innovations and Trade Openness on Environmental Sustainability: An Empirical Study of South Asian Economies Using Panel ARDL Approach Abstract: This study examines the major factors that influence environmental sustainability over a 20-year period (2000–2020) in the four South Asian economies. In this study, two methods of estimation including the Pool Mean Group (PMG) estimator and the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach are used. The findings explore that trade openness, energy consumption, and economic expansion have a long-term positive and considerable impact on environmental deterioration, conversely technical innovation has a long-term negative impact on the environment. In short run scenario, trade openness and energy usage have significant and favourable effects on environmental degradation, whereas the economic growth and technological advancement have had a substantial negative influence on the environment. From this study, the policy makers provide the direction to the government by incentivizing technology, enforcing energy-efficient laws, promoting renewable energy, aligning trade policies with environmental goals, and enhancing regional cooperation. In order to improve South Asian environmental sustainable policies, future research should examine energy-trade-growth-technology by employing advanced techniques, and prioritizing innovation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00322 Keywords: Technological Innovation, Trade Openness, Environmental Sustainability, Economic growth and South Asian Economies Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 243-250 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/833/809 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/833 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:243-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Farhan Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Government Shalimar Graduate College, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Ikram Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Maria Faiq Javaid Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ambreen Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Comparative Analysis of Income Inequality between Punjab and Balochistan, Pakistan Abstract: This study endeavors to highlight the regional inequality in Pakistan. In this study, income inequality is calculated at the provincial and divisional levels of two provinces i.e. Punjab and Balochistan. The data of the year 2018-19 is chosen from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM). Firstly, the current situation of income is inspected by utilizing the data of the PSLM (2018-19) to examine the convergence or divergence in inequalities comparison is done with the year (2013-14). The most popular measure of inequality: Gini and Lorenz curves are used to calculate income inequality between two provinces and their divisions. The findings of this study revealed that income inequality is more prominent in Punjab. Overall Punjab’s situation is better than other province. Income inequality is noteworthy in urban areas. Lastly, recommendations are made as specific regions or divisions should be focused where inequality is high. Moreover, efforts should also be made for the equal distribution of resources. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00321 Keywords: income inequality, Gini, Lorenz curve, Convergence, Divergence Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 232-242 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/832/812 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/832 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:232-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Umbreen Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Public Administration, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mir’s Pakistan Author-Name: Raja Toqeer Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Public Administration, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mir’s Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Syed Muneer Ahemd Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Public Administration, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mir’s Pakistan Title: Exploring the Role of Digital Human Resource Practices in Organizational Performance to Ensure Efficiency Abstract: The paper reviews the insights that how digital human resource practices can ensure the performance of employees in organization and how it can increase overall efficiency. To do so, we developed a framework and consider three digital human resource practices that are digital pay and compensation and lastly digital training and development. Before closing, future work is also to be considered for other digital human resource practices as well. More frameworks can also be formed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00319 Keywords: Digital training and Development, Digital reward and compensation , Digital recruitment and Selection , DHRM Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 226-231 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/807/808 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/807 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:226-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qurat ul Ain Anwer Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of English, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Amna Zahid Chaudhary Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Intersectional Experiences of Rural Women: Analyzing Impact of Gender and Class in Aysha Baqir’s Beyond the Fields Abstract: The present study aims to analyze the impact of gender and class on rural women. The study focuses on intersectional experiences of female characters. In Beyond the Fields (2019), Baqir reveals how multiple layers of oppression intersect and shape identities of female characters and how these females, Zara, Tara, and Amma, resist and navigate the situations. The purpose of this research is to investigate the various struggles, self-determination, and fortitude demonstrated by rural women in the novel. The present study is descriptive in nature. Close reading and text-based analysis methods are applied. It centers on rural women’s experiences within various social and political contexts. The intersectional framework addresses important axes of social division, including race, class, gender, and disability, which interact and have an impact on one another. These social axes control the hierarchies of power in a given society, which can lead to prejudice and inequality. In literary studies, representation of women is no longer limited to European and American academic writings. The South Asian fiction writers also exhibit a feminist approach in their works, within the feminist paradigm. The study has been limited to the analysis of intersectional experiences of rural women in the text. For the analysis, intersectionality theory is used as the theoretical framework presented by Patricia Hill Collins. The findings of the present study show that rural women face intertwined oppressions of gender and class. Rural women’s resistance changed their experiences. The novel provides an insight into the intersectional nature of rural women in a patriarchal society where gender and class play a vital role in shaping individual identity. This study will provide a deeper understanding of their experiences and their potential to ignite revolutionary societal change by investigating their intersecting realities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00318 Keywords: Intersectionality, Gender, Class, Feminism, Resistance and Navigation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 215-225 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/824/805 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/824 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:215-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zaki Hasan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumera Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Iqra University, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Munaza Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Bahria University, Pakistan Author-Name: Raza Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Vice President, National Bank Pakistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Syeda Zeerak Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghulam Murtaza Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Ziauddin University, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Haseeb Author-Workplace-Name: MS Student, SZABIST, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Tayyab Siddiqui Author-Workplace-Name: BSCS Student, Newport University Title: Consumer Perceptions and Willingness to Pay for Luxury Tourism in Pakistan's Northern Regions Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of Luxury Tourism in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The selected tourist destinations were PC Bhurban, Luxus Hunza, and PC Malam Jabba. A questionnaire adapted from the previous studies was administered to the on-site tourists to reveal their perceptions, preferences, and behaviours concerning luxury tourism experiences. A sample size of 375 tourists was drawn via simple random sampling. Each participant was asked to complete a 25-item questionnaire. The researcher used SMART PLS 4.0 software to analyse the data using SEM with Partial Least Squares analysis. This research was conducted to find the relationship between self-congruity, destination brand quality, brand identification and factors associated with tourist satisfaction, and willingness to pay a premium price. By considering elements of previous studies and using sophisticated statistical tools, the current research contributed to the improvement of marketing policies and destination management policies of luxury tourism in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00317 Keywords: Self Congruity, Destination Brand Identification, Destination Brand Attachment, Destination Brand Quality, Tourist Satisfaction, Tourist Expectations, Willingness to Pay Premium Price Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 207-214 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/823/802 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/823 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:207-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rana Waleed Author-Workplace-Name: Arcane Software Solution, Ahmed Avenue College Road, Township Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Arshad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, 42351, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Samra Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Devphics, Software solution Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghulam Mustafa Author-Workplace-Name: Innovation Support Centre (TISON) LUMS, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Hussnain Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: Binary Tech Software Solution Model town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadia Saif Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Maham Zulfiqar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Hamayun Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Irfan Uddin Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: An Efficient Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT's) Based MEAN Stack Technology Applications Abstract: This paper examines the components of the MEAN development stack integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of things (IoTs), we see that we are a part of a society where technology has its roots in every aspect of life. No part of our daily life is not affected by the impact of technology. Such technology has now become an essential core part of our life that we use both consciously and unconsciously. Having such a technology assisting us in our daily needs has brought about extreme changes. People do need to depend on such technology to fulfill their smallest needs today. A greater means is using classified e-commerce stores or classified e-commerce websites for their specific needs. A very large number of people use such e-commerce classified websites daily to buy things like Mobile Phones, Clothing, Electronics Devices, and so on. Given the rising need for such a platform, we have created a platform for buying or selling cars, laptops, or mobile considered in the secondhand or used category with such functionality to provide relatively accurate market prices. Our platform is built with technologies including MongoDB, Angular framework, RxJS, NgRx, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, ExpressJS, NodeJS, Python, Sci-Fi Kit Learn, DialogBox, Stripe APIs, Twilio, Rest APIs, Email Validator. The classified e-commerce website is completely responsive and easy to navigate through pages. An admin panel will manage all the registered users and processing. The website will have multiple pages for the users including Category, Price, FAQ, Contact Us, About Us, Signup/Sign in, Account, and Store. The website interface will change depending on whether the user is logged in or not. For customers, the website will have a search box implemented with NLP technology for customers to search out their exact needs effortlessly. The paper also describes an approach to establishing a secure mechanism for communicating with IoT devices, using pull-communications. Different types of services will be given to customers like smart inspection using AI and limited physical inspection. For premium users, a greater number of services are part of the package. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00316 Keywords: Artificial Intelligence AI, Internet of things IOTs, Classified E-Commerce Platform, Smart Chatbot, Smart Price Prediction Model, MongoDB, Angular framework, RxJS, NgRx, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, ExpressJS, NodeJS, Python, Sci-Fi Kit Learn, DialogBox, Stripe APIs, Twilio Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 200-206 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/822/801 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/822 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:200-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zartashia Kynat Javaid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Mubashar Author-Workplace-Name: BS Applied Psychology, Government College University/DHMS, Al-Sehat Homeopathic Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Khalid Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Alina Noor Author-Workplace-Name: BS Scholar of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Nida Javed Author-Workplace-Name: BS Scholar of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Kalsoom Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name:BS Scholar of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Amara Liaqat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, School of Applied Psychology, University Utara Malaysia Title: Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Self-concept on Academic Performance: A Systematic Review of Cross-Cultural Research Abstract: The current study explores the role of emotional intelligence and self-concept in construction of academic performance between students over different countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate that which method or instruments are used to collect and analyze the data also age range of the samples. Further, in this research we also analyzed the nature of constructs. Systematic review on 15 studies is included. This review has analyzed how relationship between emotional intelligence, academic performance and self-concept is measured, which research designs are used and what is concluded from these studies. Findings have revealed that in most studies self-concept and emotional intelligence is used as independent variable whereas academic performance is used as dependent variable. Mostly MSCIT, TMMS-24 and Self-concept scale were used in studies. Quantitative research design was employed in most of studies. The studies revealed that emotional intelligence and self-concept has a great influence on academic performance of students. Females have better academic self-concept and emotional intelligence (EI) as compared to males. But males show more emotional clarity and repair as compared to women. Improving self-concept and EI, academic stress in students can be modified. By enhancing academic performance, self- concept can also be enhanced. Moreover, self-concept of students is also influenced by any type of disabilities such as motor disability or giftedness. As the students with such disabilities show unique performance in academics. This research is beneficial for understanding the effect of emotional intelligence and self-concept on academic performance. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00315 Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Self-concept, Academic performance, Systematic review Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 189-199 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/821/807 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/821 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:189-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tayyaba Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Business Administration, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waqas Raja Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Business Administration, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Examining the Effect of Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Conflict on Job Dissatisfaction and Employees Turnover Intention in the Health Care Sector of Pakistan Abstract: This study explains the effect of conflicts within individuals and between individuals in the healthcare industry, and examines their impact on employees' intentions to leave the organization. The objective of this study is to thoroughly examine the impact of certain factors, such as conflicts within oneself and conflicts with others, on employees' intention to leave their current positions. In addition, the study examines the moderating influence of perceived organizational support and the mediating role of job dissatisfaction. A structured questionnaire consisting of 40 items will be utilized to gather relevant insights and collect data. The analytical framework incorporates a variety of statistical tests, including factor analysis, descriptive statistics, reliability tests, correlation tests were performed using Smart PLS. In this study all the hypothesis were found significant. We found that interpersonal conflict with the supervisor has a positive influence on the turnover intentions of the young worker and an insignificant effect on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Similarly a significant positive impact of intra-personal conflict on turnover intentions were people usually perceive themselves in a personality which also defines how they are going to react towards conflict resolution. We also found that intra-personal conflict of an individual causes barrier against their ability to resolve conflict as their desires and intentions. We also conclude that there is a significant positive impact of intra-personal conflict on the job dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction plays a vital role among employee’s productivity and intention to stay in organization as job satisfaction has been defined as an internal happy feeling of an employee which caused by number of factors like good education, experience, work nature, job security, presence of work-life balance, chances of better career development opportunity. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00314 Keywords: Interpersonal, Intrapersonal Conflict, Job Dissatisfaction, Turnover Intention Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 181-188 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/819/794 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/819 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:181-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ikramuddin Junejo Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, SZABIST University Hyderabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Taskeen Zahra Buriro Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Sufism and Modern Sciences Bhitshah, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Sufyan Ramish Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Institute of Business and Health Management (IBHM), Ojha Campus, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Syed Salahuddin Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Impact of Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness on Behavioral Intention to Use Blockchain in Food Supply Firms: The Mediating Role of Employee Attitude Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness on behavioral intention to use blockchain in food supply and the mediating role of employee attitude—primary data gathered with the help of adopted questionnaire through face-to-face survey from food supply firms. A total of 229 cases were considered for data analysis in order to achieve the research objectives of the present study—gathered data analyzed via structural equation modelling (SEM) in SmartPLS version 3. Findings confirmed the direct effect of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and employee attitude on behavioral intention to use blockchain in the food supply. However, perceived usefulness was found to be more significant on behavioral intention to use blockchain due to higher beta value. Furthermore, the indirect effect of employee attitude on perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and behavioral intention to use blockchain positively and significantly suggested a partial mediation effect. For the Blockchain system to gain acceptance, it should be easy to use and be perceived as useful by end users. Therefore, it can be done with the help of user-centred design, initial and advanced staff training, and awareness of the potential benefits of technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00313 Keywords: Perceived ease of use, Perceived usefulness, Employee attitude Behavioral intention to use blockchain, Food supply firms Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 174-180 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/796/990 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/796 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:174-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Shaukat Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sheikh Usman Yousaf Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Usman Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sonia Sattar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Thriving in Turmoil: Unraveling the Interplay of Resources, Resilience, and Performance among SMEs in Times of Economic Vulnerability Abstract: This research endeavours to contribute to the existing body of scholarly work by elucidating the pivotal role of social networks in bolstering the resilience of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) amid the propagation of COVID-19. Despite the considerable research on the interplay between networks and firms' performance, extant literature still needs to comprehensively elucidate how social networks influence organizational performance, particularly within the context of the personal dis-contact phase observed in Pakistan. Moreover, the crucial nexus between resilience, social networks, and firm performance still needs to be adequately explored. Consequently, this paper seeks to address these gaps by introducing a novel conceptual framework termed the Resource-Resilience-Performance framework. This framework aims to delineate the intricate mechanisms through which social networks, as a valuable resource, facilitate the adaptive capabilities of SMEs, thereby fostering resilience and ultimately enhancing sustainability amidst crises. Employing a deductive approach, this study adopts a survey strategy to gather data from 410 SME owner-managers, focusing on the third phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Data collection is executed through an adaptive questionnaire. Subsequently, an analysis is conducted using SmartPLS with the Bootstrapping approach. The findings reveal that formal and informal social ties are crucial in providing SME owners with valuable information from their social networks. These networks serve as a support mechanism, aiding managers in making informed decisions amidst adversities and granting them a competitive edge over their counterparts. Given the unavailability of a comprehensive and up-to-date list of SMEs in Pakistan during the pandemic, the snowball sampling technique was utilized. Consequently, the generalizability of the findings may be questioned. However, there remains potential to establish a directory of SMEs and employ probability sampling techniques in future studies. This research contributes to social network theory by enriching our understanding of its application during the pandemic. Furthermore, it empirically demonstrates the instrumental role of social networks in providing support during crises, offering guidance to managers on cultivating robust social ties as a proactive strategy for navigating future uncertainties. Ultimately, this study underscores the significance of social capital as an immunizing factor for SMEs operating in developing countries, particularly within the context of Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00312 Keywords: Social networks, Resilience, SME performance, COVID-19, Owner-managers Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 164-173 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/818/792 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/818 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:164-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sehrish Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Faculty of Accounting & Finance, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Samittra Joseph Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Faculty of Accounting & Finance, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadia Idress Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tanveer Ahmad Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Faculty of Commerce and Economics, University of Central Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Title: Decarbonizing the Future: A Critical Review of Green Energy, Financial Inclusion and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions Abstract: In the context of developing economies, this education aims to investigate the lessons from works on financial inclusion, trade openness, uncertainty in economic policy, and green energy with regard to CO2 emissions. This work investigates and summarizes the body of the subject has been studied both theoretically and empirically. First, an outline of Pakistan's financial inclusion, trade openness, uncertainties surrounding economic policy, use of green energy, and CO2 emissions is drawn. Second, the literature is located by utilizing the theoretical and empirical knowledge that can be discovered in published works. Additionally, the theoretical methods used in this article to describe how these approaches operate were made clearer. Third, this paper suggests three useful areas for more investigation. In order to make a significant contribution to the field of financial inclusion, trade openness, economic policy uncertainty, green energy, and CO2 emissions, this paper critically analyzes and synthesizes the body of existing literature on these topics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00311 Keywords: Economic policy uncertainty, financial inclusion, trade openness, green energy, CO2 emission Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 160-163 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/817/791 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/817 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:160-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Aleem Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Economics, GGCS, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zeeshan Arif Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Does Price Level Increase Income Inequality in Pakistan? A Disaggregated Analysis Abstract: The crucial emphasis of economic policies is to enhance socio-c wellbeing of the people in an economy. If the society is economically polarized it hampers the impact of economic policies. The crucial economic problem about which fewer economists gutsy to talk is income inequality in the world because it is the answer to a pinching question that who will benefits from the economic growth in an economy. Despite the generation of trillions of dollars each year in the world, a huge population is deprived of basic needs such as food, sanitation, security, health and education etc. When it comes to the effect of inflation on masses the situation further aggravates. Escalated price levels deprive more people from essential goods and lead towards increasing income inequality. This study has tried to estimate the impact of inflation on income distribution in Pakistan. The data was collected from Pakistan Economic Survey and Handbook of Statistics by SBP for a period of 1990 to 2022. The present study has applied Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to estimate the linkage among price levels and income inequality in Pakistan. The findings of the study have revealed both positive and negative linkage among constituents of the CPI and the income inequality. The novelty of this study is on two grounds. Firstly, the study has dissolved Consumer Price Index (CPI) into its constituents, and their Impact on income inequality has been examined, as far as finest information available to us this has never been investigated in Pakistan before. Secondly, the study has applied two proxies the GINI coefficient and Mean Log Deviation (MLD) to estimate income inequality. Thirdly, we have applied the data splicing method[1] to make one base year of CPI from various base years that has been changed over the past years in Pakistan. The study offers some useful policy implications for policy formulation in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00310 Keywords: income inequality, price level, economic growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 154-159 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/816/796 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/816 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:154-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ameer Hamza Author-Workplace-Name: Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashif Bilal Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Rashad Author-Workplace-Name: Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Arfan Jaffar Author-Workplace-Name: Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: An Integrated Approach for Amazon Electronic Products Reviews by Using Sentiment Analysis Abstract: In our routine life, we interact a wide range of products, and frequently browse through digital media platforms to access their quality. Although the accessibility of online platforms, consumers often find it challenging to swiftly judge the quality of products on the basis of customer reviews. To cope this situation, the study addresses this problem by suggesting a machine learning-based solution to categorize product reviews. For this, we employ various machine learning techniques, including Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) Classifier, and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). In our model, we incorporate pre-processing methods for prepare the dataset for training and utilize feature extraction techniques such as TF-IDF and word2vec which are then applied to different classifiers to analyze the reviews. Moreover, we conduct this study by using the Amazon Electronics category dataset, it reveals that BERT outperforms other classifiers with a performance score of 0.8896. Therefore, this technique not only streamlines the procedure of evaluating product quality but also enhances the accuracy of review classification, giving a real-world solution for consumers and businesses alike. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00309 Keywords: Product Quality Assessment, Customer Reviews Analysis, Digital Platforms, Machine Learning Techniques, Model Evaluation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 142-153 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/815/790 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/815 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:142-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ammar Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: 4dots Solutions, 534 Block G1, Johar Town Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Hamayun Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Arshad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, 42351, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Irfan Ud din Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdullah Sajid Author-Workplace-Name: 4dots Solutions, 534 Block G1, Johar Town Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Mohammad Husain Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, 42351, Saudi Arabia Author-Name: Muddassar Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & Information Technology Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Amna Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & Information Technology Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Hanfia Fakhar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science & Information Technology Superior University Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Title: An Enhanced Lung Cancer Identification and Classification Based on Advanced Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Network Abstract: In this research, a fast, accurate, and stable system of lung cancer detection based on novel deep learning techniques is proposed. Lung cancer continues to be one of the most monumental global health concerns, which is why there is an urgent need for low-cost and non-invasive screening. Though the diagnostic methods that are most commonly in use include CTscan, X-ray etc. The interpretation by the human eye varies and errors are bound to occur. In response to this challenge, we outline a more automated approach that is based on deep learning models and can be used to classify lung pictures with high levels of accuracy. This research makes use of a large data set of lung scans categorised as normal, malignant, and benign. The first look what the data had in store threw up some correlation with picture size and what seemed to be category differences. Realizing that live feed requires constant input, each picture underwent grayscale conversion and dimensionality reduction. In order to effectively deal with the unbalanced nature of the dataset that was discovered in the study, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was applied as a technique. In this presentation, three new designs were introduced: Model I, Model 2, and Model 3. Additionally, one architecture was developed with the purpose of merging the predictions of all three models. Furthermore, out of all the models created, the best model emerged as model 1 with approximately an accuracy of 84%. 7%. But the ensemble strategy which was intended to make the best of each of the models, produced an astounding 82. 5% accuracy. The specific advantages and misclassification behaviors of Model 2 and 3, although less accurate than Model 1 but are currently under evaluation for future Model ensemble improvements. The technique developed using deep learning addresses the challenges at a faster, efficient, and contactless approach to lung cancer analysis. The fact that it is capable of operating in tandem with others diagnostic instruments may help reduce diagnostic errors and enhance patient care. We have addressed this issue so that the various practitioners would be able to read this paper and we can go to the next generation of diagnostic technologies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00308 Keywords: Computed tomography, Training, Cancer, Cancer detection, Sensitivity, Data Augmentation, Convolutional Neural Network Structure, Convolutional Neural Network Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 136-141 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/814/787 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/814 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:136-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kausar Kiran Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Economics, Institute of Southern Punjab University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Ali Gardezi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Economics, Institute of Southern Punjab University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Green Energy Strategies and Their Effect on Natural Resource Sustainability in Pakistan Abstract: This study explores the impact of green energy strategies on natural resource sustainability in Pakistan, utilizing data from 1999 to 2022 and applying the ARDL estimation technique. The primary focus is on understanding how renewable energy consumption and production influence natural resource rents. Empirical results indicate a complex relationship: renewable energy consumption is negatively correlated with natural resource rents, suggesting that increased consumption of renewable energy may reduce the exploitation of natural resources. Conversely, renewable energy production shows a positive correlation with natural resource rents, implying that boosting renewable energy production can enhance the value derived from natural resources. These findings underscore the dual role of renewable energy in promoting sustainability. On the consumption side, a shift towards renewables can alleviate pressure on natural resources, fostering long-term ecological balance. On the production side, investing in renewable energy infrastructure appears to complement the efficient use of natural resources, potentially increasing economic rents. Policymakers should encourage renewable energy consumption through incentives and subsidies, reducing dependence on non-renewable resources and mitigating environmental degradation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00307 Keywords: Green Energy Strategies, Natural Resource Sustainability, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 126-135 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/813/786 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/813 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:126-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafsa Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: BS Scholar of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Zartashia Kynat Javaid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Zainab Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: BS Scholar of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Maryam Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: BS Scholar of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hina Batool Author-Workplace-Name: BS Scholar of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: A Systematic Review on the Impact of Remote Work on Employee Engagement Abstract: The aim of this study is to better identify how remote work affects employee engagement. This systematic review looks at the advantages and challenges of remote work in a diversity of industries and organizational settings. An extensive review of the literature was done, with an emphasis on research papers released between 2018-2024. 20 peer-reviewed studies were chosen adhering to strict inclusion criteria. This review assessed the methods used to quantify the impact of remote work on employee engagement, the research designs and sampling data that are used, and the primary findings that can be drawn using these studies. Flexibility, employment satisfaction, and productivity all increase with remote work. It does, however, also present several serious difficulties, such as a decline in social connection, obstacles to communication, and problems with work-life balance. If these elements are not effectively managed, employee engagement may suffer. As a dependent variable, employee engagement was studied in two thirds of the research. The study found that employee engagement is complexly impacted by remote employment. Telecommuting can increase autonomy and enjoyment, but it also has substantial drawbacks, including the possibility of isolation and the absence of physical presence. Robust communication strategies and supportive organizational policies are essential for the success of remote working. This research offers valuable insights for creating healthy work environments and helps understand how remote work effects on employee engagement in organizations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00306 Keywords: Remote work, employee engagement, productivity, work-life balance, organizational support, systematic review Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 117-126 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/812/785 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/812 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:117-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saira Arsh Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Javaria Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sana Iftikhar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan Title: An Empirical Analysis of Short Run and Long Run Association between Debt Servicing and External Debt in Pakistan Abstract: Pakistan is at a crucial juncture where the escalating debt servicing cost of Rs 7.3 trillion is set to consume the majority of the projected revenue of Rs 9.2 trillion, which includes Rs 5.2 trillion allocated to the provinces. This study explores the interaction between debt servicing and external debt stock in Pakistan. It analyzes the impact of variables such as the debt service ratio, fiscal deficit, exchange rate, and globalization on external debt stock, using annual data from 1990 to 2020 obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the Pakistan Economic Survey. The stationarity of the variables is tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. The Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test is utilized to investigate the long-term relationship among the endogenous and exogenous variables, and the Error Correction Model (ECM) is applied to study short-term dynamics. The findings indicate a negative long-term relationship between debt service and external debt, while fiscal deficit, exchange rate, and globalization show significant positive correlations with foreign debt. The study provides policy recommendations to alleviate the external debt burden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00305 Keywords: External-debt, debt service ratio, fiscal deficit, ARDL, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 109-116 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/798/781 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/798 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:109-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nasir Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Law, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Umar Farooq Author-Workplace-Name: Advocate High Court, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Faiza Choudhry Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Law, university of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Anas Shahzad Cheema Author-Workplace-Name: Advocate, Pakistan Title: Assessing Harmless Errors in Offenses against Human Body and Property: A Review of Court Decisions Abstract: The current study aims to identify different harmless errors in crimes involving harm to the human body and property. An error that is deemed "harmless" refers to errors made in a judicial decision that do not lead to the overturning of said decision. Many studies have been conducted abroad to identify harmless errors in the background of various subjects, such as constitutional law, criminal law, and civil law. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research on harmless errors in criminal cases in Pakistan. Through the use of qualitative content analysis, this study discovered that despite various issues such as delays, failure to fulfill legal requirements, and incomplete testimonies, the appellate court upheld the conviction of the accused. According to the study, the appellate courts did not give sufficient consideration to the inconsistencies in witness testimonies and other evidence related to minor matters, nor did they adequately address the prosecution's presentation or lack of certain witnesses and evidence. This study will provide valuable insights for both academics and professionals seeking to gain a deeper understanding of the non-malicious errors that can occur in offenses involving harm to the human body and property. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00303 Keywords: harmless, offenses, human body, property Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 102-108 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/809/779 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/809 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:102-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hijab Azhar Author-Workplace-Name: Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Laiba Asif Author-Workplace-Name: Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehreem Jehan Author-Workplace-Name: Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hira Khurram Author-Workplace-Name: Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Javaria Asim Author-Workplace-Name: Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Drivers of Green Purchasing Behavior: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: The study delves into the factors influencing green purchasing behaviour in Pakistan's growing market. The study was conceptually centred on the diffusion of innovation and the theory of planned behaviour models. The relevance of the interrelationships between the items measuring the components of the research was determined using the Process Hayes model 4. The findings demonstrate that attitude has a substantial positive interconnection with relative advantage, compatibility, and observability; however, complexity has a strong negative correlation. According to the data, customers, particularly the younger generation, are more likely to choose green items, with environmental effects being a critical issue. However, the complex nature of green goods has little effect on their attitude. Finally, the findings of this study add to the current body of knowledge on green purchasing behaviour while providing actionable recommendations for promoting sustainable consumption habits in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00302 Keywords: Theory of Planned Behaviour, Diffusion of Innovation Model, Sustainable Consumption Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 93-101 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/808/778 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/808 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:93-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Khalid Hamid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmad Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Madiha Maqbool Chaudhry Author-Workplace-Name: FAST National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Abdul Basit Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakista Author-Name: Sadia Watara Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer & Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico Highlands University Las Vegas, USA Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Software Engineering, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Author-Name: Zaeem Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Superior University Lahore-54000, Pakistan Title: Topological Evaluation of Cloud Computing Networks and Real-Time Scenario-Based Effective Usage Abstract: Cloud technology provides computing services over the internet, enabling entrepreneurs to access tools and services previously only available to large organizations, enhancing efficiency, business scaling, and competitiveness. With a step-by-step practical performance, the study builds real-time clouds using several lab scenarios. The research offers recommendations for cloud computing networks' performance, security, and awareness in this way. The study investigates and improves cloud computing networks in IoT and other network architectures using cheminformatics, a combination of chemistry, computer, and mathematics. It computes topological invariants, such as K-banhatti sombor (KBSO) invariants (KBSO), Dharwad Invariants, K-banhatti Redefined Zagreb (KBRZ), their different forms, and Quadratic-contra harmonic invariants (QCI), to explore and enhance their characteristics like scalability, efficiency, higher throughput, reduced latency, and best-fit topology. The main objective is to develop formulas to check the topology, and performance of certain cloud networks without experiments and produce mathematical modeling results with graphical results. It also gives the optimized ranges of the network with one optimized value. After these evaluations, the network graph also checks for irregularities if exist with the help of the Irregularity Sombor (ISO) index. The study also produced real-time scenario-based clouds and performance-based use. The results will help researchers construct and improve these networks with different physical characteristics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00301 Keywords: Cloud Network, real-time clouds, topological evaluation, scalability, performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 80-92 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/797/777 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/797 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:80-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Najma Amin Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saif Ur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sukaina Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadia Idress Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The Superior University Lahore, Pakistan Title: How Does Tourism, Trade Openness and Green Energy Influence CO2 emissions? Evidence from ASEAN Countries Abstract: This study explores the effects of Tourism (TOU), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Trade Openness (TOP) upon carbon di oxide emissions (CO2). The article has taken top seven tourist destinations in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) through 2000-2020. The approaches used to analyze results are autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and secondly the Granger causality technique. The data is panel data; hence we can also say it is panel ARDL. The outcomes exhibited an interesting relationship between the variables under study. Where, GDP, TOP and TOU were significantly and positively correlated with CO2. Whereas FDI showed huge and negative correlation with CO2. The results of the study showed that in the long run there is a significant association between FDI, TOP and TOU and carbon emissions. The study findings are thoroughly examined, accompanied by analysis of policy implications and recommendations for future research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00300 Keywords: ARDL estimation, Granger Causality, Carbon emissions, tourism, FDI, GDP and trade-openness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 71-79 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/806/773 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/806 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:71-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Muneer Ahmed Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Public Administration, , Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs’ Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Athar K. Shar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Public Administration, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs’ Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ayoob Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Public Administration, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs’ Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Faiq Gul Memon Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Public Administration, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs’ Sindh, Pakistan Title: Implications of Low Compensation, Deteriorated Work Environment, Low Growth in Career and Work-Life Imbalances on Employee Turnover in Microfinance Banks of Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan Abstract: Organizations have traditionally been concerned about employee turnover. An excessive amount of staff turnover might be harmful to the company and its workers. This study looks at how low compensation, deteriorated work environment, low growth in career, and work-life imbalances affect employee turnover in microfinance banks. Every person employed by Larkana City, Pakistan's microfinance banks (N = 100). 80 workers from microfinance banks in Larkana, Pakistan, were chosen using stratified random selection. Google Forms was used to collect the answers to the online survey forms that were distributed to the employees via email and WhatsApp. The links between the independent factors and employee turnover are examined using regression analysis with SPSS software. Each scale had strong internal consistency, as indicated by Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients is .799. The research discovered a strong correlation between employee turnover and low compensation (β = 0.249, p < 0.001), a deteriorating work environment (β = 0.272, p < 0.001), low career growth (β = 0.358, p < 0.001), and work-life imbalances (β = 0.282, p < 0.001). In order to lower employee turnover in microfinance banks, the study emphasizes how critical it is to address these work-related issues. According to the research, in order to increase staff retention and organizational performance, microfinance banks should give priority to market-based pay, make improvements to the internal work environment, offer possibilities for career advancement, and encourage work-life balance DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00299 Keywords: Low Compensation, Deteriorated Work Environment, Low Growth in Career, Work Life Imbalances, Employee Turnover and Microfinance Banks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 65-70 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/805/772 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/805 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:65-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramsha Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Javaria Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Sajid Tufail Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Asia Zulfqar Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: The Dark Facet of Perceived Overqualification: Predictors and their Impact on Proactive Behavior Abstract: According to the literature on perceived overqualification (POQ), previous researchers overlooked its predictors, mediating mechanism, and particularly the direct impact of POQ on proactive behavior. Integrating person-environment fit theory, this research aims to examine the POQ’s predictor (boredom proneness and perceived organizational politics) mediating mechanism and its effect on proactive behavior. Using a cross-sectional research design 189 responses were collected from diverse non-manufacturing sectors and evaluated utilizing partial least square structural equation modeling. The results depict that perceived organizational politics and boredom proneness significantly predict POQ. Similarly, our findings indicate that the direct association of POQ with proactive behavior was negative. Further, POQ mediates the relationship between predictors and outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and forthcoming recommendations of our research are discussed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00298 Keywords: boredom proneness, perceived overqualification, perceived organization politics, Proactive behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 53-64 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/778/771 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/778 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:53-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fatima Farooq Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Sajid Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Commerce, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Faheem Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan Pakistan Author-Name: hizar Hayat Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Emerson University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Evaluating the influence of Green Growth, Foreign Direct Investment and Financial Development towards Sustainable Environment: Evidence by Green Finance Theory Abstract: In today's world, environmental sustainability and sustainable development are critical issues that are emphasized by the urgent need for coherent and practical solutions to the ecological effects of economic activity. Hence, this study examines how Pakistan's carbon emissions are affected by green growth, foreign direct investment, human capital, and financial development between 2004 and 2022. Based on the theory of financial development and green finance, this research utilizes a sound theoretical framework, the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, which helps to explain this problem’s short-run and long-run relation. The research conclusions reveal that green growth positively correlates with environmental sustainability by improving green activities and investing in better technology to minimize carbon emissions. At the same time, the study demonstrates that human capital remains a key driver of environmental success. This implies that intensified workforces require higher education and training to adopt and sustain sustainable green practices. On the other hand, FDI has been positive but has a insignificant impact on Pakistan's environment. This evidence highlights legislators' need to associate financial development with economic policy to ensure ecology preservation and continuing economic stability. Pakistan can gain environmental and financial benefits from its sustainable human capital development and integrated investment promotion policies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00297 Keywords: Green Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital, Financial Development Environmental Sustainability Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 44-52 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/804/774 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/804 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:44-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ali Majid Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Research Scholar , Lincoln University College Malaysia, Malaysia Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Shoaib Farooq Author-Workplace-Name: Lincoln University College Malaysia, Malaysia Title: Impact of Green Marketing Strategies on Consumer Buying Behavior: The Moderating Role of Environmental Concerns in Pakistan Abstract: The examination of the interaction among green marketing strategies, organizational identity and innovation performance in medium-large sized firms is addressed in this study. Under the nowadays environmentally concerned and market profundity, such approaches are being adopted as a means of not only satisfy ever-growing legislative environmental standards but also improve marketing competitiveness as well as innovation abilities. The study uses a mixed-methods design, incorporating the analytic tool of structural equation modelling in the quantitative phase, and thematic analysis of interviews and case studies in the qualitative phase. The combination of these two methods yields a rich dataset that reveals how green marketing strategies impact organizational identity, and subsequently, innovation performance. The results show that Green marketing strategies significantly enhance the organizational identity, which in turn leads to the positive influence on innovation performance. The important issues are identified, besides previous literature by the interviewees, the integration of sustainability into the corporate culture, barriers in implementing green strategies, and stakeholder relationships. These emphasized issues give us the deeper understanding of how environment embedded in the firm can drive for sustained innovation and enhancement. Essentially, the thesis does two things. First, it adds to an ongoing body of academic literature on green marketing and the product environments that often drive it; demonstrating that a strong organizational identity built around sustainability can provide a powerful driver of innovation. In doing so, the research supports both why green marketing should be integrated into strategic management, and why corporate strategy should be about much more than looking for the next opportunity to purchase some profitable regulatory easement in a squalid, dying wetland. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00295 Keywords: consumer behaviour, environmental concerns, green marketing Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 37-43 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/802/768 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/802 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:37-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Amir Inayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, School of Accountancy and Finance University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Kashif Bhatti Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Socio-Economic Determinants of Property Crime Across the Districts of Punjab: Highlighting the Role of Law Enforcement Agencies of Pakistan Abstract: This study intends to find socioeconomic determinants of property crimes in all districts of Punjab, Pakistan for the year 2018. The selected socio-economic explanatory variables are police strength, police proclaimed offenders, poverty, literacy rate, population density, and migrants and the dependent variable is reported property crimes. The ordinary Least Square (OLS) method is used for empirical analysis as the data set and all variables fulfill the assumptions of simple OLS. The results show that police-proclaimed offenders, poverty, population density, and migrants have a positive and significant impact on property crimes in Punjab. Police strength and literacy rate are inversely related to crimes against property. The results indicate that the most dense and populated areas provide more chances for criminals to commit crimes. So, to reduce crimes in Punjab province, the government should educate police officials with modern world technology to improve their performance in controlling property crimes across all districts of Punjab, Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00289 Keywords: Police Strength, Police Proclaimed Offenders, Poverty, Literacy Rate, Population Density, Property Crimes Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 22-36 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/793/762 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/793 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:22-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Asim Author-Workplace-Name: Sukkur IBA University, 65200 Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Waseem Sajjad Author-Workplace-Name: Sukkur IBA University, 65200 Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Suresh Kumar Author-Workplace-Name: Sukkur IBA University, 65200 Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Hyder Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Sukkur IBA University, 65200 Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan Title: Time and Frequency Domain Analysis of Volatility Spillovers across Financial Asset Classes in Malaysia Abstract: This paper investigates the connectness and spillovers among classes of financial asset in Malaysia in the post-decade of global financial crisis. First, the Diebold & Yilmaz (2012)’s time-domain analysis is applied with the spillover index reported at 10.7%. This implies a low level of connectedness but possible diversification among different asset classes across time. Furthermore, most of the assets except foreign exchanges, are net reciever of volatility. Second, the Barunik & Krehlik (2018)’s frequency-domain analysis reveals that, at higher frequencies, the degree of connectedness increases and, the net transmitter of volatility spillovers across financial markets is contingent on the frequency under consideration. By frequency domain, the role of Gold in long run from transmitter to receiver has emerged, and there is also increase in magnitude of spillover from oil prices. The findings are insightful for risk assessment and portfolio diversification. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00288 Keywords: Malaysian Financial Assets, Volatiltiy spillover, Connectedness, Time and frequency Domain Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 14-21 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/792/756 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/792 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:14-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sumera Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Accounting and Finance & PhD Scholar, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Zaki Hasan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Raza Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Vice President, National Bank of Pakistan Author-Name: Sana Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Sehrish Amjad Author-Workplace-Name: PhD student, Greenwich University, Pakistan Title: Social Cognitive Theory In Human Resource Management: Literature Review, Criticism and Research Agenda Abstract: The development of Resource Management (HRM) theory and the study and application of Green HRM (GHRM). The Social Learning Theory (SLT), often called the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), asserts that behavior, the environment, and interact dynamically to facilitate learning. This academic study explores the particular aspects of SLT/SCT that are most pertinent to HRM and GHRM, highlighting HRM contexts in which one or more SLT/SCT propositions have been incorporated into theory development, research, and real-world implementations. Because SLT/SCT is a comprehensive theory that explains behavior and learning processes, the results point to great potential for its application in the field of GHRM within HRM. Additionally, this analysis offers suggestions for advancing HRM theory, future research projects, and real-world applications. It is shown that SLT/SCT has great promise to improve GHRM comprehension and application in the larger HRM context. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00287 Keywords: Human Resource Management Practices, Social Cognitive Theory, Self-Efficacy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 9-13 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/762/754 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/762 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:9-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayiza Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Atif Khan Jadoon Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ambreen Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Maria Faiq Javaid Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Title: Towards Asian Countries Sustainable Development: The Nexus between Information and Communication Technology, Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emission Abstract: This research investigates the intricate relationships among Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the adoption of Renewable Energy, Primary Energy Consumption, Population Growth Rate, Economic Growth, Financial Development, Trade, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions across 21 Asian countries. Our analysis uncovers a significant correlation between ICT, the adoption of Renewable Energy sources, and decreased CO2 emissions, underscoring their potential to foster environmental sustainability. In contrast, positive associations are observed between CO2 emissions and Primary Energy consumption, Population Growth Rate, and Economic Growth, highlighting challenges associated with rapid industrialization. The relationships between Financial Development and Trade with CO2 emissions are nuanced, indicating varied impacts among countries. Methodologically, we address concerns such as cross-sectional dependence by employing both random and fixed models and applying the Newey-White test. These findings underscore the necessity of harmonizing economic development with environmental sustainability in Asian policymaking. While promoting renewable energy and using ICT can effectively mitigate emissions, prudent energy management is imperative. Addressing global climate issues requires pivotal international cooperation, urging Asian nations to collaborate on innovative policies for a sustainable, low-carbon future. This study establishes a robust foundation for future research and policymaking initiatives focused on sustainability across Asian nations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00284 Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emission, Energy Consumption, Information and Communication Technology, Sustainable Development Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-8 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/790/753 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/BBE/article/view/790 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:2:p:1-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadia Naseem Naik Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Economics Department, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Aribah Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Economics Department, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Financial Inclusion on the Association between Government Cash Transfers and Violence Against Women Abstract: This study employs a comprehensive and evidence-oriented analysis of public initiatives of financial benefits and economic empowerment of women with reference to their impact on violence against women (VAW) in the context of Pakistan. Microdata of survey on Economic and Social Wellbeing of Women in Punjab has been analyzed to underscore the aforementioned impact on women aged 15 to 64 years, both married and unmarried. Logit Probit models have been applied for arriving at empirical findings regarding impact of government financial benefits, marital status, household economic wealth status, education, gender of the household head, family size (number of children), area of residence, age, age square and female empowerment through providing them with employment on violence against women. Findings suggest that public initiatives of providing financial benefits to women for the purpose of enhancing their empowerment have empirical evidence with regard to mitigating violence against women in Pakistan. Public policy interventions for initiation of more research for provision of target based financial benefits to the women who are actually trapped in abusive relationships and social milieus are required to be prioritized in Pakistan. In addition to these research support initiatives, the government should link its budgetary allocations to the female entrepreneurship development and stipulate the departments with achievement of given targets for receiving further allocations. The results further suggest that effective planning and meticulous execution of government financial benefits programs designed especially for women play an established role in aggregation of uplifting their financially empowered status as well as decreasing their physical, emotional and sexual exploitation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00183 Keywords: Violence Against Women, Financial Inclusion , Government Cash Transfers Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 61-69 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/489/602 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/489 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:61-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nimra Shahzadi Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Minas Wattoo Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: BS English, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad – Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Strategies in the Classroom for English Learning: Investigating the Effectiveness of Brain-Based Learning at Secondary School Level Abstract: Brain-based learning is claimed to make foreign language communication easier because learning a foreign language is complex. The objective of the study is to explore secondary school teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of brain-based learning strategies for English learning in the classroom. The research design was carefully crafted to gather quantitative data through a survey method, utilizing Likert scales to gauge respondents' levels of agreement with statements related to the research objectives. Researchers selected population responders using essential random sampling. The survey sampled 300 teachers. The study found that brain-based learning methodologies and concepts help students learn other languages naturally. Teachers reported that students never felt confident when speaking in English class, felt unconscious about speaking in front of other students, and got nervous when they did not understand every word their teacher was saying. However, the class environment made them feel comfortable. Brain-based learning provides a natural and suitable atmosphere for foreign/second language acquisition. Hence, the study may propose it for English classrooms at different levels. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00174 Keywords: Strategies, English learning, Brain-based learning Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 171-176 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/670/581 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/670 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:171-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Munir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Idrees Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Saleem Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Digital Currency Financing Terrorists in Pakistan. The Way Forward Abstract: Cryptocurrencies have become a preferred mode of terror financing. it is imperative to analyze the role of cryptocurrencies in empowering terrorist organizations especially in developing states. It takes on a more serious form in developing countries like Pakistan, which is fighting a battle against terrorism for the last few decades. Now digital financing has become an undeniable reality of the modern world, it is essential to devise a comprehensive strategy for breaking the nexus between terrorism and cryptocurrencies. This article intends to explore the answers to the questions that why cryptocurrencies are becoming a preferred mode for terror financing. It argues that the anonymity, decentralization and operational ease of cryptocurrencies make them a preferred medium for terrorist organizations. Therefore, enhancing institutional capacity by training human resources and making dedicated efforts at the national level will prove to be instrumental in delinking terrorism and cryptocurrencies. Moreover, close collaboration between international watchdogs and national institutions is essential in mitigating the threat of the use of cryptocurrencies for terrorism. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00176 Keywords: Cryptocurrencies, Terror financing Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 177-181 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/672/582 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/672 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:177-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant director, Human Resource, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Arfan Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher Author-Name: Yasmin Anwar Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher Title: Impact of Crypto Assets as Risk Diversifiers: A VAR-based Analysis of Portfolio Risk Reduction Abstract: This research aims to empirically investigate the portfolio risk associated with crypto assets. In other words, we want to investigate whether the inclusion of crypto assets in a portfolio can minimize the portfolio risk or not, because it is argued that there is a lower degree of correlation between crypto assets and traditional assets. In order to achieve our research objectives, we employ the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) by using five different asset classes. The first two variables are taken from the crypto assets, Bitcoin and Ethereum, and the remaining three variables for Gold, Crude Oil and VIX (Chicago Board Options Exchange's (CBOE) volatility index). Our research strategy will be based on an analysis for unit root, optimal lag selection, coefficient matrix, checking VAR stability, the Granger causality test, and impulse response function (IRF). Our findings suggest that none of the indicators of traditional assets drive and explain Bitcoin. We also found that only Bitcoin is significantly related to Ethereum. while none of the other variables are statistically useful to explain the variation in the Ethereum. Based on these findings it can be recommended that the inclusion of crypto assets into a portfolio reduces risk because none of the indicators of crypto assets are significantly related to the indicators of traditional assets. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00173 Keywords: Portfolio risk, crypto assets, Bitcoin, ETH, Granger causality test, VAR, IRF Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 51-60 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/669/583 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/669 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:51-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shabana Yasin Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of History, Govt. Graduate College for Women Baghbanpura Lahore, Ph.D Scholar Lahore College For Women University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mamoona Kanval Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Pakistan studies Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Farzanada Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of History, Lahore College For Women University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Economic Transformations in British Colonial Punjab and the Feudal Identity of District Jhang Abstract: Jhang a historic city of Punjab is situated at the junction of two rivers Jehlum and Chenab. Its fertile lands have always been a big source of prosperity. During British rule, colonial authorities in Punjab made many reforms in this region. They not only reformed the agriculture sector but also improved infrastructure. Construction of a road network, railway line, postal and telegraph system as well as supply of electricity had positive impacts on the social and economic life of Jhang. Although all these developments were made for colonial interests ultimately these benefitted the peoples of Jhang. Among British reforms, the most important were agricultural reforms. These reforms had a deep impact on the future and socio-economic and political setup of Jhang. After agricultural reforms and establishing canal colonies, Jhang was neglected in terms of establishing agro-based and other industrial units and new agricultural research and science and technology institutions. As a result, the Jhang was denied the chances for advancement and growth that could have driven and propelled it to become a more prosperous and progressed region. Here the question arises of whether the actual purpose of agricultural reforms in district Jhang was only to create certain classes to protect colonial interests and reward them for their loyalties? Did the British Colonial agrarian reforms lay the foundation for the Feudal system in Jhang? DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00172 Keywords: British India, Colonial Punjab, Canal Colonies, Agricultural Reforms, Feudalism, Jhang Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 42-50 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/668/578 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/668 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:42-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, The IslamiaUniversity, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Abid Rashid Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Economics, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Socioeconomic Determinants of Genetic Disorder in Disabled Persons of Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: This study investigates the relationship among family history, genetic markers, family income, occupation, and the presence of genetic disorders in disabled persons in Punjab, Pakistan. The research study uses cross-sectional primary data from 5040 individuals collected with online and manual research questionnaire. The study employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for rigorous assessment of numerical coefficients and also examines reliability, validity, and discriminant validity among the constructs to ensure their distinctiveness within the model. With R-square (0.541) and adjusted R-square (0.529), the results show that Socioeconomic indicators (Family income & employment, and Occupation) and family history have significant positive while genetic indicators like genetic markers have a negative impact on the presence of genetic disorder in disabled persons. The results also showed that mediation effects (the access to education and access to healthcare) demonstrate a significant negative impact on the presence of genetic disorders in disabled persons, where we safely say that with the increase in access to education and access to healthcare, genetic disorders in disabled persons can be removed or overcome in Punjab, Pakistan. Based on findings, recommendations are proposed for better decisions of officials and policymakers in the betterment and favor of disabled persons in Punjab, Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00169 Keywords: Socioeconomic Determinants, Genetic Markers, Family History, Disabled Persons Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 29-41 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/663/576 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/663 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:29-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tahmeena Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hanif Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Professor and Director, Meezan Centre for Islamic Finance (MCIF), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Securities Companies Abstract: The objective of the paper is to explore the factors that tend to affect the debt-equity choice of securities companies in Pakistan. Data on the variables used in the study was extracted from income statements and balance sheets of various securities companies registered with the SECP over a period of 14 years from 2008 to 2021. Panel data analysis is based on the use of econometric techniques (fixed effects and random effects models) for estimation of results. Results of the study demonstrate that securities companies prefer to finance their assets with equity which denotes 72.15% of their total assets. In contrast, the total liabilities designate 27.85% of their assets. Profitability appears to be positively related to total and long-term debt ratios. The firm size is positive while tangibility is inversely associated with total and short-term debt ratios. Liquidity is negatively linked to all proxies of capital structure while the firm efficiency appears to have a positive connection with the short-term debt ratio. Results of the study are consistent with the predictions of trade-off and pecking order models. The empirical outcomes of the research offer some useful policy implications for regulatory authorities, managers and shareholders of the Securities Companies in Pakistan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00169 Keywords: Capital structure, Securities companies, Trade-off theory (TOT), Pecking order theory (POT), Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 22-28 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/659/573 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/659 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:22-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Waqar Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Ajid Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Imran Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Waseem Abbas Shaheen Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid – e – Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: From Theory to Practice: Examining the True Impact of Institutional Quality on Innovation Commercialization Abstract: Does better corruption controls as institutional quality measure affect commercialization of innovation? Institutional quality from corruption control perspective is very important to be considered for making strong strategic policies favorable for innovation commercialization. Using panel data consists of 15-year time span (2001-2015) covering 143 countries, initial regression estimates with robust check along with fixed effects presents that better corruption controls are positively effective in promoting innovation commercialization in the country which is further verified by using GMM estimates. Our preferred specifications imply that corruption effects on innovation commercialization is worse in Middle East and North American (MENA) regions which is around negative 65% especially in upper middle income and Catholic countries. Apart from the exports of high-tech products, other demand and supply side contributors of innovation commercialization are also important to account for. While improving the research and development aspects, the policy makers must also have to plan strategically for improving these channels which may help in improving the institutional quality in the country including investment in improving the grass root literacy levels, flexible facilities for entrepreneurial incubators, and optimal utilization of population growth with urbanization measures in the country. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00164 Keywords: Innovation Commercialization, Institutional Quality, Corruption Level, Regional Geographies, Income Disparities, Religions Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 8-21 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/652/565 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/652 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:8-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabia Asghar Author-Workplace-Name: Campus Manager, Clifton Campus, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Zoya Farooq Bhamani Ali Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Student, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayman Taj Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Director ORIC, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ruby Usman Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Student, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: HR policies and its impact on job satisfaction among employees in FMCGs in Karachi, Pakistan Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Human resource policies and practices on the job satisfaction. Because these are the guidelines that Human resource manager of the organizations adopts in managing its people. In this study a total of 384 Questionnaires were distributed among different participants in Karachi and 172 were received with a response rate of 51.67%. To collect the required information closed-ended questionnaire was used and were divided into three part; initially questionnaire identify the demographic factors of the respondents, then highlight the Likert scale options 1 being strongly disagreed and 5 strongly agree. In findings of the research we conclude that HR policies and practices have greater impact on job satisfaction. Findings revealed a positive relationship among independent and dependent variable and job satisfaction suggest how efficient and effective employees could be when they are highly satisfied on the job. Therefore, organizations need to apply these tested variable in their policies in order to make employees satisfy on their jobs. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00160 Keywords: human resource policies, job satisfaction, organization, people Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-7 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Year: 2024 File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/614/564 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/614 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:13:y:2024:i:1:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: İSMAIL ŞENTÜRK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Turkey Title: AGING AND EMPLOYMENT: A STUDY ON THE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION DECISION OF THE ELDERLY IN TURKEY Abstract: In this study, it has been tried to determine the factors that affect the labor force participation decision of individuals between the ages of 55-64 in Turkey. In accordance with this purpose, analysis was carried out with the Logit method using the 2017 Household Labor Force Survey data obtained by the Turkish Statistical Institute. According to the findings, it was determined that the variables of education, retirement, gender, age and marital status were effective on the decision to participate in the labor force for elderly individuals. It has been observed that the effect of having a university or higher education is particularly striking. Another important finding is that most retired individuals have moved away from the labor market. In addition, it has been observed that the probability of women’s leaving the workforce is higher than that of men. Policy recommendations have been developed to increase the education level of individuals, to discourage early retirement and to ensure women's participation in the workforce. Classification-JEL: J60, J82 Keywords: Elderly workforce,Labor Force Participation, Turkey, Logi Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 211-215 Volume: 10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://www.bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/zenodo.7121005/346 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://www.bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/zenodo.7121005 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:211-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHOAIB AMJAD HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Suleman Dawood School of Business, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ABDUR RAHMAN MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Suleman Dawood School of Business, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan Title: GOOD LEADERSHIP FAILURES AND BAD LEADERSHIP SURPRISES: A LEADERSHIP LITERATURE TYPOLOGY Abstract: Leadership is important for organizations and intriguing for scholars. In leadership literature, leader behaviors have either been classified as universally ‘good’ leader behaviors or ‘bad’ leader behaviors. However, recent studies suggest that exhibiting ‘good’ leader behaviors may also result in undesirable outcomes and vice versa. These finding are an anomaly in literature and require a deeper inquiry and integration with the rest of the leader behavior literature. To that end, this article attempts to provide a synthesis of the leader behavior literature. Utilizing a hedonic valence-based framework, we attempt to integrate the different types of leader behaviors and their consequent outcomes. To achieve this, we define two new constructs, namely “Leader Behavioral Valence" and “Net Outcomes". We utilize these constructs to categorize leader behaviors into four subfields i.e. traditional positive leadership, negative destructive leadership, positive behaviors resulting in negative outcomes and negative behaviors resulting in positive outcomes. We identify two sub-fields which have not received significant scholarly attention. Classification-JEL: Z11 Keywords: Leadership; Leader Behaviors; Literature review; Typology Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 262-270 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/325/327 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/325 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:262-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: ATIF MUKHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: NAUMAN YASEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF PANDEMIC ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEES WORKING MORALE THROUGH MEDIATING ROLE OF PERFORMANCE AND MODERATING ROLE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP Abstract: This study examined a mediating moderation model for pandemic environment that has drastically affected the employee working morale and performance in contagious environment with the strengthening relation of transformational leadership. Data were collected from top ranked officers of financial institutions who have worked under stress in difficult time of pandemic. PLS-SEM was employed to validate data and examine the hypothesized relationships. Empirical results revealed that employee performance mediates the link between pandemic environment and employees' working morale. Transformation leadership is found to enhance the employees’ performance by reducing the pandemic effect and expand employees’ experience in strengthening their working morale. More specifically, pandemic environment positively contributes for sustainability of employees working that develop their working performance. Transformational leadership also positively effect and accelerate the job performances and morale at workplace for financial managers. This research contributes to business management literature by describing mediating moderation mechanisms through which pandemic environment influences top ranked employees’ performance and reduced their working morale. The study guided the practitioners by emphasizing that employees during infectious time experienced low working morale which can be reinforced through transformational leadership. Classification-JEL: O10, P17 Keywords: Pandemic Environment, Technological Hassle, Work from Home, Working Morale, Performance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 244-261 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/371/326 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/371 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:244-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHAHZAD HASSAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Pakistan; PhD scholar, Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia Author-Name: NORAZAH MOHD SUKI Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Marketing and E-Commerce, Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Author-Name: MARIA AKHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: MS research scholar, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: KHAN ZAMAN KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: NAVEED HASSAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Commerce, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Title: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF HUMBLE LEADERSHIP IN SHAPING CUSTOMER CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND EMPLOYEE INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR? EVIDENCE FROM SERVICE SECTOR Abstract: The impacts of humble leadership on employee innovative work behavior and customer citizenship behavior are investigated in this study. The impact of customer civic behavior on employee innovative work behavior was also investigated in this research. This study used a random sample of 285 employees, clients, and respective supervisors from service sector enterprises in north eastern Pakistan to collect research data. The findings demonstrate that increasing humble leadership enhances employee inventive work behavior. Furthermore, this study discovered that employee innovative work behavior is triggered by consumer citizenship behavior. This study gives a research-based overview on humble leadership and points out domain where more research could be beneficial to the service industry. Classification-JEL: P36, J60 Keywords: Humble leadership; humility; customer citizenship behavior; innovation, innovative work behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 235-243 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/364/325 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/364 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:235-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ASHRAF Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus Author-Name: ARSLAN ALI RAZA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ISHAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus Title: A NOVEL APPROACH OF SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS FOR PREDICTING NATIONAL CONSUMER CONFIDENCE INDEX Abstract: Consumer confidence captures the difference in consumer attitudes when making buying decisions. The consumer confidence index (CCI) is referenced by businesses, governments and other institutions when they make strategic decision. Analysis of Pakistani official consumer confidence index in comparison with the actual data reveals inconsistency between the official index and actual state of the economy in Pakistan. The data used in computing the official CCI has been collected using cross-sectional survey which has inherent limitations which spur research efforts to clarify and develop evidence on associations that form the core of the economic indicator of consumer confidence. It poses challenges to industry with regards to measuring the CCI as it is subjected to rigorous analysis. One aspect of such dynamic has to do with the emergence of new sources of digital data that could be used to measure consumer confidence. However, it is conjectured that using consumer sentiment data on social media might show greater marginal significance for consumer confidence, because the surveys might capture effects that will not appear in the data. Social media can offer a huge volume of data on consumer confidence, the analysis of which can be conducted at a more rapid time and can also refine the accuracy of the CCI using data from far larger populations. However, this study aims to propose a novel method of social media analytics for predicting national consumer confidence index (NACOP) that reflect true state of the economy. The proposed NACOP utilizes big data and data science to predict the national consumer confidence using large data sets of purchasing behaviour, jobs/employment, consumer price and personal finance from social media platforms. The study also explains the architecture of proposed NACOP and provides significant implications to academicians and practitioners. Classification-JEL: L82 Keywords: Big data, Consumer confidence index, NACOP, Sentiment analysis, Social media analytics Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 220-234 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/363/324 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/363 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:220-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FATIMA HANIF Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: NOSHEEN SARWAT Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: PAST ABUSIVE SUPERVISION, HINDRANCE APPRAISAL AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT Abstract: The aim of this study is to propose and assess a framework that suggests how abusive supervision that has occurred in the past, has residual effects on victims long after they have left those jobs. Using a trauma lens, the paper aims to suggest how past abuse generates an outcome through the process hindrance appraisal. Furthermore, this research proposes that social support acts as a moderator in the relationship between hindrance appraisal and posttraumatic stress. This study draws from the Conservation of Resource Theory and the Transactional Stress Theory to address the links that are proposed. Using a time-lagged design, full-time employees working in diverse sectors of Pakistan were surveyed and data were collected (N=336). In order to evaluate the hypothesized model, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted. Further, to validate the indirect and moderating effects, Process MACRO was used. The results of the study demonstrated that past abusive supervision is positively linked to posttraumatic stress where the effect was positive and significant. Furthermore, hindrance appraisal for stressors had a positive and significant relationship with posttraumatic stress. Results from the indirect effects showed that the effects were significant. In addition, hindrance appraisal mediated the link between past abusive supervision and posttraumatic stress for which the effect was also significant. Lastly, the findings showed that social support moderated the link between hindrance appraisal and posttraumatic stress such that the relationship was weaker in the presence of the moderator. Classification-JEL: A13 Keywords: Past abusive supervision, Hindrance appraisal,Posttraumatic stress, Social Support Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 212-219 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/357/323 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/357 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:212-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: BARKAT ULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan & University of Education, Dera Ghazi Khan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ZIAULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAZZAQ ATHAR Author-Workplace-Name: University Institute of Management Scineces-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: MALIK MUHAMMAD FAISAL Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: BUSHRA ZULFIQAR Author-Workplace-Name: University Institute of Management Scineces-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of corporate governance on the financial performance of manufacturing firms in South Asian Countries. Financial performance is measured using both accounting and marketing based measures (ROA, ROE and Tobin's Q). However, corporate governance practices are captured through Board Size, CEO Duality, Audit Quality, Audit Committee Size and Audit Activity. The sample of the study comprised a total of 426 listed manufacturing firms of South Asian Countries for period spans 10 years from 2011 to 2020. Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) was used for data analysis. We find significant impact of corporate governance on firm performance in the South Asian countries. According to the findings audit committee activity and size, as well as audit quality decisions, should be made efficiently as these factors have great implications for improving the performance of manufacturing firms in the South Asian Countries. Classification-JEL: G30, L10 Keywords: Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, South Asian Countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 198-211 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/350/321 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/350 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:198-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ARZOO MUSHTAQ Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, The Women University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHNAWAZ MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Professor (Rtd), Department of Economics, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD HANIF AKHTAR Author-Workplace-Name: Professor and Chairman, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: NONLINEAR TAYLOR RULE AND INFLATION-TARGETING IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS Abstract: The paper estimates the non-linear Taylor rule of inflation-targeting in Pakistan. Three types of short-term nominal interest rates are used as policy instruments represented by three, six, and twelve-months treasury bills. Using quarterly time series data for the period 2005 (1st Quarter) to 2019 (3rd Quarter), a threshold regression technique has been applied. The study aims to observe the nonlinear behavior of the monetary policy of the central bank. Threshold values are estimated at 2.5% for the output gap, 6.02% for inflation, 7.45% for interest rate, and 0.68 for the exchange rate. The study finds a weak response of output gap and inflation in the context of the backdrop of economic activity, while the interest rate is positive and significant toward the output gap. Results regarding the non-linear Taylor rule by inflation indicate that the exchange rate is negatively significant in high and low inflationary regimes. Results of the study further disclose that inflation and interest rate have negative and significant responses towards exchange rate. Above the threshold value of the exchange rate (0.68) inflation escalates and the interest rate falls with exchange rate depreciation. As a policy implication, it can be suggested that the SBP should control exchange rate depreciation to overcome inflation. SBP should consider the exchange rate stabilization together with the objective of price stability in an inflation-targeting framework. Classification-JEL: C20, O24 Keywords: Non-linear Taylor rule,Threshold regression, Treasury bills rate,inflation, output gap,Exchange rate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 185-197 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/347/318 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/347 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:185-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHAZIA SANA Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, The Women University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHNAWAZ MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Professor (Rtd), Department of Economics, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAMZAN SHEIKH Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Economics Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHANNELS OF MONETARY TRANSMISSION MECHANISM IN PAKISTAN: AN APPLICATION OF VAR MODEL, IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION AND VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION Abstract: The study analyzes the various channels of the monetary transmission mechanism in Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to find out the effective channel of the monetary transmission mechanism in Pakistan by using the VAR model, impulse response function and variance decomposition. The study has used annual data from 1972 to 2019. The findings of the study exhibit that the lending channel and exchange rate channel are effective whereas the asset price channel is ineffective in Pakistan. The exchange rate has a strong impact on the determination of output through the exchange rate channel in Pakistan. So, to attain the optimal level of the output, controlling the volatility of the exchange rate may be focused. In the bank lending channel, the lending rate plays a vital role in determining the output level in Pakistan. That’s why banks play an important role in the economy of Pakistan and the banking system may be promoted effectively. Classification-JEL: O23, C20 Keywords: Monetary policy, VAR model, impulse response function, variance decomposition Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 160-184 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/348/319 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/348 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:160-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: BISMILLAH Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, The Women University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHNAWAZ MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Professor (Rtd), Department of Economics, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAMZAN SHEIKH Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Economics Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND FISCAL STANCE IN SELECTED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A GRANGER CAUSALITY APPROACH IN VAR FRAMEWORK Abstract: The main purpose of the study is to conduct a causality analysis of trade liberalization and fiscal stance. For this purpose, causality between tax-trade, government expenditures-trade, external debt-trade and official development assistance-trade have been examined in selected developing countries. The study has applied the three-step procedure of Granger causality in the VAR framework. The period is taken from 1996 to 2019. The results show that there is bidirectional causality between trade liberalization and fiscal stance in nearly all countries while short-run causality differs in the group of countries. The study suggests that the policymakers may formulate policies of trade openness which may enhance the tax revenues as well as government expenditures in developing countries. Classification-JEL: B17, H20, H30 Keywords: Trade liberalization,Tax, Government Expenditures, External Debt Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 134-159 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/347/318 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/347 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:134-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD HATIM Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ZERISH TASLEEM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD, School of Government, Universiti Utara Malaysia Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NADEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Psychology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH ON RURAL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY: A MODERATING ROLE OF CULTURE IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Abstract: The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the impact of education and health as a chief socio-economic determinant on rural poverty moderated by the role of Culture. An exhaustive literature has been explored the nexus between education, health and rural poverty, which provides a foundation for the further research. The findings of this paper indicate that the education and health create a strong impact on the alleviation of rural poverty. This study presents a brief overview for the alleviation of poverty to the policy makers in Pakistan. The findings for this paper can be adopted by the educational specialist for the development of proper educational policies and health strategies. Education and health show the significant impact on rural poverty and culture is a strong determinant that effect the rural poverty strongly. The empirical investigation of this paper could offer the base to the ministry of education to invest in education. This is a useful paper which propose a useful testable model for the study in Pakistan rural areas to fill the gaps of rural poverty literature. Classification-JEL: I10, I20, I30 Keywords: Education, Health, Rural Poverty, Culture, Punjab Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 120-133 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/346/317 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/346 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:120-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUNIR AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies, BZU Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD JAVED IQBAL KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political science, BZU Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: ZAHRA SHAHID Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies BZU Multan, Pakistan Title: STRATEGIES AND METHODS OF DE-RADICALIZATION IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Pakistani society has suffered decades of radicalism and violent extremism, eventually leading to radicalization. The goal of this study is to look at various deradicalization trends, methodologies, and tactics to explore the general concerns of deradicalization programs in Pakistan. This article explains the three steps of deradicalization: the efficient use of deradicalization for protection, preparedness, and prevention in Pakistan. Even though Pakistan is a breeding hub for radicalization, still, the nation has unable to create a comprehensive deradicalization operation. Deradicalization programs mostly supervised by the military, centered Swat valley, Pakistan's military and civil society organizations have attempted to oppose deadly terrorist ideology, but the government has failed to take-action. Most deradicalization training in Pakistan emphasizes economic incentives and alternative livelihood adjustments but the current scenario is very infuriating and many political parties and organizations are involved in radical terrorist acts. State and federal governments must create and implement comprehensive anti-radicalization programs before it is too late to prevent continuous brutal killing by extremists. Various political parties, religious groups, denominations, the media, and civil society organizations must reach an agreement on the total rejection of radicals in society. This article outlines significant tactics and strategies employed in Pakistan and gives final recommendations at the individual and social levels through family participation and internet deradicalization. Classification-JEL: F50 Keywords: Extremism,deradicalization, terrorist attacks, security Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 110-119 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/345/316 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/345 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:110-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ZERISH TASLEEM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, School of Government, Universiti Utara Malaysia Author-Name: MUHAMMAD HATIM Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MAHNOOR MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Faculty, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD NADEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Psychology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ RAMZAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE IMPACT OF HEALTH FACILITIES ON RURAL POVERTY IN SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Abstract: Poverty is a multidimensional global issue and cannot be eradicated with one thrust. Health is most important determinant for the alleviation of poverty. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of health on rural poverty in rural areas of Pakistan. The study designed by using quantitative methodology, data was collected through the structured questionnaire from the households of rural area of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The estimated results showed that there is significant relationship between health and rural poverty. Research study concludes that health facilities are significant relationship with rural poverty; increase in health facilities, decrease the rural poverty. Study enriches the literature empirically on relationship among health and poverty. Thus, strategies and policies aim to reducing the poverty. Classification-JEL: I10, I30 Keywords: Health, poverty alleviation, ruralareas, Southern Punjab, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 104-109 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/344/315 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/344 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:104-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HAFIZA SOBIA TUFAIL Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan & Institute of Business, Management & Administrative Sciences. The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: RANA MUHAMMAD SHAHID YAQUB Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business, Management & Administrative Sciences. The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: SIDRA RAMZAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: FAHAD JAVED BAIG Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, the Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Rahim Yar Khan Campus Title: TO BUY OR NOT TO BUY? CONSUMERS’ PURCHASE INTENTION TOWARD SUBOPTIMAL FOOD IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Food waste reduction have global attention by promoting suboptimal food. The purpose of the study is to develop an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) research model, which includes price consciousness and environmental concern to predict suboptimal food purchase intention. The data was collected through survey (paper and online based) from grocery consumers. In total, 420 respondents were from cities of southern Punjab Pakistan namely Multan, D G Khan, Bahawalpur, and Rahim Yar khan. SPSS 22 was used to analyze data. The findings revealed that the constructs of TPB, such as attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) have significant effect on consumer purchase intention (PI). Consistently, price consciousness (PC) and environmental concern have positive affect on consumer purchase intention (PI). The findings add to the growing body of knowledge about suboptimal food purchase intentions, especially in developing nations like Pakistan. For marketers, and sellers the findings have both theoretical and practical implications. Classification-JEL: F64 Keywords: Environmental Concern (EC), Price Consciousness (PC), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Suboptimal Food (SOF) Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 93-103 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/342/314 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/342 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:93-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AFEEFA AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: DILSHAD AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: EFFECTS OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ON ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE IN PAKISTAN Abstract: The dream of development in society is not feasible without significant empowerment and participation of women. More particularly in Pakistan, a number of substantial procedures have paying attention for women empowerment yet, their standing is still depressed purposely in rural community. This study attempted to find out, level of rural community women empowerment and influence of empowerment about healthcare access in Punjab, Pakistan. In this research OLS and Cronbach’s alpha method were applied for empirical estimation of collected data of 238 married women respondent. Different components scores about women empowerment were regressed over the healthcare access scores in the final estimation this research. Empirical estimates indicated as power of decision-making, self-esteem and mobility has positively and significantly affects access to health care while control over resource has positive but insignificant impact. It is suggested as education, adequate job opportunities and access to media are prerequisite for women empowerment and access to health care. In the aspect of study findings, for more empowering women literacy rate need to increased through provision of educational institutes in neighboring for easy access of schooling at doorstep and providing financial incentives for motivation. Increasing women participation in institutions particular quota about job opportunities need to reserve for ensuring suitable status in society. Classification-JEL: J16, C20 Keywords: Women empowerment, Ordinary Least Square, Healthcare, Media Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 84-92 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/339/313 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/339 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:84-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TARIQ HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Grand Asian University Sialkot Author-Name: AHMAD RAZA UL MUSTAFA Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Nawabshah Author-Name: MAKHDUM M.I. Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, BZU Multan Author-Name: KALEEM ULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Lincoln University College Malaysia Title: DEFENSE EXPENDITURES, FISCAL DEFICIT AND DEBT SERVICING NEXUS: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN Abstract: A number of the countries in the world are breathing under the shadow of hostilities and terror. Many developing countries squander major part of their GDP on defense to sustain their sovereignty. Border clashes with India and Afghanistan, Pakistan has to spend massive budget on defense. Therefore, Pakistan has been facing fiscal deficit every year. Moreover, Pakistan’s external debt servicing creates hurdles to increase per capita GDP. For this empirical finding for the time period from 1981-2019, the Johansen co integration and Granger causality tests are used. The empirical results indicate the existence of co-integration. The estimation shows that the defense expenditures and debt servicing statistically significant and negatively affect the per capita GDP, while fiscal deficit reveal the positive and significant impact on the same. The results confirm the existence of one-way causality between fiscal deficit and debt servicing, while causality runs from fiscal deficit to debt servicing. Classification-JEL: H56, H63,F34 Keywords: defense expenditures; fiscal deficit; debt servicing; Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 74-83 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/338/312 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/338 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:74-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ASMAT ULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Institute of Social Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: IJAZ HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Institute of Social Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Pakistan Title: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD’S DECISION FOR DEMAND FOR EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN SOCIAL AND LIVING STANDARD MEASUREMENT (PSLM) SURVEY Abstract: The current study tried to investigate the role of socioeconomic and demographic factors over the household head’s decision in case of educational expenditures in Pakistan. Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM) ROUND-IX (2013-14) was used in this regard. Descriptive as well as parametric analysis was done to achieve the objectives of the study. The results of descriptive statistic show that mean educational expenditures of households belongs to Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Punjab were almost same while the minimum educational expenditures were found among the Baluchistan province households. In case of regional comparison, the mean educational expenditures of urban households were three time higher than their counterpart rural households. The result of multiple regression indicates that majority of the independent variables includes in the demand for education model found significant. Age of the household’s head, location (urban/rural) of the household, education of the head, education of souse, types of educational institution (government and private), industry of the household head except transport and income of the households were found positive and significant determinants of demand for education/per capita educational expenditures in Pakistan. The result of age of head revealed that an additional year increases in age of the head leads to increases the per capita educational expenditures. Further, the type of educational institution, which has also dominant and positive impact on the head decision regarding educational expenditure means comparative to government educational institution, the parents were spending more on the education of their family members whose were enrolled in private educational institution as well as in both type of educational institution. Income of the head has also found significant positive determinant of demand for education means as the income of the head increase; it leads to increase the demand for education in terms of educational expenditures. Both category unmarried and widow/divorced marital status of the household was found significant but negative impact on decision making of household in demand for education. In policy prospective, it is suggested that central authority should focus to provide a quality education to the residence of rural area and improve the educational standard of public educational institution for overall improvement in education status of Pakistan. Classification-JEL: H52, C3 Keywords: Demand for education, per capita educational expenditure, multiple regression model, PSLM, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 64-73 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/331/311 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/331 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:64-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MAMOONA ARSHAD Author-Workplace-Name: Suleman Dawood School of Business, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ATTIQUE UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Suleman Dawood School of Business, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan Title: CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Abstract: Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) intentions which are outcome of individuals’ cognitive and affective state, plays an eminent role in triggering firms’ success, growth, and profitability. Despite this recognition, the literature on the corporate entrepreneurial activities on the whole is largely fragmented and disparate. The present study builds on the fragmented work on CE to synthesize it. For this, an integrative framework on the previous studies have been developed to gain an overview of the field. The framework facilitated in guiding promising future directions in the field. The way forward on the corporate entrepreneurship is also discussed for the scholars to extend theory. Classification-JEL: O16, O31 Keywords: Corporate entrepreneurship, corporate venturing, innovation, intrapreneurship Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 44-63 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/321/310 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/321 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:44-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AHMAD NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SHAKEEL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Virtual University, Pakistan Author-Name: SADIA MUSHTAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: UNEMPLOYMENT, GOVERNANCE AND MIGRATION FLOWS IN PAKISTAN Abstract: The extant study is an endeavor to evaluate the impact of unemployment, per capita GDP and governance on migration outflows utilizing the data from 1990 to 2016 for Pakistan. The results of the study estimated with ARDL approach corroborate that unemployment and governance index are major determinants of the migration. Specifically, the findings indicate that the GDP per capita and governance quality have negative and significant effects on migration while unemployment lead towards more migration, ceteris paribus. The study highlights the role of good governance in reducing both the brain drain of human capital and abstruse levels of unemployment in the country. The study recommends for the concerted endeavor by the extant government apparatus to optimize the migration levels and therein maximizing the socio-economic development in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: J64, O15, H24 Keywords: Unemployment, Migration, Governanceindex, Per capita GDP, Human capital Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 31-43 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/212/309 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/212 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:31-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ZIA-UR-REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University Institute of Management Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAZZAQ ATHAR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University Institute of Management Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: M. MOHSIN SHAHID Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, University Institute of Management Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: MALIK MUHAMMAD FAISAL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: MAREUM SHEHZADI Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, University Institute of Management Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: EXPLORING THE SERIAL MEDIATION OF MOBILE APP ENGAGEMENT AND SELF BRAND CONNECTION IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRAND EXPERIENCE AND LOYALTY TOWARDS BRAND Abstract: This study attempts to show the effect of brand experience which is taken as independent variable of system and mobile app engagement plays as a serial mediator role in the current study. Self-brand connection and loyalty towards brand are dependent variable. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and explore the serial mediation of mobile app engagement & self-brand connection in the relationship between brand experience and loyalty towards brand, to investigate impact of brand experience on mobile app engagement, self-brand connection and loyalty towards brand, to study direct impact of self-brand connection on loyalty towards brand and to examine impact of mobile app engagement on self-brand connection and loyalty towards brand. Consequently, smart PLS was used to occupy structural equation modeling to explore measurement model and hypothesis testing. Smart PLS 3.3 and SPSS are used in current study. A convenient sampling of 390 respondents from Rawalpindi and Islamabad is selected for the study. Findings of this study confirm that brand experience, loyalty towards brand and self- brand connection had a significant impact on online shopping experience through mobile app engagement. The results of this current study further indicate that all variables have a positive influence so through mobile app organizations should adopt fundamental strategies for customer loyalty and remain self-connected with them and give them positive pleasure experiences. The current study provides theoretical contribution with the view of task technology fit theory and self-determination theory. In addition, framework can be used for future analysts to get better understanding of brand experiences, loyalty towards brand and self-brand connection. Classification-JEL: M15, M30, M31, M37 Keywords: Brand Experience, Mobile App Engagement, Self-Brand Connection, Customer loyalty towards Brand Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 20-30 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/366/308 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/366 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:20-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHAHZAD HASSAN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD scholar, Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia Author-Name:NORAZAH MOHD SUKI Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Marketing and E-Commerce, Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Title: PLEA FOR CUSTOMER CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR: MEDIATING ROLE OF CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER PERCEIVED STRESS Abstract: We extend our research in two ways by employing a resource conservation theory. First, we postulate that customer engagement is a key mediator in the relationship between transformational leadership behaviour and customer citizenship behaviour. Second, we suggest that customer perceived stress is a disruptive psychological condition that affects the relationship between transformational leadership behaviour and customer citizenship behaviour. A total of 412 manager and respective customer dyads from various hotels were used in this study. Sample was taken from small and mid-sized hotels situated in different tourism places of Pakistan Northern areas. According to the findings of this study, transformational leadership behaviour has a significant impact on customer engagement and Customer perceived stress. Furthermore, the association between transformational leadership behaviour and CCB is mediated by customer perceived stress. Prior studies have focused on the impact of transformational leadership on employee behaviour. This study, on the other hand, is distinctive in that it investigates how transformational leadership behaviour affect customer citizenship behaviour (CCB). The current study's findings have a variety of theoretical and practical implications for marketing researchers, leaders, and decision-makers. Classification-JEL: L14, D11 Keywords: Transformational Leadership; Customer Engagement; Stress; Customer Citizenship Behaviour Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 9-19 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/343/294 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/343 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:9-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AQSA MEHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Department of Business & Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: HAFIZ MUHAMMAD ABUBAKAR SIDDIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business & Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: AMJAD ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Researcher, European School of Administration and Management, ESAM, France; Assistant Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF HEALTH ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY: EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH ASIA Abstract: Health is considered an essential element that enables people to spend their life with great potential. A healthy life helps to live with confidence and self-esteem. At the macro level, the key foundation of economic development is health. On the micro-level, health can efficiently ensure people how to attain productive and gratifying life. Health affects economic growth in many ways i.e. workers' poor health causes a reduction in productivity, on the other hand, due to healthy nutrition productivity rises. The core objective of conducting this study is to investigate the impact of human health on worker productivity. The health proxies that are used in this study is life expectancy. The indicator of education is the school enrollment at the secondary level; labor force and gross capital formation are also used as independent variables. The study used a panel of South Asian countries from 1991 to 2019, by applying panel OLS, fixed-effects model, random-effects model, and generalized method of moments (GMM). The results demonstrate that health and education significantly and positively influence productivity. This study recommends that the government of every South Asian country should take essential steps and make policies regarding improvement in health status and advancement in the education system. Classification-JEL: I10, I20, J21, J24 Keywords: Health, Productivity,South Asia, GMM Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-8 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/365/307 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/365 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:2:p:1-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SOHAIL ASLAM Author-Workplace-Name: University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: MAQSOOD AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: NAVEED ANWER Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: FAROOQ AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Title: EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON FIRM FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE THROUGH ORGANIZATION IDENTIFICATION: THE CONTEXTUAL EFFECT OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP Abstract: Many studies have been conducted to check the direct impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Firm Financial Performance (FP), but this relationship still lacks exactness. This study reviewed the mediating and moderating role of Organizational Identification (ORG) and Authentic Leadership (AL) to check the actual effect of Corporate social responsibility and Firm Financial Performance. Data was collected from manufacturing companies working in Pakistan in a cross-sectional survey. The 244 questionnaires were distributed among respondents, and they were asked to fill them correctly and carefully. Valid questionnaires which had been collected from respondents were 211. The results show that CSR positively impacts Firm Financial Performance. The organization identification plays a mediating role in CSR-FP as far as the discussion about moderating role of AL does not contribute to CSR-FP. This study determines the relation between CSR and financial performance, specifically in a developing economy like Pakistan. Second, this study also checks the moderator influence of AL among the FP and CSR. Whether the relationship between CSR and FP is stronger or weaker in the existence of Authentic leadership. Classification-JEL: L25 Keywords: Stakeholder theory, Corporate Social Responsibility, Organization Identification, Authentic Leadership, Firm Financial Performance, Contingency theory Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 142-152 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/328/288 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/328 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:142-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SANAULLAH AMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD UMER Author-Workplace-Name: CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP STYLE AMONG PUBLIC SERVANTS Abstract: Pakistan is experiencing a political and economic crisis that has never been seen before. For this reason, to improve the performance of the public sector and limit the crisis' repercussions, public managers who are dedicated and successful are needed. Also, no work has been done yet from the perspective of Pakistan's public servants' perceptions to enhance the value of "leadership" in establishing "organizational commitment". This study uses the "Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)" function as a mediator to examine the correlation between 'leadership styles' and 'organizational commitment' in the workplace. A sample of 100 middle managers from six public administrations in Pakistan, including "Capital Development Authority (CDA), Islamabad Electric Supply Company Limited (IESCO), Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL), National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), and Capital Hospital", were surveyed online. Leadership styles were examined using multiple regression analysis and linear regression. The results showed a positive relationship exists between commitment to one's organization and both Bass styles. Aside from that, the results also revealed that LMX, as a mediator, did not show the correlation between 'transformational leadership' and one's commitment to the organization, yet it mediated between 'transactional leadership’ and 'organizational commitment'. Therefore, developing organizational commitment depends on leadership styles, and this research helps organizations understand those mechanisms. It also has ramifications for recruitment and training programs in the public service. Classification-JEL: J45 Keywords: Pakistan's public sector, transactional leadership, transformative leadership, laissez-faire leadership Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 132-141 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/327/285 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/327 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:132-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ANUM SHAFIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar; CUST, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MEHMOOD UL HASSAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; Department of Business Administration AIOU, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: AKMAL SHAHZAD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; Department of Business Administration, Pakistan Author-Name: QAZI MUHAMMAD ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar; Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SAQLAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar; Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES IN PAKISTAN Abstract: This study investigates the volatility of exchange rates and its relationship with selected macroeconomic variables; foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, and inflation. Secondary time-series data is used and collected from world development indicators for the time period of 29 years (1991 to 2019) of Pakistan. Unit root test, co-integration test, GARCH, and regression analysis are the techniques used for hypothesis testing. In this study, the Unit root ADF test is used to check the stationarity of data then GARCH is applied to check exchange rate volatility, co-integration, and regression analysis are applied to check the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The underlying study concludes the results that there is an existence of long-term and persistent volatility in exchange rates, and the exchange rate has a positive relationship with the gross domestic product and foreign direct investments but a negative and insignificant relationship with Inflation. The findings suggest that the exchange rates should be managed by decision-makers to have a positive impact on the economy. Many studies suggest that fixed exchange rates should be adopted by developing countries instead of floating exchange rates. This study is helpful for policymakers and for researchers. Classification-JEL: O24, F31 Keywords: Exchange rate, foreign direct investment, gross domestic product,inflation Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 121-131 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/315/284 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/315 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:121-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HAFIZ MUHAMMAD ABUBAKAR SIDDIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIRA NAZIR Author-Workplace-Name: School Education Department, Govt. of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: GHULAM MOHEY-UD-DIN Author-Workplace-Name: The Urban Unit, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: ADIQA K. KIANI Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON HUMAN HEALTH: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS Abstract: The experience of living in poverty affects social life in different ways. Poverty upsets the health status of individuals. Health is a major cornerstone of economic development on a macro level, while health is essential to ensure an economically productive life at the micro-level. This study aims to analyze the impacts of poverty, income, and education on human health for South Asia over 1980-2017 by using pooled OLS and fixed effects approach. To measure the status of health, life expectancy and infant mortality are taken as proxy indicators. Poverty is measured by headcount ratio and health facilities are measured by the role of physicians and immunization. The results concluded that poverty adversely affects the status of human health while health facilities play a vital role in the provision of better health. It is recommended that the government of these countries formulate such policies to reduce poverty and improve health status. Classification-JEL: I32, J17 Keywords: Headcount Ratio, Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality, Fixed Effects(FE)Model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 113-120 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/326/283 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/326 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:113-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ADNAN Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar: Sociology, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ABID MEHMOOD ANSARI Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer: Department of Social Work, Government Postgraduate College (Boy), Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: BUSHRA YASMEEN Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor: Department of Sociology, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: THE EFFECTS OF INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT HIGHER LEVEL OF LEARNING: A CASE STUDY OF PUNJAB UNIVERSITY LAHORE Abstract: The present paper is an empirical research oriented attempt that finds out the effects of institutional environment on the academic performance of the students of University of the Punjab, Lahore. Institutional environment is the set of formal laws, rules and regulations, teaching methodology, institutional norms, values, customs and behavior. Institutional environment is play vital role in student academic performance. A Quantitative research methodology was adopted for this study. Simple random sampling technique was used. Total sample size was 180. Interview schedule was used as the tool for data collection. The data were processed by using SPSS. This study found that 45.0% students reward/encouragement on the part of teachers, (43.9%) conducting sufficient internal exams, (45.0%) university library and (36.7%) problem solving. Role of institutional head positively affected the academic performance of the students as found 45.0% were fulfilling their academic goals and targets that was revealed by 37.8% their successful past results. Classification-JEL: B15, I20 Keywords: Institutional Environment, Academic Performance, Administration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 104-112 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/323/282 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/323 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:104-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KHALIL ULLAH MOHAMMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding author: HOD, Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: MOHSIN RAZA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Bahria Business School Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: EFFECTIVENESS OF GREEN PROJECT SCREENING FOR BANK LENDING: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN Abstract: The banking sector is under huge pressure from its different shareholders to carry out its business in ethical ways. Globally greening banking policies are being introduced to encourage green lending. Central bank regulation and policy guidelines positively impact the bankers’ intention to adopt green banking. This study investigates the impact of green banking policy on the lending of Pakistani banks. Using an unbalanced panel of bank-level quarterly data of listed banks in the PSX from 2016 to 2021, a System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis is carried out. Two sample t-statistic suggest that noninterest expenses significantly fell after the policy was introduced and loan ratios improved. However, the profitability as a ratio of bank size is found to be lower. The GMM analysis finds that the green finance policy has positively affected bank lending in Pakistan. We find evidence of the long-run convergence of bank loans. Additionally, we find that bank lending was negatively impacted during the Covid-19 period and the green policy impact on lending was significantly reduced during this period. Green banking is a fairly new direction for banks. We find that the green banking policy positively impacted Islamic bank lending, but the magnitude was lower. This study is significant in showing the benefits of adopting socially responsible green investing for banks in developing countries. Classification-JEL: G21, G24 Keywords: Service Bank Lending; Green Banking;Covid-19, Islamic Banking Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 93-103 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/107/278 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/107 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:93-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SIDRA USMANI Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding author: Lecturer, Department of Technology, The University of Lahore Author-Name: SHAFAQ ARIF CHAUDHY Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore Author-Name: MUHAMMAD JAWWAD Author-Workplace-Name: Program Manager, Innovation District 92, Superior University Lahore Title: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A MODERATING ROLE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Abstract: In the modern era, stress is one of the key elements which have been affecting all domains of life, directly or indirectly. Job stress is a crucial problem and job performance is affected by it in a positive or negative manner. The study was conducted on 14 private schools (educational sector) to see the association between job performance and job stress while moderating role of emotional intelligence was taken into consideration. Sample of 358 school teachers was measured and SPSS (20.0) statistical investigation is use to find out the results. The outcomes depicts a positive association between Job Performance and Job Stress while relationship of these two variable was moderated by Emotional Intelligence. Classification-JEL: J28 Keywords: Service Job Stress, Job Performance, Emotional Intelligence Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 85-92 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/318/279 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/318 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:85-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KHALIL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor; Department of Economics Govt. Islamia College Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: AMJAD ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding author: Associate Researcher; European School of Administration and Management (ESAM)-France. Assistant Professor at Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MICHAEL YANG Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; St. Lawrence University 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617 Hepburn Hall 017 Title: THE EFFECT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON EXPENDITURE STRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN Abstract: Demand side public policy paly a risk reducing role for imperfect sectors of the developing economies through public investment during liberalization. Public sector investment, composition and structure play an important role to determine the comparative advantage for productive sector. This study explores the effect of trade liberalization and trade tax revenue on expenditure structure of Pakistan during 1975-2019. Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach has been used for examining the long run co-integration among the expenditure structure and trade liberalization and Error-Correction model is used for short run dynamics of the concerned variables. The empirical result shows that trade tax revenue has positive impact on expenditure structure in long run but not in short run. Trade liberalization, budget deficit and defence expenditure have negative association with expenditure structure. Underground economy has also negative impact on expenditure structure but most surprising result of political stability shows negative relation with expenditure structure. As more political stability in Pakistan, the share of non-development expenditure is higher as compared to development expenditure during trade liberalization. Classification-JEL: F10, F13, H71 Keywords: Average Tariff rate, Trade Tax Revenue, Expenditure Structure Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 73-84 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/317/280 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/317 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:73-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ASHRAF Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus Author-Name: JAMIL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding author: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus Author-Name: MUMTAZ ABDUL REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus Author-Name: WAREESA SHARIF Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Islamia University Bahawalpur Title: IMPACT OF USER AND SOLOMO CHARACTERISTICS ON SOLOMO REUSE INTENTION: THEORY OF CONSUMPTION VALUE Abstract: Social-Local-Mobile (SoLoMo) services are emerging mobile services combining software and hardware techniques to enable users to interact and communicate by obtaining location-based information at any time and place in real time. SoLoMo is growing in the form of different applications including Facebook, Instagram, LINE, and Google maps. In spite of that less attention has been paid to examine determinants of users’ intention to reuse the SoLoMo services. However, based on consumption value theory, this study aims to examine the value drivers and investigate the effect of user’s characteristics and SoLoMo characteristics on user’s intention to reuse the SoLoMo services. The results indicate that innovativeness, user’s knowledge, epistemic value and social value are significant drivers for user’s intention to reuse the SoLoMo service. While functional value and emotional value has not significant impact on it. The study has significant implications to research and theory. Classification-JEL: E21 Keywords: SoLoMo services, consumption values,SoLoMo characteristics, user’s characteristics,SoLoMo reuse Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 63-72 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/316/281 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/316 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:63-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SALIHA ANWAR Author-Workplace-Name: Virtual University, Pakistan Author-Name: TAYYABA RAFIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; University of Narowal, Pakistan Title: DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICE QUALITY SCALE IN ONLINE HIGHER EDUCATION Abstract: The aim of the paper is to develop a valid and reliable service quality tool in the context of online higher education in Pakistan. For this purpose, an extensive literature review has been done followed by an expert opinion to develop the initial scale of service quality. Data has been collected from 480 students enrolled in universities offering online degree programs. Further, Confirmatory Factor Analysis has been done by using AMOS for scale refinement through empirical tests. Nine dimensions of service quality were identified from literature in the context of online higher education in Pakistan. The research concludes that the service quality scale with nine dimensions and fifty-five items is a valid scale for this study. The study highlighted the areas which need improvement to increase the overall effectiveness of the online higher education model. This paper developed a tool to measure service quality in the online higher education sector. Classification-JEL: H75 Keywords: Online Higher Education, Service Quality, Scale Development Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 53-62 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/311/276 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/311 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:53-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: GULZAR ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Islamia College University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: KALEEM ULLAH Author-Workplace-Name: MS/MPhil Scholar; Department of Economics, Islamia College University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: SAID ZAMIN SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professors; Department of Economics, Islamia College University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAISTA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KPK, Pakistan Title: TESTING OF MARSHALL-LERNER CONDITION: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN Abstract: To empirically assess the Marshall Lerner condition, our study examined bilateral trade data of Pakistan's export and import with ten key trading partners in terms of the disaggregated model. Prior studies used the aggregated model to evaluate the Marshall Lerner condition, however the aggregated model frequently produces mixed results due to aggregation bias. The Marshall-Lerner condition only holds in a disaggregated method for seven countries: Japan, China, Kuwait, Germany, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Italy. Except for the UK, France, and Turkey, the competitive real effective exchange rate or depreciated value of Pakistan currency (PKR) improved the bilateral trade balance on average with mentioned trading partners. Additionally, the PKR devaluation alone will not improve the bilateral trade deficit with three European nations, including France, the UK, and Turkey. To maintain a favourable bilateral trade balance with these European countries, the authorities should implement supply-side and preventative measures. Classification-JEL: F10 Keywords: Exports, Imports, Marshall Lerner condition, Dis-aggregated analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 46-52 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/309/275 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/309 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:46-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HINA FAYYAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding author: Ph.D. Candidate; Department of Business Administration, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: AJMAL WAHEED Author-Workplace-Name: Professor; Department of Business Administration, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: JAMSHAID UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor; Department of Economics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: STRESS: CAN IT DRIVE IMMORALITY? ILLEGITIMATE TASKS AS AN ANTECEDENT OF EMPLOYEE EXPEDIENCY AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATION OBSTRUCTION Abstract: Expediency is covert unethical behavior that is subtle but detrimental for an organization. This study aims to investigate when and why employee exhibits expediency. Illegitimate tasks which fall in the category of occupational stressors are examined as a predictor of employee expediency. Moreover, the moderating role of perceived organization obstruction is explored. Data was collected from the private health sector with a sample of 591 supervisor-subordinate dyads and based on three time-lags. The conceptual framework is drawn on the transactional theory of stress and coping. The findings provide empirical support to hypotheses formulated in the present study. The results demonstrate a positive and significant effect of illegitimate tasks on employee expediency. In addition, statistical findings confirm the moderation effect of perceived organization obstruction. Implications and future research directions are also discussed. Classification-JEL: M10 Keywords: Illegitimate tasks; Employee expediency; Perceived organization Obstruction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 37-45 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/297/274 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/297 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:37-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD UMAIR Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, Emerson University Multan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD RAMZAN SHEIKH Author-Workplace-Name: Associate professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Author-Name: ASIFA TUFAIL Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Sub-campus Vehari Pakistan Title: DETERMINANTS OF PAKISTAN’S BILATERAL TRADE WITH MAJOR TRADING PARTNERS: AN APPLICATION OF HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODEL AND TINBERGEN GRAVITY MODEL Abstract: This paper applies Heckscher-Ohlin and gravity model to examine the bilateral trade performance of Pakistan with other selected countries including China, Bangladesh, India, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Kingdom and United States. The size of economies, Distance, and scale reveal that these nations have great geographical, economic importance. The Study has used panel data on trade with other core variables i.e., land endowment, capital endowment, labor endowment, population scale, GDP distance and Remoteness over the period 2002 to 2019. The results divulge an enormous effect of Bilateral trade in case of Pakistan with other partner countries. ARDL results illustrate that there is significant upshot of remoteness with trade due to having substantial marketing network among these nations. Similarly, GDP distance and land endowment along with capital, labor endowment have also favorable effectiveness on trade and these variables demonstrate positive and significant effect on the volume of trade. While population scale has an adverse effect on the volume of trade. Study concludes that it is necessary to focus more on human capital as well as on physical capital for constructing a large framework globally to enhance the international trade volume. Though the policy of spending more on human capital, by offering incentives to Pakistani people to involve in trade activities as well as focusing more on the free trade agreement between the partner countries can be fruitful for enriching the trade pattern among these nations. Classification-JEL: F12, C23 Keywords: Trade volume, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, gravity estimation, factor endowments, remoteness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 24-36 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/312/268 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/312 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:24-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SANA RASHID Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: ZULFQAR AHMED BOWRA Author-Workplace-Name: Dean of Commerce, Principal Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: ABID HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Title: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION ON FINANCIAL WELLBEING OF WORKING WOMEN: A MEDIATING ROLE OF FINANCIAL CAPABILITY Abstract: The study is designed to investigate the impact of financial inclusion on financial wellbeing of the working women. This study aims to find how financial inclusion impact the financial wellbeing while considering the mediating role of financial capability. Stratified sampling technique was used to draw sample size. Using a quantitative research methodology, data was collected from the respondents through a survey (a self-administered questionnaire). As a part of lager study, 650 questionnaires were distributed from which 550 responses were collected from the participants, which shows 84% response rate. In order to analyze the responses, SPSS and AMOS were used. To test the hypothesis, structural equation modeling technique was used. The findings show that partial mediation is witnessed between financial inclusion and financial well-being of working women as direct beta without mediation is significant and positive. The study is significant for women working at different hierarchal levels, policy makers and governing authorities to up surge the financial wellbeing of the women by ensuring their access to appropriate financial products and required services with the help of their financial abilities and skills. For the future study the male respondents can also be included in the population to examine the effects of the proposed study on the male. A comparison between the male and female respondents can also be done for extending the research scope. Classification-JEL: F36, J16 Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Financial Capability, Financial Wellbeing,Working Women Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 14-23 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/287/267 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/287 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:14-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KHAWAJA AYAZ AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Business School, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: ASHER RAMISH Author-Workplace-Name: Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management & Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: KHALIQ UR REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding Author: Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, University of Management & Technology, Pakistan Title: A SERVICE DESIGN FRAMEWORK: A MULTIPLE CASE STUDY FOR THE SUPPLY CHAINS OF GLOBAL PROFESSIONAL SERVICE FIRMS Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop a framework for service design in the internal supply chains of global professional service firms. Multiple case studies (three) with qualitative approach, involving interviews, documentation, archival records and observation were used to develop a strategic level framework for service design in the supply chains of global professional service firms. There exist series of steps to design and deliver the service and they vary from service to service. Acceptance mechanism under the laws & regulations of regulatory bodies and sharing methodology with client before the start of the service are some of the distinguishing variables from the existing models. Our proposed framework is developed bridging the clients need and organizational practices while keeping in view the requirements from the regulatory bodies. The study provides a platform for new research to fill the gap of service design from supply chain perspective. Future studies can be conducted on other small firms working in the same segment or in other service industries like, financial institutions, law chambers, educational institutes and training firms. The framework is developed with the help of industry professionals through their semi-structured interviews, and can be used by practitioners and academia. This framework can be very helpful for all other 123 Quality Control Review (QCR) rated and 476 non QCR rated firms registered by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP). This study will add value in literature as no generalized supply chain model of this industry can be found in literature. Classification-JEL: D20 Keywords: Service Design, Service Supply Chain, Global Professional Service Firms(GPSFs) Accountancy Firms, Framework, Multiple Case Study and Supply Chain Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-13 Volume:11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/269/266 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/269 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: YASIR ALEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; College of Law, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: SANAN WAHEED KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Research Fellow; School of Communication University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia Author-Name: MUHAMMAD UMAR Author-Workplace-Name: Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; College of Law, University of Sargodha & PhD Scholar at Universti Utara, Malaysia Author-Name: SAIMA JAMROZE Author-Workplace-Name: Researcher; National College of Business Administration and Economics, Pakistan Title: SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS PRIVACY CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE AGE OF COPYRIGHTISATION: COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN THE EYES OF LAW Abstract: This article focuses on how individuals think about privacy when they use social media and how they think about privacy policies and laws in the "age of copyrightisation." Consequently, this article looks at users' connotation of privacy as a legal dimension as a result of the "Right to be Forgotten" ruling and the Snowden revelation on mass surveillance, and the ways in which users negotiate their Internet use, particularly through social media platform like Youtube, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. This study uses focus group interviews to examine how social media users negotiate privacy infringement and what impact their knowledge of privacy regulations (or lack thereof) plays in their techniques of negotiation. In the first place, privacy is almost universally understood as a matter of controlling one's own data, including the disclosure of information even to friends, and is strongly connected to issues of personal autonomy; second, a form of resignation in terms of control over personal data appears to coexist with a recognized need to protect one's private data, while respondents describe conscious attempts to circumvent systems of monetization. Although privacy legal problems have been widely discussed in the news media, respondents' worries about "self-protection" techniques are mostly based on their own personal experiences with legal and privacy breaches. Classification-JEL: L24 Keywords: digitalization,social mediaplatform, online security,legal consciousness,Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 186-193 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/335/292 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/335 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:186-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RANA M. NAEEM KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar; Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: OWAIS SHAFIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor and In-charge, Centre of Excellence in Inclusive and Sustainable Finance, Department of Islamic and Conventional Banking, Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: NADEEM SIDDIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar; Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: RAZIA RAZZAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar; Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: RANA M. ZAHID HAFEEZ Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar; Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PARTICIPATION IN AKHUWAT ISLAMIC MICROFINANCE ON POVERTY ERADICATION AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT Abstract: Microfinance is viewed as a silver bullet solution to poverty eradication and women empowerment, however, this model has proved fruitful in some countries and failed miserably in others. Numerous factors influence the level of success of microfinance models. Disposition, prior experience, the amount of persons involved in implementation, and capability are all aspects that affect poverty reduction and women's empowerment. The primary goal of Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance is to alleviate poverty and promote women's empowerment by offering interest-free microfinance loans to enable them to establish a business and improve their quality of life. A deductive research approach was used to assess the effectiveness of microfinance in alleviating poverty and empowering women in Pakistan's rural areas. Ten CEOs and managers from microfinance organisations participated in the interview. The information gathered was analysed using thematic analysis, which entails creating multiple themes based on the responses of the respondents. Overall, there is a clear link between microcredit funding, poverty reduction, and women empowerment, according to the findings. Classification-JEL: E51, I32 Keywords: Microcredit, Microfinance, Akhuwat Microfinance, Poverty Alleviation, Women Empowerment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 176-185 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/330/287 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/330 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:176-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: YASIR ALEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer; College of Law, University of Sargodha Author-Name: SANAN WAHEED KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Research Fellow School of Communication University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia Author-Name: SAIMA JAMROZE Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Pakistan Title: MEDIA'S PORTRAYAL OF CRIME AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION TOWARD THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Abstract: Media attention and public sentiment on crime and the criminal justice system, both have been widely researched in the academic community. Because representations in the media of court systems have the power to change public perceptions of institutions, that have substantial relevance in terms of the practices used in crime control model. It has been shown in the majority of this study, which has used quantitative approaches, that attitudes and streaming media are correlated. Even if there has been a highly significant relationship, it has not been shown that it is the causation of any damage. The challenges in establishing a causal relationship between media coverage of crime and public perceptions of the criminal justice system really shouldn't, dissuade us from pursuing our investigations. It is preferable to look for more comprehensive explanations for the formation of public opinion and the media's participation in it, rather than depending just on statistical data to guide our reasoning. Focus groups were employed in this study to learn how and how much individuals depend on the media when it comes to understanding crime and judging judicial systems. The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of the media on public perceptions regarding the criminal justice system. Students from University of Sargodha were asked to participate in a focus group. Classification-JEL: L82, K14 Keywords: media,criminal justice system, public perception, focus group, university students, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 167-175 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/329/286 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/329 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:167-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ZAID AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan Author-Name: NAUMAN AZAM Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Narowal Author-Name: YASIR NASIR Author-Workplace-Name: Director Marketing & HR, Paigham TV Author-Name: USMAN KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: SO, Branchless Banking, Allied Bank Limited Title: IMPACT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES ON LEADERSHIP: AN INVESTIGATION OF MODERATING IMPACT OF GENDER-BASED BIASNESS Abstract: The inequality of gender is a severe problem that exists in our professionalism and also has a negative impact in leadership. Gender-based biasness also has negative outcomes from both genders. The present study investigates gender differences’ impact on leadership and evaluate outcomes while using gender-based biasness as moderator. Because according to previous studies bias level of leadership keeps changing with the passage of time. Another motive of present research is to enhance knowledge about gender-based biasness according to both genders. While using survey research method we gather data from 370 employees of different sectors. The unit of analysis of this study is individual and data was collected only for once and probability sampling technique was used in the present study. In present research we have used non-contrived setting and likert scale is used to measure to variables. The gender difference does not affect the leadership behavior without moderation, but when we used gender-based biasness then it changes. Same as gender differences also does not affect leadership outcomes without moderation. Leadership behavior and outcome both were insignificant without moderation but after using gender-based biasness they are significant. The present study has limitation to do not collect data from students, all the data will be gather from the employees of different sectors. The conclusion contains that gender difference does not affect the leadership but gender-based biasness moderates their relationship. The current study suggests to investigate impact of transgender on leadership for future study. Another suggestion is that this study is conducted in Pakistan, the researchers can do this in other country or region. Classification-JEL: J16 Keywords: Gender, Leadership Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 151-166 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/301/277 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/301 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:151-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SAMIA ZAHEER Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi NAVID JAMIL MALIK Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot NAMRA MUNIR Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore–Vehari Campus Title: THE USE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE CLASSROOM: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR UNIVERSITY TEACHERS Abstract: Modern technological tools revolutionized teaching and learning. The study's goals were to 1) find out the role of opportunities in use of ICT within classroom, 2) to explore the challenges for use of ICT in classroom at university level. This study used a descriptive research method, and the population includes all the university teachers in the universities in the Lahore division. The study sample consisted of 250 teachers. The questionnaire was pilot tested for reliability and validity. The study revealed that university-based professors use digital libraries to expand their expertise. The quantity of PCs in computer labs is likewise lacking. Teachers are reluctant to employ advanced ICT devices. The study found that while teachers have positive opportunities to use ICT resources and technologies in universities, teachers (34%) report that they are facing many challenges in using ICTs at the university level. The research concluded that teachers' usage of ICT tools could increase their motivation and productivity. The study may recommend that universities provide enough teacher training facilities, ICT-related courses, and specialists to improve their technical expertise based on modern information and communication technologies. Classification-JEL: L86 Keywords: ICT, Possibilities, Hurdles Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 139-150 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/310/265 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/310 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:139-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHARIQ ZIA Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sub Campus Bhakar Author-Name: SALMAN HUSSAIN PARACHA Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Noon Business School, University of Sargodha Author-Name: HUMAIRA NADEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Noon Business School, University of Sargodha Author-Name: NAVEED MUSHTAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Asst. Professor, Noon Business School, University of Sargodha Title: ARE PAKISTANI CONSUMERS READY TO GO GREEN: A STUDY OF BUYING INTENTIONS OF PAKISTANI CONSUMERS Abstract: The realization of the need for sustainability as a result of soaring environmental issues has led many businesses, practitioners, and educationists to devise policies and practices which can save the earth from the harmful effects of human activities on the biophysical environment. One such set of activities identified by organizations is, "Going Green." This is, however, accompanied by many problems. One of those issues is the "adoption of green products by Customers." Thus, the research was conducted in this context to find the factors which play a significant role to consume green products in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to conceptualize a testable model showing the impact of attitude, aware and social context on green product consumption with "buying power" as a moderator. The target population for this study was taken as "earning hands of Southern Punjab". A sample size of 185 respondents retrieved using convenience sampling to answer the questions on an adapted structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed through regression and moderation analysis run in SPSS. The results of data analysis revealed that awareness, attitude, and social context have e significant positive impact on green product consumption. However, buying power was seen not to moderate the relationship of attitude, awareness, and Social Context on Consumption of Green products. The researcher suggests that marketers and government to run awareness campaigns and use promotion techniques for green product users to create social pressure on non-users and develop attitudes of people by developing environmental awareness and the need of environmental sustainability for human survival by going green. Classification-JEL: D8, Q00 Keywords: Attitude (ATT), Awareness (AWR), Social Context (SC), Buying Power (BP), Green Product Consumption (GPD) Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 126-138 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/304/263 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/304 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:126-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WARDA NAJEEB JAMAL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Leadership and Management, Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: RANA M. ZAHID HAFEEZ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: OWAIS SHAFIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic and Commercial Banking, Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: RAZI RAZZAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: GULFAM ASIF Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD WAQAS ASHRAF Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF MICROCREDIT FINANCE ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF THE UNDERPRIVILEGED POPULACE OF PUNJAB: THROUGH THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING ABILITY AND FINANCIAL AND LEGAL AWARENESS Abstract: This study was carried out in southern Punjab and aimed at finding the impact of Micro-Finance participation on Socioeconomic Status and other mediating variables Impact on Socioeconomic status. All the variables impact the dependent variable, i.e., Socioeconomic Status. Our Population is Microcredit Finance Participants and non-participants of Microcredit banks clients. The sample size is 325 respondents, both male and female participants and non-participants of Microcredit Banks. An online and physical questionnaire will be developed in consultation with experts to cover the study’s objectives. Microcredit finance has played a significant role in transforming and improving the respondents' Socioeconomic conditions. Various statistical tests, such as SEM, KMO, and ANOVA tests, were used to evaluate the study's predicted suggestion and establish the relationship between variables. Classification-JEL: E50, M14 Keywords: Microfinance participation, Knowledge Sharing Ability, Financial and legal Awareness, Socioeconomic Status, Microcredit Banks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 113-125 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/286/255 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/286 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:113-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HUMAIRA SHAHBAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Principle Investigator, NRPU-2020, Senior Instructor, Persian Department National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, pakistanhshahbaz@numl.edu.pk Title: IQBAL’S PERSPECTIVE OF WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT Abstract: Diversity is a prominent feature of great thinker poet Dr. Muhammad Iqbal. Interdisciplinary fields of knowledge such as language, literature, history, sociology, economics and sciences etc. are some of the important interdisciplinary areas of Iqbal Studies. Iqbal’s first work "Ilm-ul-Iqtisat" was about field of Economics. This research is made to study Iqbal’s perspective of economic with respect to Women Empowerment as reflected in his life, thoughts and all his works in Persian, Urdu and English. The content analysis of his poetry, essays and letters presents feminist approach of Iqbal towards women’s empowerment such as sponsorship laws, inheritance rights, economic autonomy etc. Mostly he is the advocate of principles laid down for the economic empowerment of women in the universal Islamic social system. The indicators listed through this study can be used to measure the level of women’s economic empowerment in our existing socio-cultural context and steps can be taken to improve the existing situation with respect to women's role in social development. Classification-JEL: A1 Keywords: Economics, Women, Empowerment,Feminism,Iqbal, Islamiclaw, culture,Society, Indicators Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 107-112 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/283/253 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/283 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:107-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD BILAL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: BS English, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad – Vehari Campus Author-Name: GHULAM MUSTAFA Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lahore, Lahore Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD ASIF SHAHZAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore-Vehari Campus Title: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS LEARNING ENGLISH AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL Abstract: The mindset towards learning English ultimately is one of the crucial elements. According to research, students' attitudes and interests matter in acquiring second language skills. Students' Attitude towards Learning English in Public and Private Schools at Secondary Level was the primary purpose of this study. Due to time and budget constraints, the study was delimited to the Sahiwal Division. A random selection of five hundred students from associated schools. The researchers went to considerable measures to ensure outstanding schools for both males and females. Then, using statistical methods and processes, the data were evaluated for means score, stand deviation, and t-test. According to the conclusion of this study, private secondary school students have a significantly higher attitude towards learning English than public sector secondary school students. Aside from that, private secondary school students are more enthusiastic about learning English. Students' attitudes towards learning English can be improved using effective tactics and styles, including visual, aural, and tactile. Teachers should motivate and encourage students to explore and improve their study and language skills during classroom activities like oral communications. Learn English by doing. Classification-JEL: I10 Keywords: secondary education, learning, public and private, attitude Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 101-106 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/281/250 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/281 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:101-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AMMAR MASOOD Author-Workplace-Name: UCP Business School University of Central Punjab, Lahore Author-Name: MOHSIN ALTAF Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Business School The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: MOHSIN RAZA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Bahria Business School Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: TANVEER ILLAHI Author-Workplace-Name: Management Studies Department Bahria Business School Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: ABDUL QAYYUM Author-Workplace-Name: Noon Business School University of Sargodha, Pakistan Title: INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE: MAPPING AND SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Abstract: The objective of this study is to present extensive in term of mapping on the antecedents and outcomes of environmental performance which is key concern for industries at present. The trending issues in the environment in quantitative papers are reviewed since 2011 to 2018. The systematized review of literature with explicitly dimensions of the environmental performance including all environmental aspects allows to pursue this research and role as well as mapping of our focal variable which is Environmental performance in the area of supply chain, production and operational management. This study provide comprehensive information about key issues about environmental aspects. Particularly, most of the researchers focused on green concept such as Green supply chain management (GSCM) practices but they adopted diverse determinants of Green supply chain management (GSCM) and there is limited research on lean practices. Thus, no research provides a standardized method for improvement. Some researcher postulated that such as resource dependence, stakeholder, relational view, institutional, resource-based view theories impact on environmental performance. However, there is a recommendation to develop a theory for green concept. No prior research combined the trending issues in area of supply chain, production and operations management. However, we conduct a study to combine these issues regarding environment. Heretofore, there is need to deal with emerging issues and rapid change in environment with standardized approach. This study helps to researchers, practitioners and mangers to develop a standardized method to deal with key concerns which is ultimately for the survival of firms and gain of competitive advantage in future. Classification-JEL: O44, F64 Keywords: Environmental performance, Supply chain, environmental management system Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 76-100 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/278/245 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/278 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:76-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AHSAN JAVAID Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: NOSHEEN NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan NAIN TARA Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan MOHSIN ALTAF Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF INSURANCE PROVIDERS IN PAKISTAN Abstract: The most significant challenge for any firm today in the era of competition is to create and sustain relationships with its customers to increase profit. By lowering costs and improving product quality, the company establishes and maintains relationships with customers. Hereafter, this study aims to evaluate the impact of customer relationships on the organization’s performance in insurance companies. The quantitative approach has been used for this study. The population selected for this study comprises team players of insurance companies of Pakistan and the sample size selected for this study was 300 respondents. The software used for the analysis was SPSS and CFA. It is concluded that customer relationship management has a positive impact on the organization's performance, with employee performance and customer handling mediating the relationship of CRM and organization performance. Classification-JEL: L25, O30 Keywords: SMEs, Innovation, Performance, Capabilities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 64-75 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/279/246 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/279 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:64-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AASIR ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Author-Name: NAIN TARA Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia university of Bahawalpur Author-Name: NOSHEEN NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in the Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia university of Bahawalpur Author-Name: NADIM RAFI Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Title: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF MOBILE MARKETING AS A BLESSING OR CURSE: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN Abstract: This study aims to investigate negative and positive effects of mobile marketing and to explore the opportunities to turn this channel more promising. Methodological paradigm adopted for this study was qualitative research design. Data were collected from 30 Smartphone users across Pakistan via face to face and semi-structured interviews. Findings shed light on positive and negative aspects of mobile marketing. Permission of client, brand acceptance, communication through application and determined time and frequency of messages were identified as key positive outcomes. Whereas annoyance, irrelevant messages, breach of privacy and risk and security threat were recognized as chief negative outcomes of mobile marketing. This research glorifies the pros and cons of mobile marketing. It reveals do consumers really want to engage in mobile marketing or not. So far, this issue has grabbed a little research attention. This study contributes to fulfilling the need for research evidence by exploring the phenomenon from various dimensions. Classification-JEL: M31, M37, M15 Keywords: Mobile marketing, Internet promotion, Consumer behavior, Interview Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 56-63 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/277/247 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/277 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:56-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WAQAR HAIDER HASHMI Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: NAZIMA ELLAHI Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Business & Economics, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: SAIMA EHSAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: AJMAL WAHEED Author-Workplace-Name: Dean of Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: TRANSMISSION OF CONTEMPORANEOUS SHOCKS FROM THE WORLD TO EMERGING ISLAMIC EQUITY MARKETS: AN APPLICATION OF GEWEKE MEASURE Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the transmission of contemporaneous spillover effects from the world Islamic equity market to emerging Islamic equity markets. Geweke (1982) measure as an extension of Granger causality test (1969) has been used using daily index data from 1st September 2010 to 30th September 2017. The results confirm transmission of contemporaneous spillover effects from MSCI World Islamic Equity Market to all the selected ten Emerging Islamic Equity Markets during the period of study. Classification-JEL: E44, G15,G32 Keywords: Instantaneous Feedback, Contemporaneous Spillover Effects, Volatility Spillover, Geweke Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 44-55 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/276/238 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/276 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:44-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUZAMMIL KHURSHID Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: SHOAIB IRSHAD Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D in Business Administration, Visiting Faculty, College of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SYED AZEEM AHMED Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Management sciences, University Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia Title: INCOME SMOOTHING AND TRANSPARENCY OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE Abstract: This study seeks to determine the transparency of financial statements information under IFRS of the companies registered on the London stock exchange. In this regard, annual data of financial statement information of companies registered on London Stock exchange is taken for the duration 2015 to 2020. Earnings management and value relevance are taken as a proxy for the transparency of financial accounting quality. In this study, the share price has been used as a dependent variable and the independent variables were net income per share and book value of equity per share. The regression model and Hausman test were applied and the findings of the regression model depict that the financial statement information of the companies registered on LSE produced under the IFRS is transparent and value relevant. Moreover, the results indicate that the accounting information produced under the IFRS has less scope of earnings management as compared to GAAP. Classification-JEL: H83, N2 Keywords: Accounting Quality,Earnings Management, Financial Statements, IFRS, London Stock Exchange Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 38-43 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/275/237 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/275 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:38-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KHADIJA RAFEEQ Author-Workplace-Name: MS (Scholar), Department of Education University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD QASIM ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF ICT AT TERTIARY LEVEL: TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS Abstract: Modern technological tools revolutionized teaching and learning. The study's goals were to 1) find out the opportunities and challenges in the use of ICT 2) explore the relationship opportunities and challenges in the use of ICT. The study was descriptive, and the population of the study includes academic teachers from universities in Sahiwal division. The study sample consisted of 250 teachers. The questionnaire was pilot tested for reliability and validity. The study revealed that university-based professors use digital libraries to expand their expertise. The quantity of PCs in computer labs is likewise lacking. Teachers are reluctant to employ advanced ICT devices. The study found that while teachers have (81%) positive opportunities to use ICT resources and technologies in universities, there are (34%) obstacles. The usage of ICT tools by teachers can increase their motivation and productivity. The report advises universities to provide enough teacher training facilities, ICT-related courses, and specialists to improve their technical expertise based on modern information and communication technologies. Classification-JEL: N7, O1 Keywords: Opportunities, Challenges, Use of ICT, Tertiary level Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 28-37 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/232/236 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/232 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:28-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AFTAB ANWAR Author-Workplace-Name: Deptt. of Economics, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore Author-Name: MUBASHAR NADEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Deptt. of English, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore Author-Name: GULFAM NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Special Education, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore Author-Name: AMBREEN SIDDIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore Title: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CRISIS OF THE MOTHERS OF SPECIAL CHILDREN DURING COVID-19: A REFLECTIVE STUDY Abstract: Apart from emotional impacts on the mothers of special children there is severe socio-economic stress on them especially those belonging to poor or lower middle class strata of the society. Though organizations are engaged to better the life of persons of disables but their social life of parents does have unseen fears which are far away from all the made efforts. This study is the outcome of the reflections of twenty families under socio-economic burden because of the disabilities of their children aging from three to fifteen years having physical or other disabilities but despite all parental care and attention life is becoming social, economic and psychological challenge for them due to Pandemic COVID-19. The results, based on open ended questions, of the study present socio-economic worries of the mothers of the special children. Hence, the study suggests that special endowment fund be generated for such families having children with disabilities to extend socio-economic relief to the economically stressed parents for the physical and intellectual development of their special children. Classification-JEL: D1, J12 Keywords: Special children, mothers, poor families,socio-economicburden Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 22-27 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/271/235 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/271 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:22-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FAROOQ AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: AMNA GUL Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SYED ALI RAZA HAMID Author-Workplace-Name: Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: ZUNAIRA MAHMOOD Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: SHAHIDA MARIAM Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: EMPLOYEES’ OWN PERSONALITY MAY INDUCE THEIR VICTIMIZATION AT WORK: EVIDENCE FROM UNIVERSITIES IN LAHORE Abstract: In this study, we relied on victim precipitation theory and examined the role of the employee’s personality, from the target perspectives, in their victimization at the workplace in the context of higher education institutions in Pakistan. Personality was hypothesized as a five-factor construct; extraversion, agreeableness, consciousness, neuroticism, and openness. The quantitative data was gathered through a questionnaire survey from the teaching faculty of different public and private sector universities located in Lahore. Results revealed that extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness have a significant negative correlation with workplace victimization. In contrast, neuroticism showed a significant positive association with workplace victimization. Openness to experience was unrelated to victimization in the given context. The theoretical and practical value of these findings has been discussed in this study. Classification-JEL: J81 Keywords: Big Five Personality Traits, Workplace Victimization, Universities, Lahore Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 13-21 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/270/234 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/270 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:13-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ORANGZAB Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: IMTIAZ HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF ONLINE PROMOTIONAL TECHNIQUES ON ONLINE IMPULSE BUYING BEHAVIOR: STRATEGIES AND INNOVATIONS FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS THROUGH OCEAN MODEL Abstract: In current era trends of shopping are being changed towards online modes of shopping instead of the conventional ways of shopping. Conventional methods of measuring customers satisfaction for consumer products lags due to conformist techniques adapted by the marketing organizations. The underlying study rejects the orthodox techniques and focusses on online promotional trends in a strategic way by introducing innovations for consumer products by utilizing OCEAN model. In routine, the organizations introduce the innovations by focusing on the products and in its design. This study uniquely engrossed on online promotional techniques which can be utilized a strategic as well as innovative weapon to persuade the impulse buying behavior. Three school of thoughts exist about factors stimulate impulse buying (Traits school of thought, motives school of thought and marketing stimuli school of thought). Companies use different ways to attract consumers towards online impulsive shopping. Companies use discounted price, limited quantity, and limited time to attract customer for impulse buying. The purpose of this study is to find out the moderation effect of personality traits within the connection of the effect of scarcity message and discounted price on impulse buying behavior separately. The present research is contained on survey-based data collection technique. Targeted population is university staff of all universities working in territory of district Vehari and data is collected form 300 respondents through stratified random sampling technique. PLS-SEM in smart PLS 3.3 used for data analysis. The results suggest that independent variables scarcity message and discounted price have positive effect on online impulse buying behavior and found to be effective as strategic and innovative tools. Moderation effect of five personality traits was also found significant through OCEAN model. In a nutshell, the online promotional techniques for impulse buying behavior proved to be operative and can be exploited as an innovation instrument for upcoming era of consumer realm. Classification-JEL: D1, H4 Keywords: Big five personality traits, Innovations, Impulse buying behavior,Online commerce, Limited time Scarcity, Limited quantity scarcity, Discounted price Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-12 Volume:10 Issue: 4 Year: 2021 Month: December File-URL: https://www.bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/81/233 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://www.bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/81 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:4:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHAKIL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics Abdul Wali Khan University Timergara Campus, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD WAQAS KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan. Title: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) AND FOREIGN REMITTANCES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN (1990-2018): A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS USING ARDL MODEL APPROACH Abstract: This study is conducted to find the effect of foreign remittances, foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Pakistan. Time series data is used which is covering from 1990 to 2018, collected from the world development indicator data bank. ARDL bound test is used in which GDP is dependent variable while foreign remittance and foreign direct investment (FDI) are independent variables. The form the Auto Regressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) model suggest that there is long run relationship between FDI, foreign remittance and economic growth of Pakistan. Classification-JEL:F21, F24 Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Foreign Remittances, Economic Growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-7 Volume:10 Issue: 3 Year: 2021 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/83/72 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/83 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:3:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Aftab Anwar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Mubashar Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of English, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Amin Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English (Visiting), University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Amjad Abid Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Urdu, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Title: ECONOMICALLY DAMAGED BOOK READING HABITS OF THE STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION: AN AFTERMATH OF ONLINE LEARNING DURING COVID-19 Abstract: This qualitative study unfolds the affected book reading habits of two hundred newly admitted University undergrads, having virtual learning during COVID-19 at HSSC level, studying in various arts & humanities and social sciences’ disciplines. The qualitatively data, based on five broad questions followed by Wh questions, has been discussed in detail to draw conclusion for possible implications. The results show that the majority subjects say that virtual learning, though time saving, but has harmed their book reading habits because of the closer of institutions and access to printed sources such as libraries due to Pandemic which ultimately affected their reading habits and writing skills by furthering their perceptions that virtual learning made them more information retrieving learners than knowledge seekers as Internet supported facilities also detracted them from the habit of book reading. Hence, the study concludes with the remarks that for University graduates learning of new knowledge and skills are more significant than information as they assist them in present as well as future academic and professional life. Classification-JEL: Keywords: book reading,habit, higher education, Internet, Information, knowledge Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 115-122 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/75/27 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/75 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:115-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aneeta Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Ph. D Scholar, Department ofManagement sciences, The Islamia university of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr Muhammad Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department ofManagement sciences, The Islamia universityof Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: DETERMINING THE INFLUENCE OF GREEN TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP, GREEN INNOVATION AND GREEN HRM PRACTICES ON ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN: A MODERATING ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOUR UNDER COVID-19 Abstract: The current study aims to investigate the environmental performance of hospitality industry of Pakistan based on green practices. The environmental concerns have become point of focus due to global warming issues so therefore greening aspect has gained importance in operational perspective. The study intends to examine the influence of green transformational leadership, green innovation and green human resource practices on environmental performance. The study is unique in determining the effect of individual employee behaviour under covid-19 as study was conducted during pandemic as it considered as most destructive situation for hospitality industry. The study was quantitative in nature and data was collected from hotels of Pakistan through questionnaires. The collected data was analysed on Smart-PLS through measurement model and structural equation modelling. The collected data was analysed through Smart-PLs and found interesting results that green transformational leadership, green innovation and green human resource management practices has unique influence on environmental performance. The results depicted that green transformation leadership and green innovation found to be significant, but green human resource practices observed as insignificant. Furthermore, no moderation was reported by individual employee behaviour under covid-19 in hypotheses H5 and H6 but H7 found to be statistically significant. The findings of the study are crucial for hotel industry to develop strategies towards environmental concerns while focusing on greening aspect of operational perspective. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Green transformational leadership, Green innovation, Green human resource management practices, environmental performance, individual employee behaviour under covid-19 Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 100-114 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/92/37 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/92 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:100-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WAQAS SHAIR Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Economics and Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: SUNDAS NAEEM Author-Workplace-Name: PHD Scholar, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England Author-Name: FARHAT RASUL Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: NEXUS OF COVID-19 NEWS WITH STOCK MARKET RETURNS AND VOLATILITY IN PAKISTAN Abstract: This study scrutinized the effect of fatality announcement and news of COVID-19 on stock market returns and volatility in Pakistan. The estimates of the EGARCH model unveiled that bad news related to COVID-19 news and fatality announcement decrease the stock returns. The findings specified that fatality ratio is associated with a decrease in stock market return and its one-day lag effect is stronger than the current day. Additionally, the bad news of the current day has a more negative effect on stock returns than its lag effect. The findings of the study confirm the presence of the leverage effect in the variance of stock returns. The further findings of the study divulged that the stock market of Pakistan is more volatile amid the period of the global pandemic to the recognition of the first case in Pakistan. The analysis confirmed that stock market of Pakistan is less volatile amid COVID-19 in Pakistan as it was before the global pandemic. The paper suggests that COVID-19 related news is an influential cognitive factor in describing the stock market returns and volatility. The proper disaster management can stable the position of the stock market and may provide better opportunities for investors to diversify financial risk. Classification-JEL: G01, G11, G14, G15 Keywords: COVID-19, EGARCH model, Financial markets, Leverage effect, Stock returns Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 92-99 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/114/67 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/114 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:92-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AHMAD LATIF Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad. Author-Name: RIMSHA JAVED Author-Workplace-Name: Center for South Asian Studies, Punjab University. Title: DOES ECONOMIC GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH AND ENERGY USE IMPACT CARBONDIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN PAKISTAN? AN ARDL APPROACH Abstract: This study shows the impact of four major contributors GDP growth, Population growth, and Energy use on carbondioxide emissions in Pakistan. This research reviews a period of 46 years beginning from 1971 to 2017. Time series data is acquired for this purpose from WDI. The technique used here to determine the short run and long run impacts is ARDL. ADF approved the stationarity of data at a 5 % level of significance. ECM validates the co-integration among the variables. while CUSUM, CUSUMSQ, and RAMSEY RESET test displayed the stability and correct specification of the model. Therefore, empirically above-mentioned variables are statistically valid and render positive impact on CO2 excretion both in the transitory and at length regarding Pakistan. Classification-JEL: E01, P24 Keywords: CO2 Emissions, GDP, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 85-91 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/113/65 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/113 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:85-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABDUL REHMAN TAHIR Author-Workplace-Name: GIFT Business School, GIFT University Gujranwala Title: MPACT OF GREEN MARKETING ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION Abstract: The purpose of this study is to find the linkage amid green marketing and consumer purchase intention. This study is an attempt to recognize the associations between green brand image, green brand awareness, social responsibility, green brand trust, green perceived value and buyer’s purchase intention towards green items. For this purpose, primary data of all the variables, is collected through survey technique by distributing a well-designed questionnaire among 250 individuals. The empirical model of this study is consisted of 6 variables containing one dependent variable and five independent variables. To get the empirical results, the current study opted best techniques i.e. Cronbach’s Alpha and ANOVA analysis. The outcomes of this study describe that there is a significant and positive linkage amid perceived value, brand image, social responsibility and green purchase intention. However, brand trust and green brand awareness are not significant in connection with the consumer's intention to use green products. Some recommendations are also presented for brands, companies and marketers to increase the chances of more investments and profits by increasing advertisement. Classification-JEL: M31, P36 Keywords: Green Marketing, customer purchase intention and brand image. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 76-84 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/112/64 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/112 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:76-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HASSAN AJMAL Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University, Islamabad Author-Name: AMNA KHALID Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University, Islamabad Title: CAUSALITY ARDL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC EXPANSION FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND EXPORTS: A CASE STUDY OF THE COUNTRIES (MINT) Abstract: FDI is favorable or not for the newly emerging economies the purpose of the research is to check the overall assistance of FDI so I have chosen the MINT countries for the analysis and done the time series analysis of these MINT countries and MINT countries include Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey and the technique used to find the bounding and assistance is ARDL bound test and the other is granger causality test the variable used to find the results are GDP, FDI, and Exports of goods and services and the data is taken from the year 1970-2019 so the findings of our research show that bound test rejects Ho means null hypothesis shows all the long-run relationship among these variables and the granger test shows that the relation between GDP to FDI in the case of Indonesia will reject Ho so after analysis we conclude that there is only one granger causality can be caused and this causality is unidirectional from GDP to FDI in the case of Indonesia only. Classification-JEL: F43, O40, C30, F21 Keywords: MINT countries, FDI, Bounds testing approach, causality, export, economic growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 67-75 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/110/63 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/110 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:67-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SAOUSSEN OUHIBI Author-Workplace-Name: University of sfax, Tunisia Author-Name: SAMI HAMMAMI Author-Workplace-Name: University of sfax, Tunisia Title: THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MONETARY POLICY AND MACROPRUDENTIAL TOOLS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THE SOUTHERN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES Abstract: In this paper, we analyze the interactions between monetary policy and macroprudential tools in the southern Mediterranean over the period 2000-2017. This research examines the relationship between monetary policy and macroprudential tools using a structural vector Auto-regressive model (SVAR). Our empirical results show that macroprudential tools should be used only as a complement to monetary policy to achieve financial stability but cannot be a substitute to achieve price stability. Classification-JEL: E12, E42 Keywords: monetary policy, macro prudential tools, interaction, SVAR Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 51-66 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/109/62 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/109 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:2:p:51-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shahid Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghulam Qambar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Nosheen Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Loralai, Balochistan Title: Impact of Social Networking Websites on Student’s Behavior in Classroom at Postgraduate Level Abstract: The study aimed at analyzing the “Impact of social networking websites on students’ behavior in classroom at postgraduate level" The study at hand is descriptive in nature and survey method was applied. Convenient sampling technique was used for sample selection. Sample of the study comprised of 500 postgraduate students including 250 arts and 250 sciences from conveniently selected public postgraduate colleges across the three districts (Lahore, Jhang and Sahiwal) from Punjab. The Data were collected through two instruments named Social Networking Sites Scale (SNSS) and Behavior Measurement Scale (BMS). The Data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS- 22) and MS- Excel 2010. Data analysis process was carried out through descriptive and inferential statistics. Appropriate statistical tests including Pearson r and regression analysis against each research question were applied. The results of the study revealed that use of social networking websites influence student‟s behavior in classroom. A positive and strong relationship existed between social networking sites and behavior of students. Results of present study revealed that excessive use of social networking sites also affect the study of college students as they surfing more time. It is recommended in the study that students should not be allowed to use SNSs during their stay at college so that they keep their behavior positive and concentrate on study. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Social Networking Sites, Students’ Behavior Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 165-175 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/289/256 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/289 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:165-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Salman Azhar Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Fahad Javed Baig Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Talha Butt Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Shanayyara Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Assessing the impact of Perceived Risk, Sales Promotion, Time Pressure and Website quality on Online Impulse Buying Behavior During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Developing Country Perspective Abstract: Advanced technology also changes the purchasing behavior of the consumer. Now Buyers favor online shopping in contrast to brick and mortar shopping. This study aimed to investigate the influence of perceived risk, sales promotion, time pressure, and website quality on online impulse buying in Pakistan. The conceptual framework of this study is based on reasoned action theory. Researchers have collected the responses from the online consumers via an online questionnaire using the convenience sampling technique. Data has been analyzed through SPSS and Smart (PLS) to confirm the proposed hypotheses. Results revealed that overall sales promotion, time pressure, and website quality were significantly associated with online impulse buying. In addition, perceived risk has an insignificant association with online impulse buying. However, the findings suggest that online impulse buying encourages buyers. Hence, online vendors must enhance the quality of their websites, create promotional strategies and increase consumer confidence. This study has theoretical and practical implications for managers and educational practitioners. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Online impulse buying, perceived risk, time pressure, sales promotion, website quality, online shopping Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 148-164 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/272/229 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/272 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:148-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Sana Rashid Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Title: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF INFORMATION QUALITY AND USAGE OF MOBILE BANKING IN PREDICTING ADAPTIVE PERFORMANCE: A SERIAL MEDIATION MODEL Abstract: This study investigates the Information quality, usage and mobile banking in predicting adaptive performance of managers through serial mediation model in small and medium enterprises of Pakistan. The purpose of this study is to find out how Information quality impacts the adaptive performance of managers at workplace through serial mediation of usage of mobile devices and relative advantage of mobile banking. The target population for this study includes managers or owners of SMEs listed in Chambers of Commerce of Capital cities of Pakistan. As part of the larger study 422 responses were received which shows 59% response. To test the hypotheses, measurement and structural models were developed in SEM. The findings show that serial mediation is observed in the case of information quality and adaptive performance as direct beta without mediation is significant and positive, and in the presence of serial mediators (usage and mobile banking) information quality and adaptive performance is positive and insignificant. The findings of this study will help the academia, SMEDA and practitioners to understand the importance of information quality, usage of mobile devices and mobile banking on adaptive performance. Future researchers must focus on empirical investigation of testing effect of service quality, system quality along with information quality and usage of mobile device on adaptive performance of managers comparing SMEs and large enterprises in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Mobile Devices, Information Quality, Usage,Mobile banking,Adaptive Performance, Managers, Small and Medium Enterprises Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 134-147 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/105/49 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/105 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:134-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MANSOOR ALAM KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Manager Finance, Iftekhar Ahmed & Co.Karachi Pakistan.m.mansooralamkhan@gmail.com Author-Name: RIAZ AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of business administration, Iqra University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: DR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Business School, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: HAFIZ MUHAMMAD ISHAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan Title: THE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS ON STOCK MARKET: A STUDY ON ASIAN ECONOMIES Abstract: The current study objective is to investigate the effect of four macroeconomic indicators namely gold price, crude oil price, rate of foreign exchange and inflation on the Asian stock markets. For this objective, the yearly panel data of the ten Asian economies from year 2007 to 2020 was collected. The random effect model analysis led to the conclusion that the price of gold has a positive and significant effect on the stock market whereas the price of crude oil and inflation have a negative and significant effect on the stock markets of Asian countries. Furthermore, the relationship of exchange rate along with Asian stock markets was found positive but insignificant. This study is considered quite beneficial for prediction of stock market performance. Hence, both policy makers and investors can benefit from the findings. For researchers and students, the extended framework of this research contributes immensely towards the existing literature on the subject. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Stock Market, Foreign Exchange, Gold Price, Inflation, Crude Oil Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 114-127 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/88/36 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/88 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:114-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: NAVEED MUSHTAQ Author-Workplace-Name: Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ASIM Author-Workplace-Name: Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: MOHSIN RAZA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Bahria Business School, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: TANVEER ILLAHI Author-Workplace-Name: Management Studies Department, Bahria Business School, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: ABDUL QAYYUM Author-Workplace-Name: Management Studies Department, Bahria Business School, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: IMPACT OF EMPLOYEE DISPLAYED EMOTION ON PERCEIVED WAITING TIME OF CLIENTS AMONG ISLAMIC BANKS OF PAKSITAN Abstract: The core and main objective of this study is to examine the relationship of employee displayed emotions on perceived waiting time that is ultimately affect the approach behavior of clients in a service environment. This study examined the different effects of environmental elements with the path of perceived waiting time and the path of emotions too. We surveyed on an adapted questionnaire 191 clients among Islamic banks of Pakistan during rush hour. We found some interesting facts that there is no significant effect of employee displayed emotions on perceived waiting time of clients. There is a strong significant effect of employee displayed emotion on approach behavior which shows an alarming mindset of clients of Islamic Banks. There is no change in approach behavior of clients of Islamic banks even they have not been treating in a well behavior or professionally. Classification-JEL: J5, J22 Keywords: Employee Displayed Emotion, Perceived Waiting Time, Physical Element Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 99-113 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/76/29 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/76 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:99-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Safdar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: ssistant Professor, Department of Political Science, The Islamia University of Bahwalpur Author-Name: Muhammad Aqeel Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer (English), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Author-Name: Hamza Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: M Phil, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Author-Name: Abdul Razzak Khan Author-Workplace-Name: ecturer (Political Science), Institute of Southern Punjab (ISP) Multan Author-Name: Muhammad Madni Asghar Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Title: PAKISTAN TEHREEK-E-INSAF GOVERNMENT POLICIES FOR SOCIOECONOMIC UPLIFT OF PAKISTANIS: A STUDY OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND SATISFACTION Abstract: In 2018, a new political party __Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) __came to power at the national and provincial level in Pakistan. Traditionally two political parties explicitly Pakistan’s Peoples Party and Pakistan Muslim League (N) have dominated the political system of the country. PTI coming to power was indeed a new phenomenon into the murky politics of Pakistan. To some it appeared a fresh wave, to some it appeared a traditional political party. Throughout its turbulent career as politician, Imran Khan has promised to fight corruption, eradicate poverty, and promote public welfare and prosperity policies. Prime Minister Khan and its PTI party renewed these principles of public welfare prior to the 2018 general elections. PTI has completed half of its five years term, it is appropriate time to evaluate PTI government performance. Existing empirical research on PTI government policies primarily regarding public perception and satisfaction has remained under-studied, so an attempt is underway to examine the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Government Policies for Socioeconomic Uplift of Pakistanis. In addition, we also examine the Public Perception and Satisfaction regarding PTI government policies. Public perception and happiness are secured by the administrating a questionnaire. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Public Perception, PTI, Ehsaas Programme, Poverty, and Jobs Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 84-98 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/74/26 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/74 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:84-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Shanayyara Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Nazim Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: H. Azhar Sohail Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: ETHICAL LEADERSHIP AND TURNOVER INTENTION: A MODERATED MEDIATION MODEL OF JOB EMBEDDEDNESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT Abstract: This study aims to explore the direct and indirect effects of ethical leadership on turnover intention in the public hospitals of Pakistan. Specifically, the mediating effects of organizational commitment and moderating effect of job embeddedness in the relationship between ethical leadership and turnover intention were investigated. For data gathering online questionnaire was adapted due to Covid-19 pandemic situation. The instrument was distributed to the nurses of 4 public hospitals of South Punjab of Pakistan on random basis. 372 correct questionnaires were received. Structural equation modeling was conducted by using Smarts PLS 3.29. The findings of the study discovered that direct relationship was exists. Hypothesis ethical leadership (justice, respect others, honesty, humane) between nurse turnover intention was supported. The results also discovered that mediation exists between ethical leadership (justice, respect others, honesty, humane) and nurse turnover intention, and hypothesis was supported, and job embeddedness moderated the relationship between ethical leadership (justice, respect others, honesty, humane) and nurse turnover intention. The results discovered that moderation exist between ethical leadership (respect others, honesty, humane) and nurse turnover intention and hypothesis supported except ethical leadership (justice). Furthermore, because this study’s variables have been widely investigated in developed countries, it was deemed worthwhile to apply the model in a developing country such as Pakistan to provide empirical evidence from a non-western context. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Ethical leadership; organizational commitment; job embeddedness; turnover intention; Pakistan; public hospitals Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 66-83 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/72/24 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/72 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:66-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Ijaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business, Management and Administrative Sciences, The islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Awais Javeed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Title: DETERMINANTS OF TAXABLE CAPACITY IN SAARC COUNTRIES Abstract: The main objective of this study is to estimate the determinants of taxable capacity of SAARC countries. For measuring the taxable capacity secondary data is gathered from the international country risk guide and World Bank development indicators. For data analysis, a Random effect model has been used. Important determinants to increase the taxable capacity of SAARC countries are found in this study. Economic factors such as GDP per capita, trade openness and agriculture value-added share have a highly significant impact on the taxable capacity of SAARC countries. The demographic factor-like population growth rate has a significant impact on the taxable capacity of SAARC countries Institutional factors such as control of corruption and bureaucracy quality index have a significant impact on the taxable capacity of SAARC countries. This study helps the SAARC country's policymakers; they can increase the tax revenues of SAARC countries by increasing the GDP, import and export (Trade Openness), bureaucracy quality and control of corruption. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Taxable Income, Pakistan, SAARC, GDP Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 51-65 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/71/23 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/71 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:51-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KHALIL AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Govt Civil Lines College, Govt of Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: ISMAIL SENTURK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Tokat GaziosmanpaÅŸa University, Turkey Title: HEALTH STRUCTURE, NUTRITION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS Abstract: This study tries to know the impact of health and nutrition on the economic growth of Pakistan from 1980 to 2013. Child health and nutrition are strongly associated with educational achievement. Less developed countries like Pakistan suffer from poor health and nutrition, and the problems facing by women of childbearing age. For all these purposes, we apply the integration test innovation accounting approach to see the relationship between the variables. The recent study is a good effort and provides a new way to policymakers to solve the problems associated with health and nutrition. Pakistan’s health care system is facing various issues like lack of knowledge or efficiency to overcome these issues. To check the stationarity Unit Root is used. The autoregressive distributed lag approach is used among the variables. Classification-JEL:I10, I20 Keywords: health, nutrition, health care system, education Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 42-50 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/91/35 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/91 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:42-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: YANNICK ROUSSEL Author-Workplace-Name: European School of Administration and Management (ESAM)-France. Author-Name: AMJAD ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan. Author-Name: MARC AUDI Author-Workplace-Name: European School of Administration and Management (ESAM)-France. University Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne-France. Title: MEASURING THE MONEY DEMAND IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS Abstract: This study has explored the factor impacting money demand in the case of Pakistan from 1980 to 2019. Broad Money is taken as the dependent variable, consumption of the household, consumption of government, interest rate, consumer price index, population growth, and remittances are selected independent variables. Augmented Dickey-fuller (ADF) and Phillip Perron (PP) unit root tests are used for examining the stationary of the variables. ARDL method is used for finding the cointegration among the variables of the model. Granger Causality test is used for examining the causal relationship among variables. The results of this study show that there is mixed order of integration among variables of the model. The estimated results of the study show that socio-economic factors play an important role in determining the money demand in Pakistan. So, socio-economic factors play an important role in determining money demand in the case of Pakistan. Classification-JEL:P44, E21, P23 Keywords: Money demand, consumption, interest rate, population growth, remittances Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 27-41 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/90/34 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/90 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:27-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SYED FAZAL REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Comsats University, Islamabad Campus. Author-Name: HADYA FATIMA CHEEMA Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Comsats University, Islamabad Campus. Title: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY USAGE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF BRICS NATIONS Abstract: We investigated the relation among energy usage and economic growth for BRICS nations using panel data from 1990 to 2019 in this study. GDP per capita as our dependent variable and Energy use, Gross fixed capital formation, Total Labor force are our independent variables. We applied Pedroni’s test cointegration, Kao residual cointegration test, and Johansen fisher cointegration test for panel data. 2 out of these 3 techniques have reflected the presence of long-run cointegration and equilibrium relationship among our variables. Our panel ECM revealed the presence of long causality between the variables. Unidirectional causality by dependent variable on independent variables is observed in pairwise testing for causality. But no evidence of the presence of any causal effect of energy use on economic expansion is found. Outcomes of FMOLS estimation reflected energy usage as an insignificant variable. Classification-JEL:O40, P18 Keywords: Economic expansion, Economic growth, Energy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 17-26 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/85/32 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/85 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:17-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: LIDETU ALEMU ANJULO Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Wolaita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia. Title: THE EXISTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PRACTICES OF PRIVATE COMPANIES AND EMPLOYEES PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE ACTION: IN THE CASE OF SOME INSURANCE COMPANIES WOLAITA SODO CITY, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA Abstract: Conducting performance appraisal helps organizations to reward and promote effective performers and identify ineffective performers to developmental programs or other personnel actions that are essential to the effectiveness of Human Resource Management. However, despite these intended goals, performance appraisal seems not to be effective in most cases mainly due to the subjective nature of criteria (standard) of performance, lack of rater understanding of or inadequate training on performance appraisal, which consequently led to the less importance and emphasis attached to it. This study investigated the perception and reactions of employees` towards the overall performance appraisal system as well as its major component parts such as standard setting, appraisal instrument, feedback, and request procedure in private Insurance companies in the Wolita Sodo City with the selected branches. Data were obtained via a questionnaire from 94 participants of four branches (Awash Insurance S.C, Lion Insurance S.C, Nib Insurance S.C and Africa S.C). An interview was also made with 10 key personnel of the companies particularly with employees working as supervisor/manager and Human Resource department. The result of the study indicated that respondents perceived the existing performance appraisal system as a partial/personal and a system which cannot precisely measure their job related performance. In this case, the evaluation criteria of those companies are not job related, not objective, not measure individual physiognomies of the employees. The Insurance companies should use standards which are measurable, impartial, and job related and should adjust their criteria`s in order to create the working environment attractive and to increase employees effectiveness. Classification-JEL:O15, G22 Keywords: Effectiveness, Human Resource Management, Insurance companies, Employees Perception Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 8-16 Volume:10 Issue: 1 Year: 2021 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/84/31 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/84 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:10:y:2021:i:1:p:8-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farooq Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Maqsood Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahida Mariam Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Zunaira Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nawaz Qaisar Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: WHAT WINS THE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, MOST? AN EVIDENCE FROM SERVICE QUALITY PERSPECTIVES IN BANKING SECTOR Abstract: Amid worldwide covid-19, customer satisfaction has become more challenging for the business survival and development of the banks. We examined multidimensional service quality to identify its key elements which contribute most to customer satisfaction in the banking industry. A cross-sectional survey of banking customers was conducted in the Larkana district of Sindh province in Pakistan. The sample consisted of 277 volunteer participants availing services of different banks. The findings revealed that service empathy contributed most to customer satisfaction, followed by responsiveness, reliability, and assurance. Contrary to our prediction, the service tangibles showed a negative effect, further investigation. This study relies on a limited sample selected from one district amid travel restrictions and social distancing issues due to Covid-19. As findings offer practical value by highlighting the priority customer service quality areas, further studies are recommended to have more generalizable results. Managers could benefit from these findings to reposition business strategies for wining intense customer satisfaction and loyalty in their banking services. It would help them maintain a sustained market position before the world adjusts to a post covid new normal. Classification-JEL:M00, M10, M30, M31 Keywords: Servicequality, tangibles, assurance, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, customer satisfaction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 202-210 Volume:9 Issue: 4 Year: 2020 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/153/109 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/153 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:4:p:202-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MARIA SAFDAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan. Title: THE IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Abstract: The goal of the study to explore the impact of terrorism on economic growth by utilizing time series data from 1974 to 2015, the period for which consistent data is available in case of Pakistan. In this study, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model employed to conduct an enquiry of cointegration and short-run dynamics among the dependent and independent variables of the model. The empirical results of this model assure that there is the existence of cointegration and short-run dynamics among the terrorism and economic growth in case of Pakistan. The results of this analysis show that an upward shift in the terrorist activity will downward shift in economic growth and insignificant relationship in both long-run and short-run analysis of the model. Thus, it is advised that government should plan such type of policy through which terrorism reduce and economic growth becomes stable. Classification-JEL:D25, F24 Keywords: terrorism, GDP, FDI, remittances Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 191-201 Volume:9 Issue: 4 Year: 2020 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/119/73 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/119 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:4:p:191-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ZAHID NAEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Title: POLITICAL INSTABILITY, TRADE OPENNESS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Abstract: The study is done to analyze the relationship between political instability and economic growth of Pakistan. Estimation has done by using time series data over the period of 1883-2016. The study analyze that unstable political economic conditions enforce negatively the economic growth, inflation and trade. In Pakistan political instability is on its peak from many decades. For the study of these fluctuations ARDL approach is used to check the relationship between selected variables. The concluded results based on empirical analysis that instable and poor political system with less efficient working skills of the administration will decrease the terms of trade of the economy, inflation will rise and unemployment will also be increased. Classification-JEL:D72, F43 Keywords: political instability, trade, economic growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 183-190 Volume:9 Issue: 4 Year: 2020 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/118/71 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/118 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:4:p:183-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ISMAIL SENTURK Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Tokat GaziosmanpaÅŸa University, Turkey. Author-Name: AMNA SHAFIQ MINHAS Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan. Title: RESEARCHING SHADOW EDUCATION: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES AND DIRECTIONS Abstract: This study tries to tell that shadow education has a great impact on economy of Pakistan. It helps the weaker students to overcome on the difficult subject in which they are poor. They need a lot of attention on that subjects. Some students take extra classes of that subject by their own will. But some students are forced by their parents or teachers. Government should increase their funds for the betterment of the economy. Government should pay attention on such tuition or academies for the bright future of the students. For this study we have also check the impact of total students in getting primary and secondary education from institutions of primary and secondary. The results of this study show that enrollment in educational institutions has deep effect and impact on number of educational institutions. Government should take steps to increase and improve the educational system of Pakistan. Classification-JEL:P36, P48 Keywords: education, economy, government Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 173-182 Volume:9 Issue: 4 Year: 2020 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/117/70 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/117 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:4:p:173-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AFTAB AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Title:POVERTY TERRORISM NEXUS: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN Abstract: This study has provided the main effect of factors on poverty World Bank data and Global Terrorism database of 35 years. Technique was used to check out the more significant behavior on the poverty. The data analyzed in the EViews9. The unit root ADF, ARDL and Cointegration long and short run test was used to check the effect. Inflation and FDI has a significant effect but terrorism has insignificant effect on poverty. Classification-JEL:I32, P24 Keywords: poverty, FDI, inflation, terrorism, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 162-172 Volume:9 Issue: 4 Year: 2020 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/116/69 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/116 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:4:p:162-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ARIF KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: GUL ZEB CHAUDHARY Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Government of College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan Title: DETERMINANTS OF INFLATION IN CASE OF PAKISTAN Abstract: Inflation is not only rise in price level but it’s also much complex phenomenon. Bit inflation exist in a natural and it’s like greasing element that bring change in commerce and economy. Economy is badly effected due to the high inflation. Major determinants of economy must be explored in order to control inflation. Recent study aims to put some light on determinants of economic growth particularly in Pakistan using the time series data over the period of 1980-2016.Auto regressive Distributed Lag technique is followed for the empirical analysis. Empirical findings show the long and short run effect of each individual variable on inflation. Empirical results reveal that electricity production from oil resource and Agriculture prices has a positive and significant relationship with inflation while Broad money and real effective exchange rate has a significant but negative relationship with inflation. Results in short run reflect that real effective exchange rate and Govt. expenditure has a positive and significant impact on inflation. Classification-JEL:E31, E24 Keywords: inflation, agriculture price, unemployment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 151-161 Volume:9 Issue: 4 Year: 2020 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/115/68 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/115 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:4:p:151-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHAHID MANZOOR SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore Author-Name: Nooria Shams-U-Din Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Punjab, Lahore. Title: DETERMINANTS OF DEATH RATES IN PAKISTAN: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Abstract: This paper presents a wide look on the present condition of less develop country like Pakistan. In Pakistan, there is poor water, sanitation and environmental protection services which further cause to increase diarrhea and other health related problems. Heavy metals polluted the environment badly. The water and sanitation extension program (WASEP) project, handled in selected villages in Northern Pakistan between 1997 and 2001, was designed to deliver a rid of segregated package of activities to improve clean water supply at village and household levels, sanitation facilities and their use, and awareness and practices about hygiene behavior. The primary basis of the decade is to improve the health of the people: as PSLM report, diarrhea is seriously affected the children especially the new born. Diarrhea disease is the second chief cause of death in children under the age of five. Highest percentage of diarrhea cases were reported in Baluchistan with 11% n 2014-15 as compared to 14% in 2012-13 & lowest cases were reported in Sindh with 6% in 2014-2016 as compared to 9% in 2012-13. Peshawar with 16%, Kalat with 31% have the highest percentage of cases reported with diarrhea in last 30 days within particular provinces. This study was examined on the northern areas of Pakistan and concluded that there are more than 9% diseases emerged due to improper water and sanitation services. Most likely 4 billion cases of diarrhea annually comprise, 5.7% of the global disease burden in the year 2000(according to the WHO report of 2002). One of the major problems is the installation of conserved resources that are far away from the home. The transportation of water, the quality of water is quite lower in home as compared to the source. Government of Pakistan should make policies that aim to improve water quality through source improvements. Household water storage must be taken into account. Classification-JEL:P28, J17 Keywords: Diarrhea, Sanitation, Crude Death Rate, CO2 Emission, Sustainable, Adulterate, Enrollment Rate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 141-150 Volume:9 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/124/78 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/124 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:3:p:141-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FIAZ AHMAD SULEHRI Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore. Author-Name: JAVARIA KHAN Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore Title: THE EFFECT OF TRADE OPENNESS ON INFLATION IN PAKISTAN Abstract: This study empirically verifies the existence of significant relationship between inflation and trade openness for Pakistan using annual time-series data for the period of 1980 to 2014. The basic objective of this study is to examine the Romer’s hypothesis for Pakistan with real agriculture value added, real exchange rate, real gross domestic product, money & quasi money and used trade openness, import openness and export openness ratios separately as explanatory variables with inflation rate as dependent variables. For this purpose, we have used ARDL technique the expected empirical findings show that there is no long-run relationship between inflation and trade openness, which rejects the existence of Romer’s hypothesis for Pakistan. Classification-JEL:F14, P24 Keywords: trade openness, inflation, real exchange rate, real gross domestic product Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 135-140 Volume:9 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/123/77 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/123 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:3:p:135-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ASIM Author-Workplace-Name: University of Central Punjab (UCP), Sargodha Campus. Author-Name: HAFIZA NAILA SADDIQUE Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Punjab, Lahore. Title: MIGRATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS Abstract: The study has observed the effect of unemployment on migration in Pakistan from 1981 to 2015. For observing the stationarity of variables, unit root test is used. Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach (ARDL) is used for cointegration among the variables of the model. The expected results of the study show that unemployment has negative and significant impact on migration in Pakistan over the selected time period. The results of the study show that unemployment increases migration. On the basis of empirical results, this study suggests that unemployment increases migration in case of Pakistan, so Pakistan must try to reduce unemployment for decrease migration. Classification-JEL:E24, F22 Keywords: unemployment, migration, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 123-134 Volume:9 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/122/76 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/122 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:3:p:123-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MARIA SAFDAR Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan. Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ZAHID NAEEM Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: OUTFLOW OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND HEALTH SECTOR IN PAKISTAN Abstract: This paper reviews the impact of economics conditions on human capital outflow using the item series data over the period of 1981-2015. There has been much deliberation about many problems of migration of physician’s foam developing to developed countries and presence of unemployment resulting from minimum wage. For this purpose, we applied the integration test innovation accounting approach to serve an effective relationship between variables human capital flow is increased due to poor economic conditions. Due to decrease in value in local currency from Pakistan to rest of the world an increase and uniquely distribution of income is also a major factor. Recent study is a good effort and this may provide the new way to policy makers for solving the problem of the human capital outflow and handle the sorrow economic conditions In Pakistan. Pakistan health care system is facing the various issues like resource scarcity gender insensitivity and efficiency and lack of functional specificity and accessibly for checking the stationary of variables unit root test is used. Autoregressive distributed lag approach is used for counteraction among the variables of the model then the estimated results on economic group show that decentralized economic affair expenditures have the negative effects show the significant impact over the selected time period. The results show that this decentralization effect on the economic growth is harmful for economic affairs expenditure. This is showing that, by the basis of empirical process, in the case of Pakistan the decentralized of economic affairs expenditure is baleful. So, that it’s better for the Pakistan to try & use the centralized of economic affairs expenditure for the enthusiastic economic growth. Classification-JEL: J24 Keywords: Health Sector, Human Capital Outflow, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 113-122 Volume:9 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/121/75 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/121 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:3:p:113-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SYED FAZAL REHMAN Author-Workplace-Name: Economics department, Comsats University, Islamabad Campus Title: EXPLORING THE LONG RUN EFFECTS AND RELATIONSHIP OF MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE SCENARIO OF PAKISTAN Abstract: The principal attributes of this study were to examine the effect of military expenditures on economic expansion in the long run from the perspective of Pakistan. We took the yearly data from the year 1961 to 2018 and used A R D L estimation technique for empirical results. Through our results, we can confirm the existence of a connection between military spending and economic expansion of Pakistan in the long run. Additionally, over the long term, a positive outcome of military expenditures is observed upon the financial development of Pakistan. Hostile India and Kashmir issue are the principal reason behind a large-scale military expenditure of Pakistan. Solving this dispute and improving bilateral relations can help to reduce the extensive military budget and to attain efficient resource allocation for both countries. Classification-JEL:H30, H56, Q43, C51, E62 Keywords: Economic Growth, Defense Expenditure, National Security, Pakistan, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 106-112 Volume:9 Issue: 3 Year: 2020 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/120/74 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/120 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:3:p:106-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WAQAS SHAIR Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, School of Economics and Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan, Email: waqasshair689@gmail.com Title: IS OPTIMIZING OR NON-OPTIMIZING OBJECTIVE OF A FIRM IN THE GIG ECONOMY? A CHRONOLOGICAL APPROACH Abstract: In the gig economy, workers are managed by algorithmic management, where algorithms are being used to allocate, optimize, and evaluate workers. Due to this shift in the pattern, it is getting important to extract the objective of firms in the gig economy. The contribution of this study is twofold: first, the chronological review of previous studies conducted with the objective of a firm in economics. Second, the chronological review gives the direction to determine the objective of the firms in the gig economy. For, this purpose, the underline model presents in this study, which states that the objective of firms in the gig economy is to achieve an aspiration level for firms; on the contrary, traditional profit maximization and other optimization objectives. However, in the gig economy to achieve an aspiration level, firms set different goals that can be achieved with the coalition of firms with different specified economic players. Classification-JEL: D21, C61 Keywords: optimizing, firms, Gig Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 101-105 Volume:9 Issue: 2 Year: 2020 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/129/83 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/129 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:2:p:101-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHAHID MANZOOR SHAH Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, City Campus, University of Lahore, Pakistan,Email: shahidmanzoorphd@gmail.com Title: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND FIRM LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSTAINABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM NON-FINANCIAL FIRMS OPERATING IN THE USA Abstract: This study puts light and analyzes the corporate governance and firm level characteristics of sustainability (In case of non-financial firms operating in USA). The explanatory variables used in this study are Corporate Governance score, return on asset, liquidity, long term debt, market value, CEO duality and independent board structure and dependent variables are included in this study are sustainability (Economic, Environmental and social Score). Time period of this study contain eighteen-year data from 2000 to 2017. Panel data is used for the analysis of the study. For the data analysis we employed various statistical measures that are descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, ordinary least square, fixed effect model and GMM model are used to find out the impact of these variables. The result of this study reveals that USA firm corporate governance (CGS), return on assets (ROA), long term debt and CEO duality (CCS) has positive and significant impact on sustainability while market value, liquidity and independent board size has negative but significant impact on sustainability. Classification-JEL: H0, O1 Keywords: Corporate Governance score, return on asset, liquidity, long term debt, market value Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 92-100 Volume:9 Issue: 2 Year: 2020 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/128/82 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/128 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:2:p:92-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HASSAN AJMAL Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, Pakistan Title: EXPLORING THE LINKAGES BETWEEN INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN Abstract: This research purpose is to analyze the impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan for time period of 1980-2017 the time series data is chosen by the world development bank. So by considering on past results I have check the present results in this paper by using ARDL model and my variables are GDP, FDI, Exports and Remittances and conclude that FDI is insignificant in short and long run and export are significant and both short and long-run cases so the government of Pakistan or policymakers just need to focus on export promotion because Pakistan as a developing country must need to improve its exports and results also conclude that exports are more significant. Some of the export promotion recommendations are to provide subsidies to exporters and need to provide quotas to improve the exports and there is also a need to focus on some policies to improve domestic industries. Classification-JEL: F21, O40 Keywords: FDI, Economic Growth, ARDL Bound Testing method, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 85-91 Volume:9 Issue: 2 Year: 2020 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/127/81 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/127 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:2:p:85-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KHADIJAH HUSSAIN Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, Pakistan Title: SOCIAL MEDIA IMPACT ON TOURISM IN PAKISTAN Abstract: Social media has been playing an essential role in our daily life. As tourism has become the fastest-growing company in all over the world. Tourism also becomes a great source of annual earning, cultural exchange, economic growth, jobs for the local community, infrastructure development, employment opportunities, exchange of goods, and foreign exchange nationwide. Usually, travelers attract mountains, peaks, lakes, snows, rivers, beaches, lovely valleys, glaciers, deserts, food, motels, hotels, historical places, hiking trails, culture, plains, Northern areas, religious, seasonal varieties, unique art, and handicraft. Pakistan is a very beautiful country and it is blessed with all types of beauty and international traveler’s tourists came here to visit these beautiful places which are itself better for the tourism industry and to make it more developed and grow faster. But somehow Pakistan had faced some of the issues in the tourism industry that is some people and even some countries show Pakistan the worst image internationally which is effecting our tourism industry and in recent past years, there are some security conditions which is somehow created problems for the international travelers as well as domestic travelers this need to be sorted out so that Pakistan can become the safest place for tourists destination. So basically social media can easily play a vital role to encourage tourism in Pakistan. Social media platform and even tourism websites which help visitors providing information and cost of the trip. We have generated a questionnaire that gives us information regarding the usage of social media for travel planning and results revealed that the vast majority of people use social media sites for travel planning and even the cost of trips. Classification-JEL: A10, Z30, Z32, Z33 Keywords: Tourism, social media, travel sites, information, economic growth, infrastructure, cultural exchange, destinations, posting pictures, traveling planning, blogs, social media advertising, negative image, vloggers Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 74-84 Volume:9 Issue: 2 Year: 2020 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/126/80 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/126 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:2:p:74-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD SAFDAR Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad Pakistan, Email: safdar.qau890@gmail.com Author-Name: AHMAD NAWAZ Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan, Email: ahmadnawaz@uosahiwal.edu.pk Title: TESTING THE CONVERGENCE HYPOTHESIS IN SOLOW GROWTH MODEL: A STATISTICAL EVIDENCE FROM SAARC ECONOMIES Abstract: The literature reveals three concepts of convergence, namely Absolute/Unconditional Beta convergence, Sigma convergence, and Conditional Beta convergence. Annual data of real GDP per capita over the period 1972-2012 of six SAARC countries has been utilized to test the convergence hypotheses. OLS estimates from the cross-sectional data revealed that there is no evidence of sigma convergence. A panel data approach has also been applied to test the convergence of real GDP per capita among six SAARC countries. Empirical results from both Levin, Lin, and Chu and the Hadri z-stat showed no evidence of convergence among the SAARC countries. Thus, the results of our study are not consistent with the basic growth model of Solow-Swan (1956) which posits the existence of conditional convergence of income among developed and developing economies. Classification-JEL: O47, F43 Keywords: Beta convergence; Sigma convergence; Solow; SAARC; IFS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 60-73 Volume:9 Issue: 2 Year: 2020 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/125/79 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/125 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:2:p:60-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WAHEED AHMAD Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar at School of Economics, QAU, Islamabad: eco.waheed@gmail.com Author-Name: TARIQ MAJEED Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor at School of Economics, QAU, Islamabad tariq@qau.edu.pk Author-Name: ZUBARIA ANDLIB Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer at Department of Economics, FUUAST, Islamabad: economist243@gmail.com Title: TOURISM LED GROWTH HYPOTHESIS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM FIVE SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES Abstract: The study analyzes the impact of tourism, gross capita formation and energy consumption on gross domestic product for the selected South Asian countries over the time period 1995 to 2016. For empirical estimation the study applied FMOLS and we have observed from the empirical results that tourism is positively associated with gross domestic product in the selected countries. Thus, the study is supporting the idea of tourism led growth hypothesis in the selected countries. Other results indicate that energy consumption is also positively associated with gross domestic product whereas gross capital formation is also positively influencing gross domestic product (GDP). The study drew few important insights for policy makers to formulate suitable policies to boost up GDP growth rate in the selected countries. Classification-JEL: L83, N30 Keywords: Tourism led growth, GDP, GFC, FMOLS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 51-59 Volume:9 Issue: 1 Year: 2020 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/134/88 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/134 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:1:p:51-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ABDUL AZIZ KHAN NIAZI Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore and NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan: azizniazi@uet.edu.pk Author-Name: SULEMAN AZIZ LODHI Author-Workplace-Name: NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan: sulemanlodhi@gmail.com Author-Name: ABDUL BASIT Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan: abasit_shahbaz@yahoo.com Author-Name: TEHMINA FIAZ QAZI Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; tehmina.qazi@gmail.com Title: TACIT KNOWLEDGE SHARING MODEL FOR BANKS: REMEDIAL MEASURE OF LIKELIHOOD OF DEFAULT Abstract: Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) adversely affect financial performance of banks which is a persistent problem of banking. NPLs are time and again built-up in banking sectors and drag economies towards crises. Search for better solutions to problem is high on agenda of research. This study is aimed to provide a better solution to problem of NPLs. It uses analytical conceptual approach of research and addresses issue in knowledge management perspective. Critical review of relevant literature has been conducted with a focus on Tacit Knowledge (TK) sharing. An idea of exploiting potential of TK to control NPLs has been conceived that works through refinement of decision-making processes and results in improvement of recovery and financial performance of banks. A Tacit Knowledge Sharing Model (TKSM) has been developed in this regard. TKSM is modeled on core business of banking that provides a simple way to use TK for controlling risk of likelihood of default. Classification-JEL: G21, H81 Keywords: Banks, credit decision, financial performance, economy, default, NPLs, TKSM Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 32-50 Volume:9 Issue: 1 Year: 2020 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/133/87 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/133 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:1:p:32-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN YOUNAS Author-Workplace-Name: Researcher at Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: HOW DID RISK MANAGEMENT METHODS CHANGE AFTER THE 2007 SUB-PRIME MORTGAGE CRISIS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM? Abstract: The fundamental objective of this study is to find out the key lessons we need to learn from the risk management failures of the financial sectors during financial or Sub-Prime mortgage crises (2007-2008) in UK and US to prevent or dampening future crises magnitude. The literature collected from academic articles and summarising books about the cause, events, and effects of the financial crisis, written before, during or after the event, to be able to reach a critical analysis of the differences on the viewpoints expressed about it. Moreover, we conducted semi-structured and confidential interviews to investigate the failures of risk management that originated the global financial crises. The respondents of our interview-based study are the professional risk management executives of the United Kingdom from different financial institutions. The significant finding of this research is that the United Kingdom organisations get involved in Moral hazard practices because they knew that if anything bad happens, the government will rescue them. Furthermore, the cause of sub-prime mortgage crisis is the insufficiencies in risk management models, and the majority of risk models failed because of known unknowns. Other explanations of the study empirically stating that financial institutions remained failure to manage risk appropriately during a crisis. The study is also concluding some key lesson from the financial crisis including, to improve the risk cultures among banking sectors of UK, risk-seeking manners of short-term bonuses, too much rely on standard models like Value at Risk (VAR), and a more cautious approach implemented to sub-prime loan management than before the crises. Classification-JEL: G32, D81 Keywords: Risk Management, Sub-prime crisis, Moral Hazard, risk models, UK Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 22-31 Volume:9 Issue: 1 Year: 2020 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/132/86 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/132 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:1:p:22-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: LIDETU ALEMU ANJULO Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Woalita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia: lidealemu@gmail.com Author-Name: MULUNESH KAFA KAYA Author-Workplace-Name: Gamo zone Enterprise and Industry Administration officer: mulerkafa2019@gmail.com Title: THE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES OF MICRO AND SMALL-SCALE MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES IN ARBAMINCH CITY ADMINISTRATION, IN THE CASE OF SHECHA SUB-CITY, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA Abstract: This study was conducted to determine factors affecting the development of micro and small-scale manufacturing enterprises in Shecha sub city of Arbaminch town administration. Data were collected from 154 operators of MSEs. The data were analyzed using descriptive statics. lack of land/lack of operating or working space, lack of access to markets, lack of entrepreneurship skills and expertise, lack of equipment to carry out businesses and lack of credit for start-up capital or expanding are identified as the main factors affecting the development of micro and small scale manufacturing enterprises in the study area. The study result indicated that, most of MSEs have registered increase in employment and increase in total capital or assets during the entire duration of their business. Similarly, most of MSEs failed to formulate and adopt deliberate business development strategies. Sex, education status and source of skill to start business are found internal factor and association with level of enterprise development. So that, providing adequate working and marketing premise, provision of capacity building trainings on business development, management, marketing skills to owners and targeted action to control the import of cheap counterfeits must be made. Furthermore, measures need to be taken to promote the consumption of domestic goods so as to build a tradition of consuming Ethiopian-made products and thus expand the market for local articles, equipment and the provision lease financing should be strengthened. Classification-JEL: L53, L6 Keywords: Micro enterprises, Manufacturing Sector, Enterprise, capital Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 12-21 Volume:9 Issue: 1 Year: 2020 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/131/85 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/131 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:1:p:12-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AMJAD ALI Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, City Campus, University of Lahore. chanamjadali@yahoo.com Author-Name: CHAN BIBI Author-Workplace-Name: Advocate High Court Lahore, International Islamic University, Islamabad (LLM. Scholar in International Law). chanali.lawyer@yahoo.com Title: PUBLIC POLICIES, SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND CRIMES IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS Abstract: This article attempts to analyze the impact of public policies about taxes, defense expenditures, loans and grants on crimes in Pakistan over the period from 1980 to 2019. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach has utilized to check cointegration among the variables of the model and Vector Error-Correction model is applied for estimating short run dynamics of the model. The outcomes of the analysis show that defense expenditures, loans and grants more taxes and rising economic misery have a positive and significant impact on crime rates in the case of Pakistan. For the reduction of crime rate government of Pakistan must reduce taxes, defense expenditures, loans and grants and economic misery in the country. For reducing unemployment, government of Pakistan must establish such economic environment which boost new jobs and stable inflation. Moreover, skill development programs must be initiated, so that youth can get self-employment rather than searching government and private jobs. Inflation can be controlled by putting checks on rising production costs. Classification-JEL: E31, J64, J18 Keywords: inflation, unemployment, crime rate, public policy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-11 Volume:9 Issue: 1 Year: 2020 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/130/84 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/130 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:9:y:2020:i:1:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Remedy for One Size Fit to All: A Flexible Corporate Governance Model to Accommodate Sectoral Technicalities Abstract: Asian countries, while on the road to industrialization catch-up, are facing enormous change. Corporate structures in most of these countries follow Anglo-American Corporate Governance (CG) model and that one size is fit to all. The principle one size fit to all ignores corporate/sectoral peculiarities. Contemporary CG models do not address structural adjustments attributable to change. Aim of this study is to address the problem one size fit to all in CG models. This conceptual study advances a flexible CG model to accommodate sectoral technicalities. In fact, Anglo-American CG model has been modified to accommodate the sectoral peculiarities by using elementary concepts of graph theory and drawing. The model is more logical and useful for CG practitioners as compared to contemporary models. Classification-JEL: G34, C2, L52 Keywords: Corporate governance, CG Model, sectoral specialty board, sectoral technicalities Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 223-229 Volume:8 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/139/94 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/139 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:4:p:223-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadaf Mubeen Author-Workplace-Name:National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hassam Shahid Author-Workplace-Name:Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Naseer Ahmad Taib Author-Workplace-Name:Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Challenges and Opportunities for Women Entrepreneurs: A Case Study of Urban Lahore (Pakistan) Abstract: Entrepreneurship is a hard subject to deal with Pakistan because the societal trends motivated people for public sector/government jobs. This is one of the reasons of the people prefer to join government service as compared to private or entrepreneurial activities. This study is conducted to find out the possible challenges and opportunities for female entrepreneurs in Lahore. The data has been collected (in 2014) by questionnaire. Convenience and snowball sampling techniques have been used to select the sample for the study. The sample size of two hundred has been taken for this purpose. In statistical analysis binary logistic regression is applied. The result shows that every age group has opportunities to continue the business, but in case of marital status, challenges are more to continue the business. On the other hand, educated female entrepreneurs, mostly are facing challenges to continue the business except diploma and small business courses holders. Classification-JEL: L26, B54 Keywords: Entrepreneurship, challenges, opportunities, Female Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 213-222 Volume:8 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/138/93 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/138 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:4:p:213-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohamad Kassem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Finance and Accounting, Lebanese International University Author-Name: Maria Safdar Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zahid Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Population and Food Insecurity in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: A specific amount of food and safe drinking water are basic necessities of living human-being. More than one billion individual’s square measure calculable to lack adequate dietary energy avails, and a minimum of double that variety suffers matter deficiencies. As a result of indicators inform action, a lot of current analysis focuses on rising food insecurity menstruation. The study has tested the population theory of Malthus in case of Pakistan. For investigating the long run relationship among the variables of the model Johansson Co integration technique is applied. For examining the short run dynamic Error Correction Model (ECM) is applied. Furthermore, the higher population growth rate increases the food insecurity, not only in the long run, but also in the short run in case of Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Q56, Q18. O1, E31 Keywords: population growth, food insecurity, gross domestic product, consumer price index Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 205-212 Volume:8 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/137/92 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/137 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:4:p:205-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kalsoom Zulfiqar Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Atif Khan Jadoon Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Causes of Deforestation: An Empirical Study of Pakistan Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of population, technology (tractor, tube well), and agricultural land square km on deforestation using the time series data from 1972 to 2016. For tractor and tube-well, we use an index of technology and take the log of total population. Deforestation increases rapidly which has an adverse impact on environment degradation. Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) is used to check the Co integration among population, technology, and agricultural land square km on deforestation. The result of my study confirms that the population has a cause of deforestation and give the positive and significant result. Agricultural square land km has a negative and significant result. Technology has a positive and insignificant result. Only population has a positive and significant impact on deforestation population increase deforestation also increase and the agricultural land has a significant but negative impact on deforestation. Therefore, model is lower moderate good. Classification-JEL: P23, Q15 Keywords: population, agricultural land, technology Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 191-204 Volume:8 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/136/91 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/136 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:4:p:191-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name:AOU University/University Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne Author-Name: Chan Bibi Author-Workplace-Name:International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name:Higher Education Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Financial Inclusion, Economic Growth and Human Well-Being Nexus: Empirics from Pakistan, India, China, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh and Malaysia Abstract: This article has examined the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth and human well-being in the case of Pakistan, India, China, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh and Malaysia over the period of 1990 to 2018. Panel pooled regression has been applied for the examined the relationship among the selected variables of the model. The results show that financial development has a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth, but it has a negative and significant impact on human well-being. Number of bank branches have a positive but insignificant impact on economic growth, but number of bank branches have a positive and significant impact on human well-being. The loans to rural areas have a positive and significant impact on economic growth, whereas it has a positive but insignificant impact on human well-being. Money supply has a positive and significant impact on economic growth and human well-being at the same time. Foreign direct investment has a positive and significant impact on economic growth and human well-being. The results show that income inequality has a negative and significant impact on economic growth and human well-being. Economic development has a positive and significant impact on human well-being, this show that economic development can be enhanced for higher human well-being. The study suggests that for higher economic growth and human well-being, financial inclusion is playing an important role in the case of selected Asian countries. Classification-JEL: B26, O47, I32 Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Economic Growth and Development, Poverty Reduction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 177-190 Volume:8 Issue: 4 Year: 2019 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/135/89 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/135 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:4:p:177-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zahid Naeem Author-Workplace-Name:University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Chan Bibi Author-Workplace-Name:International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Macroeconomic Determinants of Economic Growth under the Perspective of Monetary Policy in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: This article examines the determinants economic growth under the perspective of monetary policy in the case of Pakistan over the period of 1980 to 2018. Economic growth has been used as dependent variable, whereas exchange rate, consumer price index, unemployment rate and money supply have been used as independent variables. For empirical analysis data from 1980 to 2018 has been used. For checking the stationarity of the variables augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test has been used. This study has used ARDL test for examining the cointegration among the variable of the model. The estimated results of the study show that the exchange rate has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in the case of Pakistan. Inflation has a positive, but insignificant impact on economic growth in the case of Pakistan over the selected time period. Unemployment rate negative and significant impact on economic growth in the case of Pakistan. The estimates show that monetary policy has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in the case of Pakistan. This study suggests that for raising the level of economic growth in the case of Pakistan, a soft monetary policy is needed to lower level of unemployment. Classification-JEL: O4, E51 Keywords: economic growth, money supply Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 164-176 Volume:8 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/144/100 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/144 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:3:p:164-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name:University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name:IB&M, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name:Lahore Institute of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: IB&M, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aysha Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: IB&M, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Jostle of Workplace Pressures on Credit Managers: Interpretive Structural Modeling to Underpin the Severity Abstract: The study aims to identify, prioritize and analyze relationships of pressures built on credit managers of banks since banks are institutions of systemic importance. Overall design of study is comprised of literature review, data collection and analyses. Primary data has been collected through a suitable questionnaire from a panel of experts. Panel comprised of experienced and expert bankers. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Matriced’ Impacts Croise’s Multiplication Appliquée a UN Classement (MICMAC) have been employed as techniques of hierarchicalization and analyses. Discourse of literature revealed that there are seventeen different pressures faced by credit managers. Hierarchy imposed on pressures by way of ISM divulged that target pressure occupies lowest level (most critical) in ISM model and it has maximum driving power, whereas, juniors’ pressure occupies highest level (least critical) and has maximum dependence. MICMAC analysis shows that bribery pressure is autonomous, juniors’ pressure is dependent, other fifteen are linking and no pressure is classified as independent in the model. It is a valuable study because it addresses one of grave issues of bankers. It provides insight of issue to regulators, policy makers and management of banks. Classification-JEL: G21, H81 Keywords: Pressure, ISM, MICMAC, Banks, Credit Managers Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 155-163 Volume:8 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/143/99 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/143 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:3:p:155-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name:School of Accountancy of Finance, University of Lahore, City Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Ismail Senturk Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, Tokat GaziosmanpaÅŸa University, Turkey Title: Justifying the Impact of Economic Deprivation, Maternal Status and Health infrastructure on Under-Five Child Mortality in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: During the 1980’s child survival first time attached with biological and social factors for its determination (Mosley and Chen, 1984). Socioeconomic factors need some proximate factor to impact child survival, at that time, policymakers believe that socioeconomic factors indirect impact on child survival. But maternal factors, environmental contamination, nutrient deficiency and injury have direct impact on child survival. This study has tried to justify the fact that economic deprivation, health, infrastructure and maternal status impact under-five child mortality in Pakistan over the period of 1980 to 2017. For checking the stationarity of the data, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test is applied. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been used for examining the co-integration among the variables of the model. Granger causality test has been applied to explore the causal relationship among the variables. The estimated results show that there is a long run relationship among the variables of the model. The results of Granger causality test highlight that there is unidirectional causality is running from independent variables to the dependent variable. The findings suggest that for reducing under-five child mortality, the government of Pakistan should improve the maternal status and health infrastructure whereas economic deprivation should be minimized. Classification-JEL: E24, E31, H75, I15 Keywords: economic deprivation, health, infrastructure, maternal status, under-five child mortality Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 140-154 Volume:8 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/142/97 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/142 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:3:p:140-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amina Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: GIFT Business School, GIFT University Gujranwala Title: Openness, Financial Development and Economic Growth in South Asia Abstract: The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of openness and financial development on six South Asian economies for 1985-2017. It considers the achievements of an economy in terms of important indicators such as economic growth, openness, domestic credit to the private sector, population growth, capital and labor. The paper uses fixed effects, random effect model and Panel Ordinary Least Square (OLS) techniques. The analysis clearly specified that economic growth, increased following to openness and financial development. The quantitative examination also proposed that greater financial development and openness has an encouraging effect on economic growth. The findings of this research can be a motivating example of the increasing interest in openness for other countries. Classification-JEL: E41, F43 Keywords: Openness, Economic Growth, Financial development Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 132-139 Volume:8 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/141/96 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/141 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:3:p:132-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hammad Manzoor Author-Workplace-Name:PIDE Islamabad Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Younas Author-Workplace-Name:QAU Islamabad Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name:COMSATS University Islamabad Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ali Rizwan Author-Workplace-Name:QAU Islamabad Pakistan Title: A Twin Deficit Hypothesis: The Case Study of Pakistan Abstract: This paper analyses the twin deficit reaction function for Pakistan economy covering the period of 1973-2017. Empirical analysis is based on Vector Autoregressive (VAR) technique with its extension impulse response functions and Granger causality. Results show that the trade deficits directly cause the budget deficits and the budget deficit influences the trade deficit through different channels. The most familiar linkage is causality flowing from budget deficits to inflation to rate of interest to capital inflows to exchange rate (currency appreciation) and finally the trade deficits. Classification-JEL: E31, F6, O4 Keywords: Twin Deficit, VAR, Granger Causality, Impulse Response Function, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 117-131 Volume:8 Issue: 3 Year: 2019 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/140/95 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/140 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:3:p:117-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zahid Naeem Author-Workplace-Name:Department of Economics, University of the Punjab Author-Name: Wajid Alim Author-Workplace-Name:Institute of Business Studies, Kohat University of Science and Technology Title: Determinants of Rural-Urban migration: A Case Study of Pakistan Abstract: This article highlights the determinants of rural-urban migration in the case of Pakistan. For this purpose, data from 1981 to 2015 has been used. For checking the stationarity of the data, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test is applied. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been used for examining the co-integration among the variables of the model. The results of the study reveal that economic growth has a positive and insignificant impact on migration in the case of Pakistan. Population growth has positive and significant impact on migration in the case of Pakistan after the selected time period. The level of unemployment has negative and significant impact on migration in Pakistan. The inflation rate has negative and significant impact on migration in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: E24, F22, P24 Keywords: : migration, inflation, unemployment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 105-116 Volume:8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/149/107 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/149 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:105-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohamad Kassem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Finance and Accounting, Lebanese International University, Lebanon Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore City Campus Author-Name: Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name: AOU University/University Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne Title: Unemployment Rate, Population Density and Crime Rate in Punjab (Pakistan): An Empirical Analysis Abstract: This article has examined the impact of unemployment, population density and amount of remittances, industrialization on crime rate among the districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The data has been composed from Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, the Multiple Indicator Cluster survey (MICS), Punjab Development Statistics (2018). The Johansen cointegration method has been applied for examining the relationship among variables. The results show that unemployment and population density have a positive impact on crime rate among the districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The outcomes reveal that the amount of remittances, industrialization and social infrastructure have a negative and significant impact on crime rate among the districts of Punjab. This study recommends that for reduction in crimes, the government of Punjab should control unemployment and population density and the same time enhance industrialization, social infrastructure with the amount of remittances. On the basis of previous literature and our findings, it has been concluded that unemployment is the mother of crime. Classification-JEL: E24, Q56, Z21 Keywords: : unemployment rate, population density, crime rate, industrialization Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 92-104 Volume:8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/148/106 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/148 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:92-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Ali Rizwan Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Younas Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: A Study of Support Services Provided to the Students in Distance Learning Abstract: This is a generation of smart people and time is considered as a most precious commodity. These two propositions forced the people to utilize their time optimally and to stay updated with the modern economy of knowledge. An important issue that we wish to address in this study is the student support services that provided to the distance education learning students i.e. services other than actual syllabus material that a university or institute provides to the students to realize their learning aims of the course. This study is based on two methodologies, literature review and survey-based method. The basic objective of survey is to find out how much the Pakistani students are satisfied with the student support services provided by different distance learning institutes or open universities. After the keen analysis of the student responses we can make some general inferences that the Pakistani distance education institutes or open universities are far away from the other distance learning institutes around the world. The major areas where Pakistani distance education institutes are lacking are motivational student support, mental health counseling and latest innovative student portals. The majority of the students are not satisfied with the student support services that are provided by the three main distance education universities of the Pakistan like Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Virtual COMSATS Islamabad and the Virtual University of Pakistan. At somehow the Virtual COMSATS University is adopting some modern support services for the students for example online student instructor portal, provision of DVDs of lectures and high storage flash derives to the distance learners. The study also suggests some key policy implications to fill the distance gap between students and teachers. Classification-JEL: A2, H75 Keywords: : Distance Education, Student Support Services, Open Universities, Conventional Education, Online Support, Mental Counselling, Career Counselling Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 74-91 Volume:8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/147/103 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/147 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:74-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Usama Shafique Author-Workplace-Name: International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The influence of Liquidity risk and Credit risk on Bank Stability: A Case of Pakistan Abstract: This study investigates the impact of two major sources of bank risk: Liquidity risk and Credit risk on the stability of the banks. We use a sample of commercial banks during the period 2002–2016 to analyze how this relationship influences banks’ stability. The results obtained revealed that Liquidity risk have a significant and positive and credit, risk have no effect on the stability of the banks in case of Pakistan. Classification-JEL: G33, H81 Keywords: : Liquidity risk, credit risk, bank stability Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 68-73 Volume:8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/146/102 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/146 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:68-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luís Abel da Silva Filho Author-Workplace-Name: Doutor em Ciências Econômicas pelo Instituto de Economia pelo Instituto de Economia – IE da Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP. Mestre em Economia pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN; Bacharel em Ciências Economias pela Universidade Regional do Cariri – URCA; Professor Adjunto do Departamento de Economia da Universidade Regional do Cariri – URCA Author-Name: Francisco Ebeth Mascarenhas de Lima Author-Workplace-Name: Bacharelando em Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Regional do Cariri – URCA; Bolsista do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq Title: Commercial relations of Derivatives between Oil-OPEC Brazil: A Preliminary Approach Abstract: The trade of oil and oil products in the world is markedly of high magnitude, since that input is a major source of energy, and, even more, represents political, financial and social power, and is one of the raw materials of paramount importance in industrial production. Such importance was proven in the 1970s, before the crisis, generating serious consequences on the world stage. The objective of this study is to analyze, in a preliminary way, the relations of the oil trade between Brazil and the countries of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – OPEC. Methodologically, it resorts to a literature review and then to the construction of foreign trade indexes, including: indicator ‘exports, import dependence indicator, Verdoorn index, relative specialization index, trade specialization index and regional orientation index. To test these indexes were used the products of the Chapter 27 of the classification table of Mercosur – NCM, all are petroleum based. After the analysis, we realized the great dependence of Brazil in relation to imports of these products and the low export capacity for OPEC, demonstrating that the country still depends greatly on imports of OPEC products, and that this organization does not is a large Brazilian trading partner in the sector in question. Classification-JEL: F00; F1; F4 Keywords: : trade relations; oil, Brazil-OPEC Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 57-67 Volume:8 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/145/101 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/145 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:57-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zahid Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name: School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, City Campus, Pakistan Title: Water Resources and Agricultural Productivity in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: The study has examined the impact of water resources on agricultural productivity in Pakistan from 1975 to 2015. For examining the stationarity of variables, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test is used. Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach (ARDL) is used for cointegration among the variables of the model. The estimated results of the study show that water resources have a positive and significant impact on agricultural productivity in Pakistan over the selected time period. The results of the study show that water resources are useful for agricultural productivity. On the basis of empirical results, this study proposes that water resources must be improved in the case of Pakistan, to enhance the agricultural productivity. Classification-JEL: N5, O13 Keywords: : agricultural productivity, water resources, ARDL Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 46-56 Volume:8 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/157/113 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/157 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:1:p:46-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Safdar Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Atif Khan Jadoon Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The determinants of inclusive growth in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: This study aims to answer the question that urban population has a detrimental impact on inclusive growth? (GINI coefficient is used as a proxy to measure inequality). For this purpose, Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) is used to observe the cointegration among all variables of the model. The vector error correction technique has used for short run dynamics. The empirical result confirms the presence of cointegration among the urban population and GINI coefficient of the model. These results reveal that urban population has a deep-rooted impact on the inclusive growth of the economy. Hence, if Pakistan desired to achieve inclusive growth for the economy, then Pakistan has to make urban population strong and productive. Classification-JEL: F3, N9, P24 Keywords: : urban population, GINI, secondary education, inflation, foreign direct investment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 34-45 Volume:8 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/156/112 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/156 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:1:p:34-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ali Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: School of Accountancy and Finance, City Campus, University of the Lahore Title: Effects of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth and Economic Development in Six Asian Countries Abstract: A comprehensive financial plan is a prerequisite for both developed and developing nations, as every nation has to enhance economic growth and economic development at the same time. This study analyzes the impacts of financial inclusion on economic growth and economic development in six Asian countries. Time series data from 1997 to 2016 is used for empirical analysis. Data is collected from the Central Banks of selected countries, World Bank and IMF databases. Gross domestic product, human development index, credit to private Sector, and income inequality, loan to rural areas, broad money, and foreign direct investment are selected indicators for the study. Panel methodologies are used for empirical analysis. The results of the study show that financial inclusion has a deeprooted impact on economic growth as well as economic development in the case of selected Asian countries. The study recommends that strong financial inclusion can be helpful for poverty reduction in developing countries. Classification-JEL: P34, O43 Keywords: : Financial Inclusion, Economic Growth and Development Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 16-33 Volume:8 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/155/111 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/155 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:1:p:16-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ehtsham U. Jarral Author-Workplace-Name: AJ&K Department of Higher Education (Colleges) Author-Name: Dawood Khan Abbasi Author-Workplace-Name: AJ&K Department of Higher Education (Colleges) Author-Name: Nabila Saddaf Author-Workplace-Name: The Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology (FUUAST) Title: An Appraisal of Exports and Imports Nexus for Pakistan Abstract: The trends of imports and exports possess a well-built role in the development of the economy of a country. Pakistani is a developing country and has been facing the deficit in its foreign trade balances since its emergence in 1947. In this paper, it has been strived to explore the time series appearance of the variables of import and export in Pakistani economy. The period for the research work covers forty-seven years from 1970 to 2016. In the analysis of exports and imports nexus, the unit root test shows that data is not stationary. Secondly, the Johansen co-integration test indicates that only one co-integration equation exists between imports and exports which portray the long run relationship in the variables. Then the Granger causality test illustrates bi-directional causality in long- run for Pakistani imports and exports. The findings of this paper predict that Pakistani trade is on its right way of getting long term equilibrium but disequilibria in trade balances prevail in the short periods. Hence the present study suggests modifications in the foreign trade policy to increase the export import ratio and raise the volume of trade so that the short-term imbalances could be improved. Classification-JEL: B17, F13 Keywords: Imports, exports, equilibrium, unit root, co-integration, causality, trade policy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 6-15 Volume:8 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/154/110 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/154 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:1:p:6-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jack Lum Author-Workplace-Name: Lake Travis High School, USA Title: Breaking Cyclical Poverty: An Examination of Microlending’s Effects and Return on Investment Abstract: Since the beginning of civilization, poverty has been an issue. It has sparked revolutions and brought down great empires. Most recent, credible estimates state that roughly over 3 billion people in the world live at or below the poverty line of $2.50 a day. This reality can be traced to various factors- war, social inequality, national debt, etc- and makes poverty one of the most pressing issues society faces. To address the former, many efforts have been made including microlending. In this paper, microlending and its effects will be analyzed in depth to determine whether it is viable and how its consequences impact cyclical poverty. Classification-JEL: F21, F34, F35 Keywords: Foreign Investment, International Capital Movement, Rate of Return, International Lending, Foreign Aid, Poverty Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-5 Volume:8 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/150/108 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/150 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:8:y:2019:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shahid Manzoor Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, City Campus, University of Lahore Author-Name: Amir Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab Title: Linkages between Food Security and Human Well Bing in South Asia: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: A specific amount of food and safe drinking water are basic necessities of living human-beings. The study analysis the impact of agriculture, inflation, food import and food export on food production index for four South Asian countries, namely; Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. For statistical analysis, data used from 1990 to 2014 and data are collected from the World Bank data base, namely; World development indicator (WDI). Levin Lin Chu unit root test is used for exploring the stationary of the variables of the model. The result shows that inflation and food import have positive and significant relation with food production index in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The result shows that food export has a negative and insignificant relationship with the food production index in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lank. Agriculture has negative and insignificant relation to food production index. Government should adopt the agriculture policies to increase the production of food. The success in ensuring food security, or the lack of it, was conditioned by macro-economic developments as much as specific policies and programs addressed to resolve this problem. Macroeconomic policies in the countries in this region were pursued in the context of progressive liberalization, rather than de-bureaucratization, careful sequencing of reforms (starting from the industrial and financial sector reforms), and concern for stable price levels (i.e., curbing excessive inflation). This distinguished the growth experience of this region from that in the developing countries of Africa and Latin America. Classification-JEL: E01, E31, Q18 Keywords: food insecurity, agriculture output, inflation, imports, exports Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 197-207 Volume:7 Issue: 4 Year: 2018 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/162/118 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/162 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:4:p:197-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name: School of Accountancy and Finance, City Campus, University of Lahore. Author-Name: Muhammad Zahid Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Title: The Role of Commercial Banks in Determining the Industrial Productivity in Pakistan:A Time Series Analysis Abstract: Industrial productivity is an important source of overall industrial growth. This paper has examined the role of commercial banks in determining the industrial productivity in the case of Pakistan. Partial productivity or total factor Productivity will be taken as a dependent variable and the impact of credit disbursed to industrial sector will be examined along with other institutional credits are selected as independent variables. Time series data from 1972-2015 has been obtained from Pakistan Economic Surveys and World Development Indicator to observe the long- run relationship among the variables. ADF has been applied for checking the stationary status of the data series. Diagnostic tests have been applied to examine the validity of the results. The estimated results show that commercial bank credit and labor force participation rate have a positive and significant impact on industrial productivity in the case of Pakistan. Income per capita has a negative and significant impact on industrial productivity in the case of Pakistan. So, if the government of Pakistan wants to enhance industrial productivity, it has to provide credit with skill labor force to its industrial sector. Classification-JEL: O14, J01, E51 Keywords: industrial production, labor force, income per capita, credit Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 185-196 Volume:7 Issue: 4 Year: 2018 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/161/117 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/161 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:4:p:185-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Younas Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad Author-Name: Muhammad Arshad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, COMSATS University, Islamabad Title: Macroeconomic Impacts of External Shocks on Economy:Recursive Vector Autoregressive (RVAR) Analysis Abstract: This study examines the short run analysis of external shocks impact on Pakistan’s economy. We applied the Recursive Vector Autoregressive (RVAR) methodology using the monthly data over the period 2001M1 to 2016M12. We examine impact of external shocks like oil price shocks and foreign interest rate shocks on the macro variables of Pakistan economy. These macro variables include inflation rate, output, interest rate, money supply and real effective exchange rate. We also analyze the transmission channels of these external shocks on domestic economy. Then we applied impulse response function on both external shocks (oil price and foreign interest rate). These impulse response functions concluded that oil price shocks have inflationary pressure on Pakistan economy while foreign interest rate shocks have minor impact on Pakistani macroeconomic variables except real effective exchange rate. According to impulse response function analysis, when oil price shock arises inflation immediately increases while the foreign interest rate shocks have no serious effects on domestic macroeconomic variables. However, the changes in foreign rate of interest have effect on real effective exchange rate. On the basis of generalized impulse response function, our findings are supported by generalized forecast error variance decompositions analysis. This decomposition analysis clearly supporting the impulse response functions that revealed that oil price shocks have inflationary impact on Pakistan economy while foreign interest rate changes have minor impact on domestic variables. However, real effective exchange rate is majorly affected by foreign interest rate. In sum up, these external shocks are strengthening the stagflation in Pakistan. Policy makers should make viable policy to cope this problem and take into account these shocks during policy making. To minimize the Oil price shocks inflationary pressures on the economy, we should focus on alternative renewable sources of energy sector like solar plant. Classification-JEL: D16, E3, E43 Keywords: External shocks, oil price and foreign interest rate shocks, Recursive, GRIFs, GFEVDs Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 169-184 Volume:7 Issue: 4 Year: 2018 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/160/116 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/160 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:4:p:169-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonia Liaqat Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Chani Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Vehari -Pakistan Title: The Impact of Exports Diversification on Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: The paper explores the impact of export diversification on the economic growth in Pakistan. Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test Bound F test results, estimated long run coefficients and ARDL short run Error Correction Model (ECM-ARDL) results applied for the empirical estimation of the study. Gross domestic product per capita, export diversification, is stationary at first difference and real effective exchange rate and population density are stationary at level. Export, real effective exchange rate and population density positively effect on economic growth. Human capital formation is negatively affected on economic growth. The bound testing approach to Co integration is used during 1980 to 2015. This test suggests that in long run series of interest are linked together. In the mid of year equilibrium is fairly fast and restored. Government should increase discoveries because about foreign demand would lead to imitation and therefore increased local production for exports and higher growth. Government should therefore intervene by creating the right incentives for investment. Classification-JEL: F1, O4 Keywords: exports, economic growth, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 156-168 Volume:7 Issue: 4 Year: 2018 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/159/115 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/159 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:4:p:156-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zahid Pervaiz Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: A. R. Chaudhary Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Title: Status of Human Development in Punjab (Pakistan) Abstract: Present study investigates the current status of human development and human development disparities across the districts of Punjab. We have calculated Education Index (EI), Health index (HI), Income Index (INI), Human Development Index (HDI) and Non-Income Human Development Index (NIHDI) for thirty-five districts of Punjab. One district Chiniot is excluded from our analysis due to some data constraints. Districts have been ranked on the basis of their values of EI, HI, INI, HDI and NIHDI. The results of our study indicate that huge human development disparities exist in terms of EI, HI, INI, HDI and NIHDI among the districts of Punjab. Some districts like Rawalpindi and Lahore have high human development status with high HDI and NIHDI values whereas some districts like Bahawalpur and Rajanpur are lagging behind in human development with low HDI and NIHDI values. Comparison of income index (INI) and NIHDI reveals that some districts like Narowal and Gujranwala have performed well in terms of NIHDI than INI. Similarly, some other districts like Dera Gazi Khan, Muzaffar Garh and Rahim Yar Khan have performed better in terms of INI than their performance in NIHDI. The existing human development disparities among districts need to be reduced through effective public policy because such disparities can create a severe type of rivalry and distrust among the regions which can be harmful for social cohesion. The districts with poor human development especially the districts in the West and the South regions of Punjab are identified as target for special policy interventions. Classification-JEL: O15, O16 Keywords: Human Development, Human Development Disparities, Punjab, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 138-155 Volume:7 Issue: 4 Year: 2018 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/158/114 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/158 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:4:p:138-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Younas Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad Author-Name: Rashid Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, COMSATS University, Islamabad Title: Examining the Efficiency of American Stock Exchange NASDAQ: An empirical analysis of the Market Efficiency Hypothesis Abstract: This research paper is examining the efficiency of the NASDAQ Stock Market via applying the financial economics model Market Efficiency Hypothesis. The study is covering the latest weekly dataset of NASDAQ Stock Market and testing its efficiency after the global financial crisis to date. Our data set consists of the period of Dec 2009 to Dec 2017, and it is retrieved from the Yahoo finance portal. We applied two econometrics techniques to check that whether the stock exchange index is following random walk hypothesis or not. These techniques include autocorrelation test and Runs test. The empirical analysis of our study postulating that the NASDAQ Stock Market of America is not following the random walk hypothesis and investors can achieve the abnormal returns via predicting the future trends based on the previous stock movements. Classification-JEL: H54, D61 Keywords: NASDAQ Stock Market, Random Walk Hypothesis, Market Efficiency Hypothesis, Runs test Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 132-137 Volume:7 Issue: 3 Year: 2018 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/167/123 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/167 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:3:p:132-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayesha Siddiqa Author-Workplace-Name: Pakpattan Campus, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tariq Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Pakpattan Campus, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Author-Workplace-Name: Pakpattan Campus, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: M. Imran Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Pakpattan Campus, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Globalization on Unemployment and Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis for Developing Countries Abstract: Globalization is a debated issue that is still considered a complex process. This eventually raises the argument that globalization creates a multiplier effect, whether its phenomenon brings a positive or negative impact. The purpose of this study to scrutinize the impact of globalization on unemployment and economic growth of developing countries. For this purpose, the impact of globalization on unemployment and economic growth is investigated the period of 2003-2013. Fixed Effect and Driscoll and Kraay analysis were performed using panel data regression to identify the impact that occurs between the independent variables and the dependent. From the results of the panel data regression, it is known that the economic and political globalization has significant impact on the reduction of unemployment. Meanwhile, the variable of social globalization showed a positive influence. In contrast, the variables of economic, social and political globalization have a significantly positive influence on economic growth. Globalization provided the roadmap for trade within countries which is helpful for minimizing unemployment and impressive growth rate. Consequently, we recommend that government should originate such policy that assists the economy to be globalized. Classification-JEL: F6, E24 Keywords: Economic Globalization, Social Globalization, Political Globalization, Unemployment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 122-131 Volume:7 Issue: 3 Year: 2018 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/166/122 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/166 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:3:p:122-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chan Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: Women Campus, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Adeela Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Multan Campus, Pakistan. Title: Globalization and Wage Differential in the case of Pakistan Abstract: This paper has examined that the relationship of the wage differential and globalization in the case of Pakistan. The wage differential and globalization and rural urban population are the selected variables to check the impact of globalization on the wage differential. The Augmented Dickey Fuller test and unit root test is used for analytical the stationarity of the variables. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used to scrutinizing the co-integration among the variables of the model. The results of the model show that the globalization has a positive or significant relationship with the wage differential, the estimated results show that the rural population is positive or significant results. The urban population creates a negative or significant result of this model. The wage structure over the period of time has calculated. Classification-JEL: J31, P23 Keywords: wage differential, population, economic globalization Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 110-121 Volume:7 Issue: 3 Year: 2018 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/165/121 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/165 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:3:p:110-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asif Sajid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore City Campus, Pakistan Title: Inclusive Growth and Macroeconomic Situations in South Asia: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: Inclusive growth is the main target of development economics, although developing countries have accelerated their overall economic growth but with less inclusiveness. This article has observed the impact of macroeconomic situation on inclusive growth in South Asia (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh) over the period of 1991 to 2014. This article has used panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), the unit root issue of the variables is checked with the help of Levin, Lin & Chu t*, ADF - Fisher Chi-square, Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat and PP-Fisher Chi-square unit root tests. The results of the study show that per capita income and level of education are reducing inclusiveness in South Asia. The study points out that macroeconomic situations, population growth and female labor force are promoting inclusive growth. The study recommends that for higher inclusive growth, South Asian countries would enhance level education, per capita income, female share in labor markets and control population growth with stable macroeconomic situations. Classification-JEL: F62, Q56, H75 Keywords: macroeconomic situations, population growth, education Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 97-109 Volume:7 Issue: 3 Year: 2018 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/164/120 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/164 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:3:p:97-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jack Lum Author-Workplace-Name: Lake Travis High School, USA. Title: Approximating the Marginal Revenue Maximizing Point: A Brief Analysis Employing the Laffer Curve Abstract: For centuries governments across the world have taxed their people. Different rates are used; however, the ultimate goal is to generate the most revenue. This goal has led governments to raise taxes, as theoretically the higher the tax, the more revenue collected. This was proven to be true only to a certain extent by Arthur Laffer in 1970s. In this paper, I will discuss from an economic standpoint why- regardless of political ideology- taxes rates should not exceed 33 percent. Classification-JEL: H21 Keywords: taxation, Laffer curve, optimal taxation, tax efficiency Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 94-96 Volume:7 Issue: 3 Year: 2018 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/163/119 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/163 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:3:p:94-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chan Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: Women Campus, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Author-Workplace-Name: Pakpattan Campus, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Credit Facilitation on Economic Misery in Case of Pakistan Abstract: In this study, we examine the impact of credit facilitation on economic misery in case of Pakistan over the period 1973-2013. Credit facilitation, foreign direct investment, domestic savings, domestic credit, workers remittances and population density are selected variables for empirical analysis. This employed different econometric techniques and tests like ADF and PP unit root test to estimate the stationary of the variables of the model. The ARDL bound testing approach is used to examine the co-integration among the variables of the model. The results of the study show that FDI has a positive and significant on economic misery. Worker remittances have a significant and positive relationship with economic misery in case of Pakistan. Domestic saving has a positive, but an insignificant impact on economic misery. Domestic credit to the private sector has a significant, but negative relation with economic misery. Classification-JEL: E51, E24, E31 Keywords: credit facilitation, economic misery Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 81-93 Volume:7 Issue: 2 Year: 2018 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/177/133 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/177 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:2:p:81-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabia Liaqat Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Iram Shehzadi Author-Workplace-Name: Govt. Degree College for Women, Gujranwala, Pakistan Title: Institutions and Economic Growth Nexus: A Cross Country Analysis Abstract: Differences in economic growth among countries are likely to arise because of differences in capacity of regulatory institutions. It is believed that good quality institutions lead towards higher economic growth. This study is designed to investigate the impact of institutional quality on economic growth for 50 developing and developed countries over 1996-2013, using OLS and 2SLS methods. The major determinants of growth include institutions along with physical capital, human capital and inflation. The results obtained revealed that institutions have significant and positive influence on economic growth for the whole sample. The results are highly significant for developed countries. In developing countries human capital and a reduction in corruption are the most powerful institutional measures for boosting growth. This study recommends that governments of developing and developed countries should focus on development of quality institutions. Classification-JEL: E02, F43 Keywords: Institutions, Economic growth, 2SLS, Developed and Developing countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 72-80 Volume:7 Issue: 2 Year: 2018 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/176/132 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/176 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:2:p:72-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adeela Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Multan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Chani Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vaheri, Pakistan Title: Remittances, Foreign Debt and Economic Growth: A Cross Country Analysis Abstract: Remittances are the part of migrant workers and essentially cash exchange who earned by abroad and send their families. Worker remittances are an important part of international capital flows. The volume of remittances increments in developing countries day by day and season via season. Remittances are the backbone for the developing countries. Foreign debt is also an important for economic growth, especially for developing countries. Developing countries can increase their economic growth by using foreign debt in an efficient way. We have used annual data from the period of 2014 cross section of about 217 countries, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, Bangladesh, Iraq and China. Results show that there is a positive and significant effect of foreign debt and remittances on economic growth. Classification-JEL: F24, F34, F43 Keywords: remittances, foreign debt, economic growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 59-71 Volume:7 Issue: 2 Year: 2018 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/175/131 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/175 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:2:p:59-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iram Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Socio-Economic Well-Being and Women Status in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: This study has analyzed the effect of socioeconomic well-being on women’s status in case of Pakistan. To overview the women’s status in case of Pakistan, a comprehensive index is constructed by using social, economic and political status of women. This study follows the methodology of United Nations Development Program (UNDP) gender inequality index. Globalization, financial development, economic deprivation, secondary school enrollment and human development index have some selected explanatory variables, whereas gender inequality index (women’s status) is dependent variable. The data has been used from the period of 1980 to 2014. Following the properties, differentiation of the data, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Philips-Perron (PP) and Dickey-Fuller Generalized Least Squares (DF-GLS) unit root tests have been applied to check the stationarity of the variables. All variables have different order of integration, which support for Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) for observing the co-integration between the variables of the model. VECM model is used for short-run relationship of the variables. The findings of this study approve the presence of co-integration among the selected variables of the model. The results of the study illustrate that globalization has significant and negative long run relationship with women’s status. This explains that by increasing the globalization the level of women’s status is falling in Pakistan. The long run results reveal that economic deprivation is negatively related to gender inequality index which shows that by rising economic deprivation women’s status also rise in Pakistan. The secondary school enrollment and human development index have a positive relation to the women’s status, it explains by educating society and by increasing the human development the women’s status can be improved. Economic deprivation has a significant and negative relationship with gender inequality index in Pakistan. This reveals that when level of economic deprivation decreases, more women join the labor force and this increase the overall women’s status in case of Pakistan. The financial development has negative and insignificant relation to the gender inequality index. The study suggests that for attaining the desired level of women’s status, Pakistan should improve its socioeconomic structure. Classification-JEL: D63, A14 Keywords: gender inequality, socioeconomic well-being, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 46-58 Volume:7 Issue: 2 Year: 2018 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/174/130 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/174 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:2:p:46-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shoubin Qi Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China Author-Name: Junwen Feng Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China Title: A Revised Minimum Spanning Table Method for Expanding Competence Sets Abstract: This paper proposes a revised table-based method to facilitate developing a computer code. A computer program, called TBM, based on the revised algorithm, was developed to solve the large-scale problems of expanding competence sets. A numerical example is given, and some possible future research topics on the related theme are discussed. Classification-JEL: D85 Keywords: Competence Set Expansion, Habitual Domains, Spanning Table Method Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 40-45 Volume:7 Issue: 2 Year: 2018 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/173/129 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/173 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:2:p:40-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Pakistan Author-Name: Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name: AZM University Business Faculty, Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne Universite Paris 1; Paris-France Title: Macroeconomic Environment and Taxes Revenues in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Approach Abstract: Taxation intends to raise the necessary funds for government expenditures, redistribution of income and stabilization of the economy, influence the allocation of resources and to overcome the externalities. Taxation is also supportive of the process of stable economic growth. This study has examined the impact of macroeconomic situations on tax revenues in the case of Pakistan over the period of 1975 to 2016. The study has very interesting results as unemployment has a positive and significant impact on tax revenues. There is a positive and significant relationship between money supply tax revenues. Inflation has negative and significant relation with tax revenues in the case of Pakistan. The study shows that Pakistan needs a sound macroeconomic environment for enhancing tax revenues. A country with stable macroeconomic situations would create greater opportunities for investment and more jobs are created. This would further enhance purchasing power on the part of consumers and bearing taxes burden become easy for them. Moreover, there is a dire need of tax education to the masses. Classification-JEL: H2, E31, E24 Keywords: taxes, inflation, unemployment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 30-39 Volume:7 Issue: 1 Year: 2018 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/172/128 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/172 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:1:p:30-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sivakumar. K. Author-Workplace-Name: Bharathiar University-Coimbatore-Tamilnadu-India; Oxford Engineering College-Tiruchirappalli-Tamilnadu- India Author-Name: Lourthuraj. S. A Author-Workplace-Name: Bharathiar University-Coimbatore-Tamilnadu-India; Oxford Engineering College-Tiruchirappalli-Tamilnadu- India Title: A Synthesis of Organizational Diagnosis and Knowledge Management Practices-An Exploratory stud Abstract: This study synthesis the two fields organizational diagnosis and knowledge management practices concepts that have grown significantly in the academic and business worlds, especially in the current (Beer & Spector, 1993; Cummings & Worley, 1993; Rothwell & Sredl, 1992). One of these strategies, organizational diagnosis, involves diagnosing, or assessing, an organizations global context. Knowledge management has taken a lead role in organizations which are competitive. Many organization development (OD) strategies exist for improving an organizations effectiveness current level of functioning in order to design appropriate change interventions. The concept of diagnosis in organization development is used in a manner similar to the medical model. Here the present study has accounted to a sample of 677 for the study which comprises of Executives, Managers / Officers and Engineers at BHEL a public limited company using stratified simple random sampling. The dimension of organizational diagnosis relationship has no significant very low positive relationship (r=.023, p>.01) with knowledge management practices and organizational diagnosis has a significant high positive relationship (r=.813, p<.01) with knowledge management practices of the employees. There was a statistical significant relationship between knowledge management practices and organizational diagnosis. Hence null hypotheses H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. Organizational diagnosis can be a precaution measure in building the business and to be competitive in the global business. Classification-JEL: D8, L00 Keywords: Knowledge Management Practices (KMPP, Organizational Diagnosis (ODS), Exploratory, Integration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 22-29 Volume:7 Issue: 1 Year: 2018 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/171/127 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/171 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:1:p:22-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hamid Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics & Agri. Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Kaleem Ullah Author-Workplace-Name:Federal Urdu University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Tariq Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name:Federal Urdu University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Human Capital and Economic Growth Nexus in Pakistan: The Role of Foreign Aid Abstract: Human capital is one of the major factor that increase the level of output and accelerate the economic growth. The efficient human capital stock is mandatory for economic and human development. This paper examined the role of foreign aid in enhancing the quality of human capital in Pakistan for 1980-2016, using Johansen co-integration and granger causality approaches. The findings of Johansen co-integration express the long run nexus between human capital, foreign aid, economic growth, and human development index. The empirical results exposed one-way causality from human capital and economic growth to foreign aid, and the existence of two-way causal relationship among human capital and HDI. Classification-JEL: E24, O4, F35 Keywords: Human Capital, Economic growth, Foreign Aid, Johansen co-integration test, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 13-21 Volume:7 Issue: 1 Year: 2018 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/170/126 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/170 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:1:p:13-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Yasir Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Liaoning Technical University, China Author-Name: Muhamad Usman Islam Author-Workplace-Name: University of Management and technology, Pakistan Author-Name: Khurram Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name:The University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: Perceptual Mapping of Cellular Phone: Analysis using Multidimensional Scaling Abstract: Due to availability of social media and advanced communication, now customers has become more affluence and selected about companies, brands, products and services. There are huge competitions among companies, therefore they are producing wide variety of products, in order to meet the needs of buyers. This situation also leads companies to launch very influential marketing plan and strategies. In this scenario, it is better for companies to know about their positioning and what is the image of their products in the market. Perceptual mapping via multidimensional scaling is an important tool to know about perceptions of customers and positioning of product. The aim of this research is to determine students’ preference and perceptual mapping related to smart phones. Classification-JEL: L82, L80 Keywords: social media, multidimensional scaling Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 6-12 Volume:7 Issue: 1 Year: 2018 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/169/125 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/169 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:1:p:6-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nabila Saddaf Author-Workplace-Name: FUUAST School of Economic Sciences,Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Shamiala Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: FUUAST School of Economic Sciences,Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: An Ascertainment of Multidimensional Poverty among Households: Evidence from Attock District Abstract: Dynamics of poverty remain a debatable area over the history of developing economics and recently have been acknowledged as a multidimensional socio-economic phenomenon. In a developing country like Pakistan, a good number of people are dispossessed of their fundamental privileges i.e. health, education, employment, besides other housing services. It generates and maintains the poverty problem. The present research endeavors, based on primary data collected through a comprehensive questionnaire from randomly selected set of 120 households in the Attock district of the Punjab province. A modified FGT indexing approach was used to evaluate the frequency, severity and depth of multidimensional poverty, through using the dual cut off approach for the documentation of poor. The results expose the considerable disparities in the magnitude of income, poverty and multidimensional poverty along with significant variation over the rural & urban regions at sub-group and overall levels. Classification-JEL: H24, J32 Keywords: income, multidimensional poverty Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-5 Volume:7 Issue: 1 Year: 2018 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/168/124 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/168 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:7:y:2018:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Rabia Liaqat Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Kaleem Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Impact of Terrorism on Investment: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: Terrorism destabilizes and demoralizes the nation, it also breeds depression and frustration in an economy. It is badly affecting factor of economic growth and development of Pakistan. In this study, we have tried to find out the impact of terrorism on domestic investment as well as foreign direct investment in Pakistan for the time frame of 1980-2015. The autoregressive distributed lag bound testing co-integration approach is used to examine the long run relationship. The results show that there is a long run relationship between terrorism and investment. The empirics also expose a negative effect of terrorism on both domestic and foreign investments while human capital and trade are playing a vital role to enhance the level of investment. The study suggests that the government should force all the people to leave the country who are illegally present. The need is to take steps to stop the illegal flow of arms and money into the country from abroad. It is the moral responsibility of all the secret agencies of Pakistan and media should work in the coordination with one another and try their utmost to detect and identify the terrorists. Classification-JEL: C1, P33, O50 Keywords: Terrorism, Investment, ARDL Bounds Testing, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 195-199 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Year: 2017 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/199/155 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/199 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:4:p:195-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Farhan Asif Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Umme-Kulsoom Mirza Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmed Hussain Khan Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Asif Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sofia Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahbaz Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Job Satisfaction: Antecedent and Consequences Abstract: The objective of this research is to explore antecedents and consequences of job satisfaction. Thisstudyexplain the antecedents of job satisfaction (Employees age, Employees’ salaries, Absence of promotion prospects, Poor awareness of professional image, Professional experience, Area of expertise, hours of work, Location of work, Transformational Leadership, Supervisory Support, Job dangerousness, Role conflict, Level of fairness, Working environment, Promotion, Job Security, Relationship with co-worker, Relationship with supervisor, Self-esteem, Generalized self-efficacy, Emotional stability, Internal locus of control, Job flexibility, Reward and cost values, Co-worker participation, Supervisory support, Innovative, Supportive culture, Leadership style, Education, Participate Management Style, Supervisory Communication Participative Planning Process, Leadership Behavior, Ethical Climate, Perceptions, Manipulate the Employees Perceived performance ratings, Personal bias, Punish subordinates, Perceived Job Mobility, Current perspectives, Learning Organizational Culture, Individual determinants, Structural determinants, Stress, Routinization, Cynicism and Motivation factor) and its effects (Financial Indicators, Job Performance, Job Turnover and Absenteeism). Articles from different journals have been used for the review. Classification-JEL:J28, O33 Keywords: Job satisfaction, Consequences Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 185-194 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Year: 2017 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/198/154 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/198 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:4:p:185-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benish Naseem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan Title: The Impact of Demand Management Policies On Domestic and Foreign Direct Investment in Case of Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis Abstract: This study has examined the impact of demand management policies on domestic investment and foreign direct investment in case of Pakistan over the period of 1980-2015. ADF unit root test is used for examining the stationarity of the variables. Auto-regressive distributive lag approach (ARDL) is used for co-integration among the variables of the models. The results of the study show that there exists long run relationship among the variables. The results highlights that fiscal deficit has positive and significant impact on domestic as well as foreign direct investment in Pakistan. While inflation rate is putting inverse impact on foreign direct investment. The results show that interest rate has negative and significant impact on both domestic and foreign direct investment in case of Pakistan. Broad money growth positively and significantly impacts FDI and DI. Real effective exchange rate shows negative effect on both domestic and foreign direct investment. Trade openness shows positive effect on domestic investment. The findings of the study recommended that government should not waste its revenue in order to meet nonproductive expenditures. Rather government should utilize its revenue for productive purposes. This will be helpful in increasing our domestic investment. If people prefer to increase investment in their own countries the investment will increase and will eventually lead to increase the level of employment. The government should try to make effective and efficient policy to encourage foreign investors to invest in Pakistan by giving subsidies and ensure the protection of their capital. The monetary policy makers like banks should also look at their policies to control interest rate because it has negative impact on domestic and foreign direct investment. Classification-JEL:H3, E5, F21, G11 Keywords: Demand Management Policies, Domestic Investment, Foreign Direct Investment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 175-184 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Year: 2017 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/197/153 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/197 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:4:p:175-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheraz Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sargodha, Mandi Bahuddin Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Nazish Tehseen Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sargodha, Mandi Bahuddin Campus, Pakistan Title: Macro-Economic Determinants of Fertility Rate: A case study of Pakistan Abstract: The aim of this study is to find out the macro-economic determinants of fertility rate in Pakistan. This study used time series data for assessing the model over the period of 1971 to 2014. The VECM model is used for short run and ARDL technique is utilized to find out long run association between dependent and independent variables. The empirical results of this study argue that for achieving low level of fertility rate, government should increase secondary school enrollment and try to increase life expectancy by introducing new medical reforms and provide advance medical facilities. Fertility rate in Pakistan can also be control by controlling inflation and urbanization rate. The results of the short run also show the convergence in the long run. The statistics shows that inflation rate and urbanization rate is positively related to fertility rate while secondary school enrollment rate and life expectancy at birth rate has negative impact on fertility rate in short run as well as in long run. Classification-JEL:J13, E24, J17 Keywords: Fertility rate, Secondary School Enrollment, Life Expectancy Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 166-174 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Year: 2017 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/196/152 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/196 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:4:p:166-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tayyaba Rafique Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore Author-Name: Salman Tasleem Author-Workplace-Name: University Central of Punjab, Lahore Author-Name: Qandeel Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore Author-Name: Annum Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore Author-Name: Sammer Mumtaz Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore Title: Antecedents and Consequences of Emotional labor : A review Abstract: The purpose of this study is to observe conceptualize emotional labor with antecedents and consequences. As part of service job, Emotional labor means to express emotions while providing services to customers. Its outcome can be beneficial for customers, employees and organizations, that’s why airlines want attendants to smile and act friendly and hospitals want nurses to show concern and compassion towards their clients or customers etc. Emotional labor exists among service providers and customer interaction to provide quality service and to get customer satisfaction. This research describes that emotional labor has major two types, firstly surface acting (faking emotion), secondly deep acting (try to modify inner feelings). First one is not harmful for employees in service job because it is supposed to be in-line with organizational objectives. Second one can be harmful if it is not controlled by employees because it can cause emotional conflicts among employees. Emotional Conflicts mean contradiction between employees’ personal feelings and the feelings which organization desires. But in fact, deep acting is positively related with organizational commitment, job satisfaction, customer satisfaction and job performance. Emotional labor has four dimensions: frequency of appropriate emotional display, frequency of interactions, attentiveness to display rules and variety of emotional expressions & emotional dissonance. These dimensions have their own antecedents and consequences. This study investigates antecedents and consequences of emotional labor in subsequent sections. Classification-JEL:D91, O33 Keywords: Emotional labor, Consequences Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 157-165 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Year: 2017 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/195/151 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/195 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:4:p:157-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafiza Bushra Huma Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering and technology, Lahore Author-Name: Tahir Liaquat Author-Workplace-Name: University of Engineering and technology, Lahore Title: Impact of Career Salience on the Employee Turnover with the Mediating role of Work Place Deviance: A study on Telecommunication sector of Pakistan Abstract: This study impact of career salience on employee turnover with mediating role of workplace deviance in the telecommunication sector of Pakistanhas been done to assess the impact of career salience on the employee turnover rate along with a mediator Workplace Deviance. The reason behind conducting this study was to check the direct relationship between Career Salience (Independent variable) and Employee Turnover (Dependent Variable) through a mediator Workplace Deviance. The methodology used for the research information was convenience sampling because of the time and cost constraints. A structured questionnaire was used and floated among different franchises of the telecommunication sector located in Lahore, Pakistan including (Mobilink, Warid, Ufone& Telenor). Data were analyzed using SPSS on actual sample of 101 employees.The study found that the independent variable (Career Salience) has significant impact on the dependant variable (Employee turnover) and also The Mediator has partial impact on relationship between the dependent and independent variable. Classification-JEL: J54, J81 Keywords: Career Salience, Employee Turnover, Work Place Deviance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 148-157 Volume:6 Issue: 3 Year: 2017 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/193/150 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/193 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:3:p:148-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Durdana Qaiser Gillani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Author-Name: Toseef Azid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Finance and Economics, College of Business and Economics, Qasim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Title: The informal Employment in Southern Punjab: An Empirical Evidence Abstract: A household survey is conducted in the three divisions of Southern Punjab, Pakistan in order to examine employment patterns in the formal and informal sectors. The present study aims to examine competing views of informal sector employment in Southern Punjab. The result indicates that some human capital and socio-economic variables play substantial role in determining the participation decision of workers in the informal sector. Classification-JEL: E26, F43 Keywords: Informal Sector Employment; Labour Market and Growth and Development Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 141-147 Volume:6 Issue: 3 Year: 2017 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/192/149 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/192 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:3:p:141-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Safina Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ahmed Hussain Khan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar,National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mahrow Shaheen Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore, Pakistan Title: Relationship Between Board Size And Firm Performance: Intervening Role Of Policies Abstract: This examination looks at the effect of corporate administration on firm execution of Lahore Stock Exchange Listed Companies. Corporate governance plays an important role in a firm. The study finds the impact of corporate governance on firm performance of LSE by taking the 168 listed companies from Lahore Stock Exchange. In this study board size is used as independent variable, board’s policies as mediator’s variables whereas firm performance has been taken as dependent variable. To measure the firm performance Return on assests (ROA) is used. The data used in this study has been taken from the Lahore Stock Exchange 168 listed Companies of all the independent and dependent variables. The methodology that is used for this research is to test the impact of board size on firms performance is measured by the model of Regression analysis. Our findings indicate that impact of board size on firm performance of LSE listed companies is significant. Classification-JEL: G34, M12 Keywords: Corporate Governance, Board Size, Board Policies, Firm execution and Regression Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 130-140 Volume:6 Issue: 3 Year: 2017 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/191/148 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/191 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:3:p:130-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nazish Tehseen Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sargodha, Mandi Bahuddin Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Sheraz Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sargodha, Mandi Bahuddin Campus, Pakistan Title: Fuel Demand Elasticities for Energy and Environmental Policies: Evidence from Household Data in Pakistan Abstract: Energy can be considered as condition for both financial growth and a higher set of living. Due to increase in demand of electricity Pakistan is facing many problems of energy. An incorporated plan is required to enhance the efficiency of energy. This study has investigated the most thoughtful economic problem of this era. Today electricity and gas have a great impact on economic life of any person. No one can deny the importance of these natural resources. I have tried my best to find out the weaknesses in these two dimensions and want to highlight the lack of interest of our government in the welfare of humans according to these resources. A middle income person always used the low appliances in their household budget. But our elite class always uses a big part of these resources in their luxuries and in hustle bustle of life. The analysis is based on the cross sectional data for about 16341 households covering the period 2010-2011. Ordinary Least Square and Tobit is used for electricity demand function estimation. From this research I have concluded that prices play a significant role in these resources of demand, but income shows insignificant effect. Classification-JEL: O13, D10 Keywords: energy, household, OLS Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 117-129 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Year: 2017 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/190/147 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/190 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:3:p:117-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Romana Ansar Author-Workplace-Name: Punjab Group of Colleges, Bhara Kahu Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Mustasim Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sajid Yaqoob Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Impact of FDI on Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: This study investigates the nexus between foreign direct investment and economic growth for Pakistan for 1980-2016. Using autoregressive distributed lag bounds co-integration and granger causality test. The results of ARDL bounds test shows the existence of co-integration between economic growth, FDI, trade, physical capital and human capital. The results indicate the unidirectional causality from economic growth to FDI, to physical capital and to trade. The findings also express the one-way causality from human capital to labour force and physical capital. The bidirectional causality is found between physical capital and FDI, and between physical capital and human capital. The study suggests to adopt such policies that enhance human skills to attract more FDI for economic growth. Classification-JEL: F21, O40 Keywords: FDI, Economic Growth, ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 111-116 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Year: 2017 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/189/146 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/189 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:3:p:111-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leonard T Das Author-Workplace-Name: Eritrea Institute of Technology, Abardae, Eritrea Title: An Econometric Assessment of Performance of Indian Capital Market Abstract: During last two and half decades there has been a paradigm shift in Indian capital market. The applications of technology in the payment and settlement systems have made the Indian capital market comparable with the international capital markets. Now, the market features a developed regulatory mechanism and a modern market infrastructure with growing market capitalization, market liquidity, and mobilisation of resources. However, the market has witnessed its worst time with the recent global financial crisis that originated from the US sub-prime mortgage market and spread over to the entire world as a contagion. The capital market of India registered a sluggish performance. In this context, it is imperative to conduct empirical analysis to study the performance of Indian capital market. It is with this backdrop, this paper attempts to analyse the key market parameters such as market size, market liquidity, market turnover ratio, market volatility, and market efficiency of Indian capital market over a period from 2002 to 2009 so as to assess its performance. The application of time series econometric model provides the evidence of greater volatility and weak form inefficiency of the market. However, the market shows strong potential for greater market size, more liquidity and reasonable market turnover ratio. Classification-JEL: G24, G30 Keywords: capital market, market size, market liquidity, market volatility, market efficiency Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 103-110 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Year: 2017 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/188/145 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/188 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:3:p:103-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khalil Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Govt Civil Lines, Islamia College, Lahore, Pakistan & National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lahore, Pakpatan Campus, Pakistan & National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Chani Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan Title: Impact of Exchange Rate on Exports in Case of Pakistan Abstract: Export of a country is one of the main factors indicating economics health of a country. This study examines the impact of exchange rate on exports in case of Pakistan by using annual time series data over the period from 1970 to 2015. Secondary data is taken from International monetary fund (IMF) and World bank (WDI). Study use Augmented Dicky-Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) to check the stationary of the data. The study use Auto Regressive Distributive lag (ARDL) to check the relationship between the variables which are under consideration. Results of the study show that exchange rate have negative but insignificant impact on exports of Pakistan while World’s income have positive and significant effect to exports. Classification-JEL: F10, F30 Keywords: exchange rate, exports, world income, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 98-102 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/187/144 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/187 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:2:p:98-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qurat-ul-Ain Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), DHA Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Usman Ilyas Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), DHA Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sehrish Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), DHA Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Fareeha Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan Title: Tourism Towards Economic Growth of Pakistan Abstract: Tourism is a multidimensional, multicultural, and multi-trillion industries that has strong impact on the economy in term of creating jobs opportunities, boosting service sector, contributing in National Income, and enhancing brand image of the country. Most of the countries in Europe, Middle East, Asia, and American rely on tourism like UK, UAE, Thailand, France, etc. However, In Pakistan, despite of having promising potential our tourism industry is in dismal due to administrative and strategic lacking ness. In this paper, efforts are made to diagnose the causes of crawling growth of tourism industry on empirical grounds and suggest the strategies for its improvement by optimum utilization of natural, historical, and cultural resources. Classification-JEL: N1, E01 Keywords: Growth, Strategies, Utilizations, Profit, GDP Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 92-97 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/186/143 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/186 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:2:p:92-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zahid Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shama Arzu Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Vehari, Pakistan Title: The Role of Remittances on Human Development: Evidence from Developing Countries Abstract: Remittances are the part of migrant workers and essentially cash exchanges earned abroad and sent to their families. Worker remittances are an important part of international capital flows. The volume of remittances increments in developing countries day by day and season through season. Remittances are the backbone for the developing economies. We have used annual cross section data from the period of 2014 of 100 developing countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, Bangladesh, Iraq and China. Results show that there is a positive and insignificant relationship between remittances and human development in each of the selected developing countries. Classification-JEL: F24, J24 Keywords: remittances, human development, developing countries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 74-91 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/185/142 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/185 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:2:p:74-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Impact of Financial Development and Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of financial development, energy consumption, trade and economic growth on CO2 emissions in Pakistan over the period of 1980 to 2015. We have used augmented dickey fuller (ADF) unit root test and auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing co-integration approach. The results of ARDL bound F-stat indicate that there is a long run relationship between CO2 emissions, capital, trade, energy consumption, financial development and economic growth. The long run empirical findings show that energy consumption, financial development, economic growth and trade are the increasing factors of carbon dioxide emissions. Classification-JEL: G10, Q40, Q50 Keywords: Financial Development, Energy Consumption, Co2 Emissions, ARDL Co-Integration Method Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 68-73 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/184/141 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/184 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:2:p:68-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bassey, Nsikan Edet Author-Workplace-Name: Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Author-Name: Ukpe, Offiong Uma Author-Workplace-Name: Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Author-Name: Solomon, Ubong Udo Author-Workplace-Name: Hutton School of Business, University of the Cumberlands, Williamsburg Title: The Effect of Capital Structure Choice on the Performance of Corporate Organizations: A Case of Quoted Agro-Based Firms in Nigeria Abstract: The study analyzed the effect of capital structure choice on the performance of agro-based firms in Nigeria. Agro-based performance was measured using Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Asset (ROA). Secondary data were collected from 20 quoted firms for the period 2007-2013 and analyzed using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression technique. Data were first examined for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test. Result revealed that all the variables were stationary at levels except Return on equity (ROE), long-term debt (LTD) and Retained earnings (RE) that were later stationary at first difference. The OLS result revealed that the major positive determinants of performance were long-term debt, equity and retained earnings. Among the variables that impacted negatively on agro-based performance were total debts and short-term debts finances. Hence, to enhance agro-based performance, agro financial managers should avoid excessive debt, rather, in attempting to raise debt should employ moderate long-term debt that has long repayment period with less repayment pressure. They should also strive to retain part of their profit while ensuring high use of equity capital as part of their long-term financing decision. Classification-JEL: Q10, Q19 Keywords: Agro-based firms, Performance and capital structure Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 58-67 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Year: 2017 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/183/140 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/183 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:2:p:58-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bassey Nsikan Edet Author-Workplace-Name: Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Author-Name: Solomon Ubong Udo Author-Workplace-Name: Hutton School of Business, University of the Cumberlands, Williamsburg Author-Name: Okon Ubokudom Etim Author-Workplace-Name: Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Title: Modelling the Demand for Money Function in Nigeria: Is There Stability? Abstract: This study adopts the Keyne’s Liquidity Preference and Friedman Restated Hypothetical approaches to formulate appropriate demand for money models in Nigeria. Data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria for the period 1986-2013 were analyzed using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Peron (PP) tests for unit root, Engle-Granger (1987) Co-integration and error correction modeling technique as well as the Chow test of stability. The unit root test result revealed that only real income, real interest rate, Treasury bill rate and inflation rate were stationary at levels while others were stationary at first difference. Result further revealed that while income (Y) enhances the desire to hold money, interest rate (RT) and expected inflation rate (EXINF) impacted negatively on money demand indicating that during inflationary expectation and periods of lower interest rates, asset holders switch out of money assets into real assets. Hence, inflationary expectation and interest rate were vital determinants of asset substitution in Nigeria. Surprisingly, real interest rate and inflation rate fail to significantly explain the variation in demand for money in Nigeria for the study period. Result of the Friedman restated hypothetical model showed that increase in return to other money assets such as Savings deposit, Equity and Treasury bill reduces economic agent’s desire to hold money. The stability test result further revealed that money demand was stable in Nigeria for the sampled period. Accordingly, to enhance money demand, policies that would increase real money income, reduce money banks interest rate and returns on other money bank securities, as well as inflation rate while ensuring macroeconomic stability should be pursued. The study further makes case for the use of interest rate as a tool for monetary stability at the expense of real rate of interest. Classification-JEL: G33, E4 Keywords: Liquidity preference, demand and money Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 45-57 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2017 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/182/138 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/182 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:1:p:45-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allah Ditta Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmad Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Nexus of Economic Misery, Interest rate, Exchange rate and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan Abstract: This study investigates the impact of economic misery, exchange rate and interest rate on foreign direct investment (FDI) in case of Pakistan over the period of 1972- 2013. The time series data for all variables is collected from various issues of Economic Surveys of Pakistan, State bank of Pakistan and WDI. This study has used Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips Perron (PP) unit root tests for stationarity of the variables and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) is used for co-integration among the variables of the model. The results show that there is negative and insignificant impact of economic misery and political instability on FDI in Pakistan. Exchange rate has positive and significant relationship with FDI over the selected time period. Exports have a negative and insignificant impact of FDI. Interest rate and GDP has a positive and significant relationship with FDI in case of Pakistan. Classification-JEL: F31, E4 Keywords: Exchange Rate, Interest Rate and Foreign Direct Investment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 35-44 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2017 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/181/137 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/181 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:1:p:35-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wasi Ul Islam Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Determinants of Low Tax Revenue: A panel Data Analysis Abstract: This study is examined the determinants of tax to GDP ratio and to capture the reasons of consistently low tax to GDP ratio for 27 low and high income countries over 2000-2014. To investigate the relationship, we have employed random effect and Arellano bond model. The empirical results showed that tax to GDP ratio has strong link with trade, capital inflow, tax base, corruption and per capita income. The findings exposed that trade openness, capital inflow and per capita income have the positive and significant impact on tax to GDP ratio. The study also found that tax base is positively related to the tax to GDP ratio, as tax base widened, tax to GDP ratio increases. Classification-JEL: H2, B27 Keywords: Tax to GDP Ratio, Trade Openness, Capital inflow, Arellano-Bond Model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 28-34 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2017 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/180/136 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/180 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:1:p:28-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aramish Altaf Alvi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Arooj Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Domestic Saving Under the Perspective of Interest Rate, unemployment and inflation in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis Abstract: Domestic savings play a pivotal role in the process of economic growth as saving increases the amount of physical capital. Pakistan has issue of low aggregate saving for attaining and maintaining economic growth. This study has examined the impact of interest rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate and worker remittances on domestic savings in Pakistan. For examining the stationarity of the variables Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test is used. Maximum 2 lag are selected by following different lag selection criteria. Autoregressive Distributed Lag model is used for examining the cointegration among the variables of the model. On the basis of estimated results, it is concluded that interest rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate and worker remittances are playing important role in determining domestic savings in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan has been trying to increase overall rate of saving and for this purpose it introduces many schemes. But government is unable to get required results in this concerns because of low incomes, unemployment and improper implementation of the socio-economic policies. This study has tried to contribute in literature as existing literature hardly did this type of exercise. Classification-JEL: E2, E3, E4 Keywords: Domestic saving, Inflation, Unemployment, Remittances, Interest Rate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 15-27 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2017 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/179/135 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/179 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:1:p:15-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nasser Fegh-hi Farahmand Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Title: Organizational Lateral and Diagonal Communication Policy as Linguistic Cooperation Abstract: This paper proposes a relation of organizational lateral and diagonal communication policy by benevolent superintendence and reviews the organizational lateral and diagonal communication planningand performance measurement literature to develop a conceptual model and research propositions. Data drawn from a survey of the organizations in comfort organizations that around few samples of benevolent superintendence engages in organizational lateral and diagonal communication policy. The interview schedule designed to collect data on a number of benevolent superintendence and strategic characteristics in addition to asking about the presence or absence of an organizational lateral and diagonal communication policy and, where appropriate, the time to which the plan applied.Interviews conducted face to face directly within the workplace, training and consultant sessions or indirectly by e-mail or using structured questionnaire. The benevolent superintendence characteristics showing a significant association with a commitment to organizational lateral and diagonal communication policy and organizational lateral and diagonal communication policy showed a positive association with that benevolent superintendence with a growth orientation. It concluded that benevolent superintendence characteristics can be important in explaining and compilation the organizational lateral and diagonal communication policy within the comfort organizations for implementation of organizational lateral and diagonal communication planning. In fact, comfort organizations influence whether or not those organizations engage in organizational lateral and diagonal communication planning. In this field, the focus is on the special characteristics of benevolent superintendence such as education type and level. Classification-JEL: M1, M2 Keywords: Organizational Lateral, Diagonal Communication, Benevolent Superintendence, Comfort Organizations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-14 Volume:6 Issue: 1 Year: 2017 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/178/134 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/178 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:6:y:2017:i:1:p:1-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saba Jameel Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zahid Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Panel Study Abstract: Pakistan is in the race of economic development like other developing countries. The government of Pakistan, like that of other developing countries would invest in human capital at the expense of its economic growth. This issue is more sensitive in nature, which is going to explored through the relationship between human capital and economic growth in case of panel of eleven (11) countries. This investigation is accomplished by using the panel data during the period 1992-2014. The gross domestic product (GDP) as the economic indicator and the investment, net secondary school enrollment, health expenditures, total labor force and life expectancy at birth as the human capital indicator. The panel econometrics tools like Panel Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Pooled OLS test, fixed effect test, redundant variable f-test and Hausman test are applied to investigate such relationship. The results derived by applying these panel econometrics tools show that there is a long term relationship between the real gross domestic product (GDP) and human capital in fixed effect OLS test. Classification-JEL: J24, J17, P33 Keywords: GDP, Human Capital, Life Expectancy, Investment Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 231-248 Volume:5 Issue: 4 Year: 2016 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/263/219 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/263 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:4:p:231-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rubab Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hijaab Zahra Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Domestic Interest Rate on Foreign Direct Investment (A case study of Pakistan) Abstract: This study analyzes the impact of domestic interest rate on FDI (in Pakistan). The present study is designed to estimate the impact of domestic interest rate, Gross domestic product per capita, merchandise exports and unemployment on foreign direct investment. For estimation purpose the study employs different econometric techniques i.e. Augmented Dickey Fuller test (ADF) and Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). Apart from these techniques different diagnostic tests have also been applied on the secondary data ranging from 1972-2013, collected from database of economic survey of Pakistan and World Bank. The results of the study reveal that domestic interest rate, Gross domestic product per capita and unemployment are positively and significantly related with foreign direct investment in Pakistan whereas the foreign direct investment and merchandise are significantly and negatively associated. The study concludes that in order to bag most from foreign direct investment government or policy makers should regulate interest rate at a level which is favorable to attract foreign investors and does not hurt domestic investors at the same time. Classification-JEL: F30, G12, E24 Keywords: FDI, Domestic Interest Rate, Merchandise Exports, Unemployment, Gross Domestic Product Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 220-230 Volume:5 Issue: 4 Year: 2016 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/262/218 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/262 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:4:p:220-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmad Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam, University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Tariq Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam, University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Institutional Governance on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis Abstract: This study is an attempt to analyse the nexus between institutional governance and economic growth for the panel of 91 countries over 1999-2014, using Random Effect Model and System GMM. We have examined the direct impact of governance by index of institutional governance. In addition, our analysis includes complementary role of institutions through the channel of population which is calculated by interaction variable of population and governance index. The results indicate that institutional governance has direct and significant impact on economic growth for selected panel of countries. Moreover, it has also indirect impact on economic growth through the channel of population; as direct impact of population is found to be negative and significant, whereas when institutional governance interacts with the population, sign turns positive and significant. Classification-JEL: F30, F43 Keywords: Institutional Governance, Economic Growth, Random Effect Model, System GMM Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 210-219 Volume:5 Issue: 4 Year: 2016 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/261/217 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/261 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:4:p:210-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sumera Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amajd Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Trade-off between Inflation, Interest and Unemployment Rate of Pakistan: Revisited Abstract: This study analyses the interrelationship of unemployment rate, interest rate and inflation rate in Pakistan over the period from 1974 to 2013. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been employed to find co-integration among variables of the models. Vector Error-Correction model is utilized for analysing short run dynamics of the models. The results do not provide significance trade-off between unemployment rate and inflation rate. Trade off exists in interest rate analysis over short run with inflation rate and unemployment rate. The empirical results show population growth and exchange rate have negative whereas external debt plays a positive role in determining unemployment rate in Pakistan. Money supply is revealed as major cause of inflation while exchange rate and imports have contributed negatively in inflation. The rate of interest has positive impact on domestic credit to private sector whereas it is negatively related to exchange rate. Classification-JEL: E31, J6, E40 Keywords: Inflation Rate, Unemployment Rate, Interest Rate Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 193-209 Volume:5 Issue: 4 Year: 2016 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/260/215 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/260 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:4:p:193-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ufaq Adeel Author-Workplace-Name: Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Government Expenditure on Health Sector of Pakistan Abstract: Health is very important for human being which determines the productivity of individual and leads the country towards targeted economic growth. This paper studies the impact of government expenditure on health sector of Pakistan. Over the period 1990-2012. ARDL technique is used for examining cointegration among variables. The impact of different factors in form of infant mortality rate government expenditure % of GDP, improved sanitation facilities and literacy rate over health sector of Pakistan (crude death rate, crude birth rate) is analysed. The empirical evidence shows that infant mortality rate has a positive relationship with crude death rate whereas improved sanitation facility and government expenditure has negative relationship with crude death rate. Infant mortality rate has a positive relationship with crude birth rate, literacy rate has a negative relationship with crude birth rate and government expenditure has a positive relationship with crude birth rate. These empirical findings suggest that health sector can be improve if the sanitary facilities are improved, better education can reduce infant mortality rate. This could be done if the government expenditure is utilized in an effective and transparent way. Classification-JEL: F43, H50 Keywords: Economic Growth, Government Expenditures, Health Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 177-192 Volume:5 Issue: 4 Year: 2016 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/259/214 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/259 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:4:p:177-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rana Nabeel Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Kahlil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Population on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan Abstract: The study analyzed the effects of population on economic growth in case of Pakistan. In some years the population has a real problem for all over the world. The study examines the impacts of population and the problems due to population increased and its influence on economic growth. We take the time series data with the sample size from 1981 to 2010. The study used the Unit root test of ADF, co integration and Auto-regressive distributed lags test to analyze the results. The study used economic growth as dependent variable and independent variables are population, investment, fertility rate, employment rate and education expenditure. The study concluded that population creates negative impacts on economic growth of Pakistan and create lot of problems adding more in unemployed population of the country. The study suggested that awareness programs about population control can be effective in controlling the increasing population of the country. Moreover, the Government of Pakistan should take some solid steps towards the overpopulation problem to maintain its economic pace. Classification-JEL: F43, P23 Keywords: Economic Growth, Population growth, Investment, Education Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 162-176 Volume:5 Issue: 3 Year: 2016 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/258/213 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/258 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:3:p:162-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fizza Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Modeling Dynamics of Exchange Rates Volatility: A Case of Pakistan from 1980-2010 Abstract: The thesis aims to analyze the exchange rate volatility that exists in Pakistan. What threats does this volatility pose to various macroeconomic variables of the country? This is the main question that is being addressed in this thesis. The study also aims to look at the implications of the various exchange rate regimes followed in the country, upon some of the core variables such as inflation, trade, foreign direct investment etc. Both the official exchange rate and the real effective exchange rates are taken into account to look at the extent to which they get affected by different core variables, and vice versa. The paper also sheds light on the role of the State Bank of Pakistan, in reducing the fluctuations and the annual volatilities in the currency. How autonomous are its operations? How transparent is the State Bank of Pakistan? All such questions are addressed in this thesis. An OLS approach is being used to carry out a time series analysis, and the data is gathered for the 30 years from 1980 to 2010. The data was collected from various databases that were accessible. It is made sure that these sources were authentic and recognized. The findings of the paper mainly focus on the significance of their relation with the official and the real effective exchange rates. The study shows that the real effective exchange rate is more sensitive to current account balance, aid and foreign private investment as compared to the official exchange rate. It can also be seen that inflation and foreign direct investment are closely linked to the exchange rates. Classification-JEL: O24, F31 Keywords: Exchange Rate, Terms of Trade, Balance of Payments Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 144-161 Volume:5 Issue: 3 Year: 2016 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/257/212 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/257 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:3:p:144-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farooq Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Fazal- Ur- Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Government Borrowing on Financial Development (A case study of Pakistan) Abstract: Private sector of any country plays important role in the economic development of the country. It not only provides employment to the people of the country but also goods and services according to the taste of the people. Private investment depends mainly on private borrowing which proves to be the blood for private sector. Private borrowing or credit to private sector is important part of the financial development which measures the financial depth of it. The aim of this paper therefore, is to investigate the impact of government borrowing from central bank and commercial banks on financial development. In this Paper, government borrowing is used as Public domestic debt while credit to private sector (Private borrowing) is used as financial development. Normally, it is frequently observed that when government borrows more from banks, then less amount left for the private borrowing so in this way volume of private investment declines and this is found in this study. There are some other factors which also affected the private borrowing like, taxes, savings and inflation. This study has been done by using time series data of Pakistan from 1972-2015. ARDL Methodology has been used to investigate the relationship of variables. The data resource has been taken from WDI and the reports of state bank of Pakistan as well as different issues of economic survey of Pakistan. Classification-JEL: H74, E22, H63, G02 Keywords: Government Borrowing, Investment, Domestic Debt, Financial Development Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 135-143 Volume:5 Issue: 3 Year: 2016 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/256/211 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/256 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:3:p:135-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business Administration and Economics, (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amun Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zoya Noor Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The role of IMF in Pakistan’s economy Abstract: This study examines The role of IMF in the economy of Pakistan over the period of 1974 to 2013.The results of the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL)model has been used for examining the cointegration among the variables of the model and vector error correction model is used for short run dynamics of the models. ARDL bound testing approach show that there is cointegration among the variables of the model. The long run results show that the coefficient of GDP and political instability have negative and insignificant relationship with government borrowing. There is negative and significant relationship between IMF charges and government borrowing. Exchange rate has positive and significant relationship with government borrowing. Political instability is treated as dummy variable in model. Classification-JEL: P47, H74 Keywords: GDP, Political Instability, Government Borrowing, Dummy Variable Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 126-134 Volume:5 Issue: 3 Year: 2016 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/255/210 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/255 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:3:p:126-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zahid Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shaista Akhlaque Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rakhshanda Ashiq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: External Debt and External Rate of Interest: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan Abstract: External debt is vital source of finance in developing countries and carries potential to play a key role in promoting economic growth. Traditional literature regarding economic growth has emphasised the positive role of debt in process of economic development. It inflows the process of growth by reducing the investment saving gap, transferring the modern technology and increasing productivity. Pakistan lacks financial, human and physical capital, as well as macroeconomic stability. So, it has to depend on foreign assistance / foreign (Planning & Development Department, 2015). The effective policies of foreign debt are very important because it can have positive impact on growth of an economy if effective fiscal, monetary and trade policies are used. However, higher rates of interest charged by major International Development Partners i. e. World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance for Agriculture Development (IFAD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) can reduce the propensity of provided assistance and eventually distort the development action. This paper evaluates the impact of interest rate on external debt in case of Pakistan using Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) approach. To study this relationship, time series data is used from the period of 1972 to 2013. To make this research applicable, External Debt (Ext-D), Interest Payment (Int-P), GDP, Budget Deficit (BD), Exchange Rate (ER) and Debt Services (DS) are taken as variable to evaluate the relationship. Here, Interest Payment data is used as a proxy variable for the actual rate of interest. This study investigates the linkages between External Debt and the interest rate for development projects in Pakistan. This paper also discusses how a government, combined with policies of donor agencies (particularly IMF) effects the development process especially w.r.t. interest rate and servicing etc. Classification-JEL: H60, E4, F63 Keywords: External Debt, Interest Payments, Economic Development, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 116-125 Volume:5 Issue: 3 Year: 2016 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/254/209 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/254 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:3:p:116-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aramish Altaf Alvi Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Author-Name: Uzma Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Title: Textile Industry Crisis in Pakistan Abstract: Pakistan textile industry contributes more than 60 percent to the country’s total exports during 1990’s. However, currently this industry is facing great decline in its growth rate. The major reasons for this decline may be global recession, internal security concerns and the high cost of production due to energy crisis etc. Depreciation of Pakistani rupee that significantly raised the cost of imported inputs, high inflation rate and high cost of financing has serious impact on growth in the textile industry. In-depth study suggests that the Pakistan’s textile industry can be on winning track if government takes serious actions. Furthermore, the government should provide subsidies to the textile industry for purchasing new machinery or enhancing the quality of the existing machinery. It is suggested that with new machinery, the expenditures on (R and D) would be increased for enhancing the productivity of existing machinery. Classification-JEL: O, C01 Keywords: textile industry, exports, crisis, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 109-115 Volume:5 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/253/204 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/253 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:2:p:109-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faisal Aftab Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Bahawalnagar Campus Author-Name: Furrukh Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Bahawalnagar Campus Title: Empirical Existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve Abstract: In this dissertation Environmental Kuznets Curve (ECK) is conjectured to investigate the affiliation among co2 emission per capita, gross domestic product PC, trade openness, number of vehicles and services sector output by using time series data from 1972 to 2014. To explore association among indicators ARDL (a tactic of co-integration) is utilized in the dissertation. By the dint of statistical data study puts two and two together and Sum and substance of results is Environmental Kuznets Curve between Co2 Emission per capita and Gross Domestic Product PC exists. Square of Gross Domestic Product PCone and only device which is environmental friendly and give some relief from the pollution but remaining all stimulus e.g. Trade openness, number of vehicles and services sector also incorporate into smog of the economy. Classification-JEL: Q1, O Keywords: Environmental Kuznets Curve, Co2 Emission, Gross Domestic Product PC, Trade Openness Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 92-108 Volume:5 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/252/203 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/252 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:2:p:92-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arooj Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore College for Women University Author-Name: Ramesha Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore College for Women University Title: The Impact of Vocational Education on Economic Growth of Pakistan Abstract: Vocational training improves productivity and enhances efficiency of labour for better participation in economic development. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of vocational education on economic growth of Pakistan. The study finds the impact of public investment in vocational education and availability of teachers in vocational education. Thisstudyuses timeseriesdatafor empirical analysis. The findings of the study show that there is a positive relationship between vocational education and economic growth. Better vocational education improves the efficiency and productivity of labour force which further enhances economic development .It is suggested that existing vocational education system should be upgraded. The shortage of teachers in technical institutions should be fulfilled and proper training should be provided to teachers. Classification-JEL: A20, J1, O Keywords: vocational education, labor productivity, economic growth, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 83-91 Volume:5 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/251/202 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/251 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:2:p:83-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehboob Ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Agricultural Economics University of Agricultural Faisalabad Author-Name: Muhammad Waqas Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Agri.Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi Author-Name: Ashar Sultan Kayani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Agri.Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi Title: Evaluating the Dilemma of Inflation, Poverty and Unemployment Abstract: The main aim of this study is to investigate the existence of long run relationship among poverty, inflation, and unemployment. For the sake of empirical analysis this study employs ARDL approach to find out long run relationships by using data from 1975-2013 from WDI. The reverse of Human development index (HDI) has been used as a proxy of multidimensional poverty. The index has been constructed on the same lines as the HDI is developed by UNDP with the help of four indicators i.e. life expectancy, infant mortality, per capita income, and mean year schooling. Independent variables are unemployment, inflation, and dependency ratio, and population growth, government expenditures on education, trade openness, and remittances. The empirical results suggested the validation of employing ARDL holds, and the existence of long run relationship between poverty, inflation, and unemployment has been found. The results are suggestive that unemployment and inflation both bring about increase in poverty. Further findings of the study indicate that dependency ratio, remittances, and population growth are also having significant impacts on poverty in the long run. Finally these results are not only valid for the long run but they even held in the short run as well. Classification-JEL:P24, P36, P42 Keywords: Inflation, Multidimensional Poverty, Dependency Ratio, Population Growth, Human Development Index Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 67-82 Volume:5 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/250/201 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/250 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:2:p:67-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Can Sever Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Maryland, Tydings Hall, 4110, College Park, MD, US, 20742. Title: Contagion: Recent Models in International Finance Literature Abstract: Due to intensified economic globalization, cross-country linkages have become the channel through which country-specific shocks may affect financial conditions and macroeconomic variables across borders. Since financial crises of 1990s, crisis propagation has become a contentious issue. Especially after the recent global financial crisis, contagion has attracted considerable attention both from the academia and policymakers. This survey investigates recent model-based approaches on contagion in international finance literature. Classification-JEL: F15, F36, F41, F44, F62, G15, G21 Keywords: Contagion, international financial integration, international business cycles, interdependence, financial crisis, shock transmission Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 59-66 Volume:5 Issue: 2 Year: 2016 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/249/200 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/249 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:2:p:59-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nazia Anjum Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zahid Perviz Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Effect of Trade Openness on Unemployment in Case of Labour and Capital Abundant Countries Abstract: This study examined the impact of trade openness on unemployment in case of capital-abundant and labourabundant countries. Inflation rate, economic growth, population growth and political rights have been used as control variables in our empirical analysis. For this purpose, the study used the data for the period of 1990- 2012 for 75 labour-abundant countries and 44 capital-abundant countries. IPS panel unit root test is used to check the normality and stationarity of the variables of interest and Mean Group and Pooled Mean Group heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques have been used to check the long run relationships among the variables of our study and to find the long run and short run parameters. In case of labour-abundant countries, trade openness has a significantly negative impact on unemployment in the long run. The variables of inflation rate and institutional quality also have negative and significant impact on unemployment. On the other hand, population growth is positively and significantly related with unemployment in the labour-abundant countries. While in case of capital-abundant countries, trade openness has a significantly positive impact on unemployment in the long run. The inflation rate also has negative and significant impact on unemployment. The impact of Population growth on unemployment is positively and significant. The coefficient of institutional quality remains statistically insignificant in case of capital-abundant countries. Classification-JEL: F43, F02, O50 Keywords: Trade openness, unemployment, capital and labor abundant Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 44-58 Volume:5 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/248/208 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/248 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:1:p:44-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Sivakumar Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar / Management / Research & Development / Bharathiar University- Coimbatore - Tamilnadu –India Professor & Head / Management Studies / Oxford Engineering College - Tiruchirappalli –Tamilnadu – India Author-Name: S. A. Lourdhuraj Author-Workplace-Name: Research Supervisor / Management / Research & Development / Bharathiar University- Coimbatore - Tamilnadu –India Associate Professor / Management Studies / Jamal Institute of Management –Tiruchirappalli – Tamilnadu- India Title: The Effect of Performance Management Indicators on Knowledge Management: An Empirical Investigation Abstract: Knowledge Management consists of making sure that the teams and individuals have the know-how they need, to make their task easier and to improve their performance. Knowledge management therefore feeds performance management, and knowledge is also derived from performance. Performance and knowledge management can form a closed loop. As organisations has become increasingly aware that knowledge management is among their most valuable strategic assets, they will be forced to re-evaluate the way in which they engage with the source of that knowledge to underpin their sustainable development. Key indicators that measure the performance of knowledge management integration are needed. They need to measure both effectiveness and efficiency. KM is now an integral part of an organisation’s business processes. The effective implementation of KM strategy needs to measure current performance and guide the organisation toward its changing image of the future. KM and particularly its performance measurement dimension has become the most important economic task for most organisations. This study is based on research conducted in a large construction company. The paper provides an understanding of indicators of performance management that have an effect on knowledge management. The result shows that all indicators of performance management in the study have a positive significant relationship with knowledge management. Classification-JEL: D8, J5 Keywords: Knowledge Management, Performance Management, Training & Development, Consequence based on Performance, Organisation Motivation, Employee Involvement, Assessment & Guidance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 37-43 Volume:5 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/247/207 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/247 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:1:p:37-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name: Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne Universite Paris 1; AZM University Business Faculty Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Punjab University Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Causality and Co-integration Analysis of Some Selected Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility: Empirics from Tunisia Abstract: This study investigates the impact of some selected socio-economic factors on fertility rate in Tunisia over the period of 1971 to 2014. Philips Perron (PP) unit root test is used for testing the stationarity of the variables. For examining the co-integration among the variables of the model, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration is used. Causality among the variables of the model is examined with the help of Variance Decomposition and Impulse Response Function. The estimated results show that selected variables of the model has mix order of integration. Long run results of the study show that female education, urbanization have a significant negative relationship with the fertility rate in Tunisia. The results reveal that life expectancy and per capita income have positive and significant relationship with fertility in Tunisia. The value of ECT reveals that short needs more than 5 years to converge in the long run equilibrium. The results of Variance Decomposition and Impulse Response Function reveal that all independent variables have causal relationship with the dependent variable. The study suggests that socio-economic improvement is a key in reducing fertility rate in Tunisia. Classification-JEL: J13, O18, D31 Keywords: Fertility, urbanization, per capita income Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 20-36 Volume:5 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/246/206 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/246 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:1:p:20-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nasser Fegh-hi Farahmand Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Title: Imperative Strategic Planning as Improvement of the Decision Making of Organization Abstract: Imperative strategic planning in organizations regarded as a tool for organizations’ growth and profitability, strategic innovation, organizational and customer-oriented changes. This article attempts to explain the imperative strategic plan collective by patterns of thinking. The importance of strategic, long-term policy and imperative strategic plan collective is very clear to planners. Imperative strategic managers like to follow a similar and routine imperative strategic behavioral pattern. Imperative strategic plan collective, normally taken, as a part of imperative strategic planning, therefore also tends to run in cycles of around last years. Implementing tailored organization can give a competitive advantage and help foster goodwill toward imperative strategic planning approach. Studies on corporate organizational imperative strategic have possessed an increasing growth. This paper proposes a learning organization expectations method that considers tailored organization s information. In today’s tailored organization al environment, there are usually several products and services to fulfill certain functions. Classification-JEL: L10, L19 Keywords: organizational imperative strategic, takes advantage plan, takes advantage of an opportunity, tailored organization, and learning organization, takes advantage of an opportunity approach Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 10-19 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/245/205 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/245 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:1:p:10-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Usman Qamar Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Student at National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Punjab University Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Foreign Aid, Energy Production and Human Capital on Income Inequality: A Case Study of Pakistan Abstract: This study attempt to examine the impact of foreign aid, energy production and human capital on income inequality in case of Pakistan. For empirical analyses, the study have been used annual time series data covering the period 1984 to 2012. The study has been used the Johansen co-integration to see the long run co- integration among the variables of the study. The results of Johansen co-integration shows that there is long run co-integration among the variables of the study. The long run coefficient shows that foreign aid and human capital play significant role to decrease the income inequality in case of Pakistan. When energy production positively and significantly affect income inequality in case of Pakistan. Classification-JEL: E40, E44 Keywords: : foreign aid, energy production, human capital and income inequality Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-9 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/244/199 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/244 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:5:y:2016:i:1:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Tariq Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor at University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan. Title: Growth and Governance Nexus in Selected Asian Countries Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the primary association among economic growth and governance indicators from 2002 to 2011 in selected 27 Asian countries. World Wide Governance Indicators (2012) are used in the study. Growth and governance are interrelated to demonstrate the economic position of economies. Governance is a strapping source to enhance economic growth especially in developing economies. The governance pattern looks for to increase the efficiency of economies. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to develop governance index. Pooled OLS, 2SLS, 3SLS and GMM techniques are used in the study. The results of techniques show that variable LGV has no significant role in per capita GDP. Classification-JEL: C33, C82, G3 Keywords: 2SLS, 3SLS, Governance, GMM, Principal Component Analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 246-253 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/243/198 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/243 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:4:p:246-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jahanzaib Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar at National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aftab Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar at National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar at National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Customer Satisfaction in Public and Private Banks of Pakistan: An Empirical Evidence from Lahore City Abstract: In this study we compare customer satisfaction in public and private banks of Pakistan and our main focus is Lahore city. This is an empirical study which is based on Primary data that has been collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire has been distributed to 200 different chosen respondents on different convenient locations of Lahore. There are hardly any number of studies has been conducted in Pakistan on this topic and these variables like technology, reliability, Bank Reputation and service environment. This research shows that different customers have different opinion about satisfaction. Bank managers should conduct more researches to estimate customer satisfaction more strongly. Empirical analysis shows that customers of private banks were more satisfied in Lahore as compared to public banks because private banks provides multiple branches at suitable locations, extra ordinary services and latest technology systems they are using. Classification-JEL: P46, E5 Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, public banks, private banks Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 238-245 Volume:4 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/242/197 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/242 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:4:p:238-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khuram Shafiq Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar at National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar at National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Is plastic Money Matter for Consumer Buying Behavior? An Empirical Analysis from Pakistan Abstract: This study has explored the impact of plastic money on consumer’s buying behavior in case of Pakistan. A questionnaire based primary survey has been conducted for data collection. The questionnaire based survey is conducted among the customers in market place, supermarket, and grocery store by using convenience sampling techniques. SPSS system is used for managing and interpretation of the data. Simple linear regression analysis is used for checking the responsiveness of dependent variable due to independent variable. The independent variable is use of plastic money where as dependent variable is consumer buying behavior and reliability of data is 0.709 . Classification-JEL: P24, P46 Keywords: plastic money, consumer behavior, empirical analysis Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 232-237 Volume:4 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/241/196 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/241 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:4:p:232-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bassey Nsikan Edet Author-Workplace-Name: Akwa Ibom StateUniversity, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Author-Name: Ikpe Imoh Kingsley Author-Workplace-Name: Akwa Ibom StateUniversity, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Author-Name: Edet, Mfon Efiong Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Title: Empirical Examination of the Determinants of Dividend Payout of Quoted Agro based Firms in Nigeria Abstract: This study examines the factors affecting dividend payout of quoted agro-based firms in Nigeria. Data sourced from a sample of 15 agro-based firms for the period 2007-2013 were analyzed using the modified Litner’s model base on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Data were first examined for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. Result revealed that all the variables were stationary at levels except leverage, liquidity and retained earnings that were stationary at first difference. The OLS result showed that previous dividend, profitability and firm size exerted significant positive influence on dividend payout while firm leverage and business risk exerted significant negative influence on dividend payout. Surprisingly, firm liquidity, Taxes and Retained Earnings failed to explain the variation in dividend payout of these firms. This, therefore, suggest the need to pursue policies that would minimize investment in risky projects, foster dividend payment through the reduction in retained earnings and enhancing firm’s profitability through tax reduction, exemption and rebate as well as discouraging excessive leverage as the way out. Classification-JEL: N5, G33 Keywords: Agro-based firms, Dividend payout and liquidity Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 223-231 Volume:4 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/240/194 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/240 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:4:p:223-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abraham Ababiya Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Haramaya University Author-Name: Endrias Geta Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Haramaya University Author-Name: Zemach Lemecha Author-Workplace-Name: School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Haramaya University Title: Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises and Its Determinants: The Case of Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia Abstract: This study examined the benefit cost ratio of micro enterprise as related to financial flow and its management to measure the performance and identified the factors that influence the performance of micro enterprise in Hosanna town. All 174 micro enterprises from three sub-towns of Hosanna were included in the study and key informants from relevant government office were interviewed to collect necessary data on enterprises performance and determinant factors. Descriptive analyses of the data were computed to assess various characteristics of micro enterprises in the study area. According to the result obtained from benefit cost ratio analysis 71.8% of enterprises found in the study area survived whereas 28.2% failed. In addition, a regression model was used to identify the determinant factors that affected the performance of the enterprises. The results of the regression analysis showed that age of enterprises, age of operators, education level, number of employees, amount of initial capital, entrepreneurial skill, experience of manager, access to training and access to market were statistically significant at less than 1% significance level and had positive relationship with the performance of enterprises. Recommendations emanating from the study are to build up the performance of micro enterprises not only to survive in the business but also to transform into small, medium and higher level of enterprises. To improve the performance of enterprises beyond the impact of challengeable constraints, all concerned bodies should give high attention to update and initiate entrepreneurial skill by applying innovative training, ensure experience and best practice sharing system, allocate sufficient capital, upgrade education level attained and create alternative market demand, monitoring and evaluation of all benefit generated and costs incurred as well as effective utilization of employees to ensure successful operational performance of the enterprises. Classification-JEL: D24, L1 Keywords: Benefit cost ratio, performance, determinant factors Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 214-222 Volume:4 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/239/193 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/239 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:4:p:214-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saoussen Ouhibi Author-Workplace-Name: University of sfax , Tunisia Author-Name: Sami Hammami Author-Workplace-Name: University of sfax, Tunisia Title: Monetary policy and financial stability: empirical evidence from South Mediterranean countries Abstract: This article examines the relationship between monetary policy and financial stability, in the experience of six south Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey) over the period 2006M1-2013M12. This research analyze the role of monetary policy to contribute to financial stability using a structural vector Auto-regressive model .our empirical results show that the effectiveness of short –term interest rates in affecting selected asset prices depends on the strategy of monetary policy . For countries that adopt a flexible exchange rate regime (Tunisia, Marocco, Egypt and Turkey), the interest rate is conducive to financial stability. But, countries that adopt a fixed exchange rate regime (Jordan and Lebanon), the interest rate is not an effective tool for promoting financial stability. Classification-JEL: E40, E44 Keywords: monetary policy, financial stability, Structural Vector Autoregressive model Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 198-213 Volume:4 Issue: 4 Year: 2015 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/238/192 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/238 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:4:p:198-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nasser Fegh-hi Farahmand Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Author-Name: Nurse Nahideh Fegh-hi Farahmand Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Nursing, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Title: Organizational Hospital Management Team Working as Professional Technological Innovation Abstract: This paper proposes a relation of organizational hospital management team working by hospital management team working superintendence and reviews the organizational hospital management team working planning and performance measurement literature to develop a conceptual model and research propositions. Data are drawn from a survey of the comfort organizations in comfort organizations that around few samples of hospital management team working superintendence engage in organizational hospital management team working. The interview schedule was designed to collect data on a number of hospital management team working superintendence and strategic characteristics in addition to asking about the presence or absence of an organizational hospital management team working and, where appropriate, the time period to which the plan applied.Interviews were conducted face to face directly within the workplace, training and consultant sessions or indirectly by e-mail or using structured questionnaire. It is concluded that hospital management team working superintendence characteristics can be important in explaining and compilation the organizational hospital management team working within the comfort organizations for implementation of organizational hospital management team working planning. In fact, comfort organizations influence whether or not those organizations engage in organizational hospital management team working planning. In this field, the focus is on the special characteristics of hospital management team working superintendence such as education type and level. Classification-JEL: J80, J81 Keywords: organizational hospital management team working, hospital management team working superintendence, comfort organizations Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 182-197 Volume:4 Issue: 3 Year: 2015 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/237/191 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/237 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:3:p:182-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name: Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne Universite Paris 1; AZM University Title: South American Cluster: A Practical Case Study Abstract: This paper studies Guadalajara’s cluster in its major aspects. It tries to pinpoint and identify the triggers that made this agglomeration a new Silicon Valley. One of the most outstanding features of this city is its vigorous export performance in the electronic industry that is why in our study, we focused on that specific industry. We found out that rules and regulations in this geographic area played a critical role when it comes to attracting foreign exportations and local investors especially in the electronic industry. Nevertheless, the study of the case of Guadalajara verifies that different clusters have their own explanations in regard to their emergence which is specific and unique to different circumstances and geographical locations. In fact results showed that Asian countries electronic cluster differs in terms of aspects from the one from Mexican city. Past researches based on Asian clusters only took into consideration the conception and the initial stage of the process. The description of other stages of growth and development in the Mexican city helped us distinguishing between anchor firms and seminal firms which help in understanding how clusters are created (general) based on the fact that seminal firms are not essentially supporting firms and supporting firms may not be described as seminal firms. Classification-JEL: F35, L10, C39 Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Strategic Economic Zones, Cluster Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 158-181 Volume:4 Issue: 3 Year: 2015 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/236/190 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/236 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:3:p:158-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dhanya Alex Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, FISAT Author-Name: Roshna Varghese Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration Title: An Empirical Investigation into the Relationship of Crude Oil Price, Exchange Rate and BSE Sensex Abstract: The study investigates long run relationships between oil prices, exchange rates and stock prices in India for the period April 2005 to March 2013 using monthly data. The empirical exercise consists of (1) testing for a unit root in each series (2) testing for the number of co-integrating vectors in the system (3) estimating and testing for the co-integrating relationship in the framework of a vector error correction model (4) testing the direction of causality between the variables using Granger Causality test. The results from the Augmented Dickey – Fuller unit root procedures indicate that all the three variables are first difference stationary. Johansen and Juselius cointegration test suggests that there is at most one co-integrating vector existing among the three variables and the results from Granger causality Wald test suggests that causality runs from Sensex to Crude oil, but not vice versa. Classification-JEL: E3 Keywords: Co-integration, Exchange rate, Granger Causality, Oil price, Stock price Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 149-157 Volume:4 Issue: 3 Year: 2015 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/235/189 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/235 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:3:p:149-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Candidate, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Candidate, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore Title: The Impact of Decentralized Economic Affairs Expenditures on Economic Growth: A Time Series Analysis of Pakistan Abstract: The study has examined the impact of decentralized public spending on economic growth in Pakistan from 1972 to 2012. For examining the stationarity of variables, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test is used. Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach (ARDL) is used for cointegration among the variables of the model. The estimated results of the study show that decentralized economic affair expenditures have negative and significant impact on economic growth in Pakistan over the selected time period. The results of the study show that decentralization of economic affairs expenditures is harmful for economic growth. On the basis of empirical results, this study proposes that decentralization of economic affair expenditures is growth retarding in case of Pakistan, so Pakistan must try to manage centralized economic affair expenditures for favorable economic growth. Classification-JEL: O43, O47 Keywords: economic affair expenditures, decentralization, economic growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 136-148 Volume:4 Issue: 3 Year: 2015 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/234/188 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/234 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:3:p:136-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mauricio S. Bugarin Author-Workplace-Name: University of Brasilia Title: Efficiency in a Monotonic Partnership with Investment: An Endogenous Implementation of Holmstrom’s Principal Abstract: This note presents a model of a partnership that requires initial investment. The production technology depends on partners’ effort choices and, possibly, on an exogenous stochastic term. When the technology is monotonic, the paper shows that the need for an investor is a sufficient condition to ensure efficiency. Efficient sharing rules arise endogenously as outcomes of optimal contracts between the investor and the partners. This result illustrates how a Principal-agent structure can naturally arise in a partnership, without changing its basic internal structure. Indeed, the investor emerges as an (external) implementation of a budget-breaker Principal that solves the inefficiency problem inherent to partnerships, as suggested in Holmström (1982). Classification-JEL: D2, D8 Keywords: partnership, investment, contract, free-rider, efficiency Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 127-135 Volume:4 Issue: 3 Year: 2015 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/233/187 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/233 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:3:p:127-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lu Yan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Iner Mongolia Normal University Title: An Analysis for Cobb-Douglas Production Function, the Capability Proxies, Net Society Value and Technology Indicator Abstract: This paper establishes an estimate system and forms the capability proxy, the technology capability proxy and the total net society value, etc. and demonstrates the progress of technology can make the capability increase and finds that the technology capability is mainly decided by the ability of the scientists and engineers. The paper completely analyzes the Cobb-Douglas production function and first make out how does it be formed theoretically, what is the , , why equals one and demonstrate that in the profit-maximizing condition the excess profit is not necessarily to be zero and there is a bias when we apply of the Cobb-Douglas production function to measure both the capability and the technology. Classification-JEL: O10, O30, O40 Keywords: production function, technology, society, profit maximization Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 105-126 Volume:4 Issue: 2 Year: 2015 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/375/322 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/375 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:2:p:105-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ambrose Nnaemeka Omeje Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Author-Name: Solomon Ogbonna Abugu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Resource Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike Title: The Impact of Scholarships on Students’ Academic Performance: A Case of Tertiary Institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria Abstract: Scholarships are awarded based on various criteria, which usually reflect the values and purposes of the donor or funder of the award. Therefore, in a bid to verify the impact of scholarships on students’ academic performance using tertiary institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria as a case study, the study utilised survey data generated from 540 questionnaires distributed among student in twelve (12) higher institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria. The propensity score matching model was adopted for the study and the results indicated that students’ academic performances significantly increase with an increase in the award of scholarships. The results also suggested that with scholarships academic performance of students in higher institutions in Enugu state would decreases by 13% but will rise by about 87% if the scholarships are given to indigent students’. There is need for increased award of scholarships to students from poor background and not to students from high socio-economic status by the government, Non-governmental organizations, and other philanthropist to alleviate the challenge. Government should revitalize the giving of bursary awards to students from their respective states that are in higher institutions, be it private or public. Essentially, scholarships should be awarded to people who are poor and find it difficult to pay tuition fees, eat at least two times per day, and also who find it difficult to clothe themselves. Classification-JEL: H52, I22 Keywords: Impact, Scholarships, Students, Academic Performance, Enugu State Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 93-104 Volume:4 Issue: 2 Year: 2015 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/231/184 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/231 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:2:p:93-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramu Maurya Author-Workplace-Name: Govind Ballabah Pant Social Science Institute, Jhusi, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Title: Gender, Power, and Conflict with Credit Choice: Rural Credit Programme in India Abstract: The advocates of rural credit argue that access to finance can substantially help in the reduction of poverty and promoting gender empowerment. Access to credit may contribute a long-lasting increase in income by means of a rise in investments that can generate income and diversify source of income. It can also contribute in empowering women in the decision making process of economic nature, family planning, marriage, participation in social and political activities. Many studies go not in favor of this type of argument. Present study shows that rural credits programme do not have any significant impact on gender dimensions. In some case, the status of beneficiaries group has deteriorated against control group. Actually, the programme is not wrong in itself but the implementation process of the programme has much type of weaken. Classification-JEL: G2, I3, O1. Keywords: Capability, Entitlements, Gender Empowerment, Rural credit, Social Exclusion Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 80-92 Volume:4 Issue: 2 Year: 2015 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/230/183 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/230 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:2:p:80-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fatih Macit Author-Workplace-Name: Suleyman Sah Universit, Department of Economics Author-Name: Ahmet Sekreter Author-Workplace-Name: Suleyman Sah University, Department of International Trade and Finance Author-Name: Selver Seda Ada Author-Workplace-Name: Suleyman Sah University, Department of Business Administration Author-Name: Esra Simsek Author-Workplace-Name: Suleyman Sah University, Department of International Trade and Finance Title: What Determines Post-IPO Market Performance: Evidence From Turkish IPOs Abstract: In this paper we investigate the determinants of the short-run post-IPO market performance of IPO stocks for Turkish markets. We looked at various firm specific accounting and IPO related variables namely the ratio of operating profit to total sales, the ratio of total debt to total assets, IPO size, public float, the ratio of shares that are purchased by foreign investors, and the market value to book value ratio. We find that IPO size appears to be the most important variable in determining the post-IPO market performance of IPO stocks. Large IPO’s tend to have a better post-IPO market performance. Besides that firms with a larger debt ratio are expected to show a better performance in the short-run. It is seen that as public float increases IPOs tend to show a poorer performance. Classification-JEL: G02, G4, L11 Keywords: Post-IPO performance, Turkish stock market Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 73-79 Volume:4 Issue: 2 Year: 2015 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/229/182 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/229 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:2:p:73-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Boubaker Adel Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of economic sciences and management in Tunisia Author-Name: Berrahal Amira Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of economic sciences and management in Tunisia Title: The impact of stock-options on the company’s financial performance Abstract: During the last decade, the development of stock-options as a compensation tools, let us ask about their effects on firms, especially on the financial performance and cash flows. Our study is based on a sample that covers the companies listed on SBF 250 in a period from 2006 to 2011, with a total of 504 observations. In fact, our research methodology is to test our model on two panels, panel A based on operating results (OPINC) and panel B referring to cash flows (CFO). Also, we incorporate a dummy variable which is the number of stock-options NB in the model to achieve our paper’s object .Thanks to the model of Aboody, Johnson and Kasznik (2010); we concluded a positive relationship between the number of stock-options and the financial performance of publicly traded companies. Moreover, we found an absence of the impact of the repricing on future business performance. These results were consistent with the study by Carter and Lynch (2004). But this coefficient was significative and positive related to cash-flows, which has been affirmed by Honlon et al (2003). Classification-JEL: G02, G23,H54 Keywords: performance, stock-options, cash-flows, remuneration Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 63-72 Volume:4 Issue: 2 Year: 2015 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/228/181 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/228 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:2:p:63-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, PhD Scholar Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Sehrish Kiran Author-Workplace-Name: Col. MBA Student, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Babar Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Relationship between Country of Origin Image, Product Knowledge, Product Involvement, and Purchase Intention Abstract: Today Marketing is the buzz word around the globe, and marketers are trying their best to be successful within their respective market over competition. The main objective of this study is toexamine the impact of different factors on buying decision. Four variables has been used, three independent i.e. country-of-origin image, product knowledge, and product involvement and one dependent i.e. consumer purchase intention. Questionnaire of twenty one items was adopted from the research of Hanzaee and Khosrozadeh (2011) for data collection. Population was the students of Pakistani universities and selected sample size was of 207 students for applying tests for the empirical results. Data was compiled and different tests were applied through SPSS, and three hypotheses has been tested. The results demonstrate that the country of origin has no significant positive impact on the purchase intention and product knowledge, product involvement have a strong relationship and impact with purchase intentions of consumers. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Country of Origin (COO), Product Knowledge (PK), Product Involvement (PI), Purchase Intention (PIN), Marketing Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 48-62 Volume:4 Issue: 1 Year: 2015 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/227/180 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/227 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:48-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabia Tufail Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaf BadarToor Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus Pakistan Title: Urdu Speaking EFL Students Problems in Learning English in Public and Private Schools of Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: The study was conducted to explore the problems faced by learners in learning English at High school level in Punjab, Pakistan. In our schools students are afraid to learning English. This study shows the comparison of private and public schools. For data collection questionnaire was developed to collect data from 60 teachers of the high schools including private and Public schools in District Pakpattan. Data were analyzed statistically by using SPSS version 20.The population consists of the 60 teachers belonging to private and public sector. The results of the reveal that the nature of problems among private and public high schools are different with suggestions that these problems should be treated with collaboration of expert teachers hired from the universities to conduct workshops with the high school teachers. Classification-JEL: Keywords: EFL, Problems, Private, Public, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 43-47 Volume:4 Issue: 1 Year: 2015 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/226/179 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/226 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:43-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jahanzaib Ali Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar at National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abul Mannan Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar at University of Education Okara Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar at National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Title: Determinants of retail service quality – an empirical evidence from Pakistan Abstract: The study examines the main determinants of retail service quality in Okara Market. Data collected through questionnaire from 150 respondents by using five point Likert. Correlation and Regression analysis were used as statistical tests. Empirical analysis shows that reliability, personal interaction, policy, problem solving have positive relationship with overall evaluation of retail service quality and physical aspects has negative relation with overall evaluation of retail service quality. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Service Quality, Retail Service Quality Scale, Supermarket, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 35-42 Volume:4 Issue: 1 Year: 2015 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/225/178 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/225 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:35-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ghulam Abid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics Author-Name: Binish Khan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics Author-Name: Zeeshan Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil, National College of Business Administration & Economics Author-Name: Alia Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, National College of Business Administration & Economics Title: Child Trade-Off Theory: A Theoretical Discussion on the Structure, Causes, Consequences and Eradication of Child Labor Abstract: Children are the future of our dreams and guarantee of their prosperity and success but they are exploited in the form of child labor. Child labor is the employment of children those are too young to work forwages in field jobs that are unsuitable or unsafe for them. It is a fact that, child labour has become a burden for every economy. Even though child labour is considered illegal in most societies and it is still a serious problem in a large number of nations. There are a number of factors which give rise to child labor. These include poverty, illiteracy, job opportunities, family provision and dis-satisfaction from education structure. By conducting an extensive literature review, this paper attempts to highlight all the major causes of child labor and their consequences. Furthermore this paper explores and postulates the Child Trade-off theory which discusses the tradeoff between education of children and child labor. This paper also discusses factors which may play crux in the eradication of this problem. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Child Labor, Schooling, Causes, Consequences and Eradications Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 24-34 Volume:4 Issue: 1 Year: 2015 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/224/177 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/224 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:24-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Azhar Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholars, Department of English, The University of Lahore, Pakpattan campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Javed Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholars, Department of English, The University of Lahore, Pakpattan campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Maryam Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholars, Department of English, The University of Lahore, Pakpattan campus, Pakistan Title: Analysis of the Communication Skills at Graduation Level in Pakistan Abstract: The current study was conducted to explore and analyze the communication skills at graduate level at The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Communication Skills have an utmost importance for business education as well as professional life. It is needed in every field of life. It was a survey based research for which the researchers qualitative and quantitative paradigms and data were collected through distrusting questionnaires to students of graduate level department of business at The Islamia University Bahawalpur. The data were analyzed on SPSS version 16 and the results of the study revealed that the students had dearth of communication skills because of lacking practices in the class as wells as scarcity of teachers professional trainings. The research also suggested that the stronger and the more accurate approach is, the better the process of communication will be. Its purpose was to find out the reasons of their weak communication skills, to find out the sources to remove their weakness and also to find out the steps through which they can be motivated to enhance their communication skills. The study has also some implications for the National accreditation of Teacher educators and Punjab education commission Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Education, Communication, Business, Teachers Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 19-23 Volume:4 Issue: 1 Year: 2015 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/223/176 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/223 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:19-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saba Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar at Department of Commerce, University of Karachi Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar at National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Title: Crude Oil Price and Inflation in Pakistan Abstract: Economy of Pakistan has witnessed several inflationary episodes and voluminous literature has been presented in this regard but no specific attention has been given to the impact of crude oil prices on inflation in Pakistan. This research is particularly aimed to determine the existence and intensity of relation between crude oil price and inflation in Pakistan. Moreover the study also investigates other determinants of inflation in Pakistan. Effects of crude oil price on GDP deflator have been analyzed using time series data from 1979 to 2012. For long run and short run results Johansen Co-integration techniques have been employed for estimation. The study concludes that Money Supply, Crude Oil Price, Exchange Rate, Interest rate and Indirect taxes have positive while real GDP has negative impact on inflation during the study period. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Pakistan, Oil prices, inflation, exchange rate, interest rate, indirect taxes Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 10-18 Volume:4 Issue: 1 Year: 2015 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/222/175 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/222 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:10-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Binish Khan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics Author-Name: Ghulam Abid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics Author-Name: Alia Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, National College of Business Administration & Economics Title: Parallel Bodies in Sports Industry: Risk to Reputation, Regulatory Process, Resources and Talent Abstract: Development of sports within a country is dependent upon the federations that manage and organize them, and any instability in either its infrastructure or in running of these federations, puts the sports of a particular country at a risk of deterioration. Conflicts within and in between sport federations usually occur due to the money, power and authority vested in them resulting in certain negative consequences. The federations fight to avail sport related privileges and while doing so divert from their actual goals and cause damage to sport development. . The current research explores causes of risk event (formation of parallel bodies) and its impact (severe damage to sports), in context of sports in Pakistan. Furthermore, it also proposes ways to get rid of the factors responsible for the afore-mentioned risk event and suggests methods to secure federations in case if this risk event ensues. The results indicate that this type of risk event is damaging for all kinds of sports, from grass root to national and international levels. It harms not only the sport persons, but also sports structures, resources and talents and puts the reputation of sports federations at stake. Classification-JEL: Keywords: parallel bodies, sport industry, sport federation, risk event, magnitude of risk Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-9 Volume:4 Issue: 1 Year: 2015 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/221/174 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/221 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Salim Rana Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of English at the University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Naureen Zia Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of English at the University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Noor-e-Sadaf Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of English at the University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Shaista Perveen Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of English at the University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Mehmood Ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Head of the department of English, UoL, Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan. Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of Education at the University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Title: Exploring Effectiveness of Principles of Business Writing at Graduate Level in Pakistan Abstract: Business writing is a creative and dynamic process that primarily motivated the researchers to investigate the learners’ individual differences and sort out their learning hindrances. The current study explores the problems faced by the students, while leaning principles of effective writing at BBA level. Business writing is critical aspect of business industry. The Survey was conducted to get response at COMSATS Institute Sahiwal in Pakistan. The SPSS version 16 was used to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that students at graduate level face countless problems in preparing effective business drafts. It suggested that principles of business writing are essential to improve business life. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Practice, professional, effectiveness, hindrance, business writing, and Creativity Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 207-213 Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Year: 2014 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/220/173s File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/220 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:4:p:207-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Amber Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Comparative Financial Performance Analysis of Conventional and Islamic Banks in Pakistan Abstract: Financial performance is a general measure of firm’s overall financial health over a given period of time. The aim of this study is to compare financial performance of Islamic and Conventional banks to support depositors, bank managers, shareholders, investors, and regulators by providing true picture of financial position of Islamic as well conventional banks in Pakistan Ratio analysis technique is used to analyze financial performance of both banks. Data is collected from annual financial statements i.e. Balance sheet and Income statement for the period of 2008-2012. Nineteen ratios were estimated to measure these performances in terms of profitability, liquidity, risk and solvency, capital adequacy, operational, deployment and cash flow. Independent sample t test was used to determine significance of mean differences of these ratios between two banks. The study concludes that Conventional banks are more profitable, deployed and operationally efficient while less liquid and more risky as compared to Islamic Banks and also found a significant mean difference in profitability, capital adequacy, and cash flow ratio of both banks. To increase performance banks should conduct internal evaluation to improve its activities and to overcome weaknesses. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Financial performance, Comparative analysis, Pakistani Banking Sector, Investors Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 196-206 Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Year: 2014 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/219/172 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/219 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:4:p:196-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Komal Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, BETS Institute, Lahore Author-Name: Attique-ur-Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Author-Name: Muhammad Furqan Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics (LBU Campus), Lahore Author-Name: Muhammad Omer Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics (LBU Campus), Lahore Author-Name: Ali Akbar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics (LBU Campus), Lahore Title: Impact of MBNQA Criteria on Customer Satisfaction in Modern Retail Chain Stores: an Empirical Study in Context of Developing Countries like Pakistan Abstract: This explanatory study investigates the strategic effect of TQM factors modeled by the MBNQA criteria on customer satisfaction in modern retail industry of Pakistan. The factors comprise leadership, strategy and planning, information and analysis, customer focus, people management and process management. The data were gathered from 129 employees from various departments of modern trade stores. The statistical analysis concludes that the overall regression model is highly significant. Customer focus and process management were found to be the enablers with highest level of significance when correlated with customer satisfaction i.e. 64.7% and 63.9%. However, an anomaly was seen in the case of strategy and planning which showed a non-significant negative relationship. The findings of this research can prove to be of high value for policy makers in these organizations and those who intend to take this field as a new venture. Classification-JEL: Keywords: MBNQA, Strategic Effect, Customer Satisfaction, Retail Industry, Leadership, Strategy and Planning, Information and Analysis, Customer Focus, People Management, Process Management. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 182-195 Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Year: 2014 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/218/171 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/218 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:4:p:182-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Yasin Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of Linguistics, The University of Lahore, Pakpattan campus, Pakistan. Author-Name: Sajed Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of Linguistics, The University of Lahore, Pakpattan campus, Pakistan. Author-Name: Ghulam Fareed Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of Linguistics, The University of Lahore, Pakpattan campus, Pakistan. Author-Name: Mehmood Ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Head of the Department of English, The University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan. Title: Perceptions of the Teachers and the Students toward Using Multimedia as an Effective Tool for Teaching and Learning English in Pakistan Abstract: The current study investigated into attitude and the perceptions of the teachers and the students at intermediate level about using multimedia as effective tool for teaching and learning. A sample population was from three subdivisions of District Okara Punjab Pakistan. Simple random sampling technique was applied in the collection of data and data were collected from 60 students equally included male and female and 20 teachers from different private and government colleges. Data were analyzed on SPSS version 16. Interviews of the teachers and the students were taken and explanatory description was made qualitatively in the discussion section. The study revealed that there were significant favorable attitudes and perceptions of both students and teachers. They liked use of multimedia to a great extend considering as effective tool in expediting the learning and the teaching process. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Teacher, Teaching, Multi Media Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 176-181 Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Year: 2014 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/217/170 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/217 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:4:p:176-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ghulam Abid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics Author-Name: Binish Khan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration & Economics Author-Name: Zeeshan Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil, National College of Business Administration & Economics Author-Name: Alia Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, National College of Business Administration & Economics Title: Theoretical Perspectives of Corporate Governance Abstract: Corporate Governance is relatively new area and its development has been affected by different theories from different domain, including law, economics, finance and management. This article gives a theoretical overview within the disciplines of corporate governance. This research paper provides an overview of main theory i.e., agency theory as well as other theories like stewardship theory, stakeholder theory, resource dependency theory and transaction cost economics theory that influences the development of corporate governance. Researchers also reveal the differences among these theories, spanning over different disciplines with diverge scope. Some theories are most appropriate are relevant for some context as compared to the others. The study calls the need for the development of a general theory of corporate governance with conjunction of legal system (common law or civil law) and considering other actors. It gives new mode of thinking and new direction of research in analysing corporate governance. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Corporate Governance, Agency Theory, Stewardship Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Resource Dependency Theory, Transaction Cost Economics Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 166-175 Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Year: 2014 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/216/169 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/216 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:4:p:166-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moqeet Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, and PhD Scholar Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Kashif Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Jibran Khalil Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Imports, Exports of Goods and Services on Economic Growth of Pakistan Abstract: The economic growth of any country plays a significant role in the progress of the country. The role of the foreign direct investment is very significant towards the progression of the economy of Pakistan. This study examines the impact of imports, exports, and foreign direct investment on GDP of Pakistan. Data was obtained from site of State Bank of Pakistan, Federal Bureau of Statistics, and International Financial Statistics for last 23 years. E-views was used for data analysis. The results clearly show that the success for the increase in the GDP or economic growth these three factors, which are FDI, imports and exports, plays significant role. Classification-JEL: Keywords: FDI, imports of services and goods, exports of export of services and goods, GDP Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 155-165 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2014 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/215/168 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/215 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:3:p:155-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qaisar Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer (English), The University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Javed Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of English, The University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Waqas Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of English, The University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Javed Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of English, The University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Mahmood Ul Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer (English), The University of Lahore Pakpattan campus, Pakistan Title: Perceptions of English Teachers towards Teaching English through Information & Communication Technology in Pakista Abstract: This study investigated into the perceptions of teaching English through information and communication technology in Pakistan. Population of the study were English teachers from all secondary and elementary schools of Punjab. It was survey study and questionnaires were used to collect data and collected data were analyzed on statistical package for social sciences. The results of this study revealed that English teachers were enthusiastic to the use of information and communication technology for teaching English. Further the study also explored that the there were not enough ICT provisions to make maximum use of it to accelerate learning outcomes of the students. Classification-JEL: Keywords: English, Pakistan, secondary schools, teachers Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 150-154 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2014 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/214/167 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/214 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:3:p:150-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Chani Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor and HOD Economics, The University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Azam Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Akmal Younas Author-Workplace-Name: M.B.A Student, National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Causal Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment, Imports and Exports in Pakistan Abstract: This study evaluates the causal relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), imports and exports in Pakistan by using the time series data from 1972to 2009. Ng. Parren Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test and Granger Causality are used for empirical analysis. The results indicate that there is long run equilibrium relationship among FDI, imports and exports. The estimates of causality test indicate that there is feedback relationship between FDI and export performance in the country. Furthermore, the results are in favor of bidirectional causality between imports and FDI. The inferences drawn from the study have stronger policy implication for FDI. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Foreign Trade, FDI, Imports, Exports, Trade Balance, Trade Liberalization Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 142-149 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 Year: 2014 Month: September File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/211/166 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/211 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:3:p:142-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Wasif Siddiqi Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Professor, GCU, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Chani Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor and HOD Economics, The University of Lahore, Pakpattan, Pakistan Title: Import Demand, Economic Development and Trade Liberalization in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: This study empirically investigates the effects of trade liberalization and economic development on income and price elasticities of import demand in Pakistan. The data used for empirical analysis covers the period of 1972 to 2009. Johanson co-integration test is used to confirm the equilibrium relationship among the variables included in the study. The short run dynamics are estimated through Vector Error Correction Mechanism. The results indicate that trade liberalization in Pakistan positively influences income elasticity of import demand. Similarly, price elasticity of import demand in Pakistan is positively related to level of economic development in the country. Classification-JEL: Keywords: import demand, trade liberalization, economic development, price, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 131-141 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Year: 2014 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/209/165 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/209 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:2:p:131-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, and PhD Scholar Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Nuzhat Shamim Author-Workplace-Name: Col. MBA Student, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Babar Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Impact of Strategic Planning on the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Banks in Islamabad Abstract: Strategic planning is the ongoing practice of organizations and firms to improve the firm’s performance. This study plans to find out the relationship between strategic planning and financial performance of microfinance banks in Pakistan. For this purpose, questionnaire has been designed. Population of this study were the professionals and top management of four microfinance banks of Islamabad region i.e. study i) Kashaf Bank ii) Khushhali Bank iii) Waseela Microfinance Bank iv) Tameer Microfinance Bank. Sample size of forty one top management professionals of microfinance banks was selected. For analysis purpose, SPSS was used and descriptive and inferential statistics i.e. t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis has been applied. In this study, we find financial performance has positive and substantial relationship with independent variables of strategic planning and regression results reveals significant relation between strategic planning and Return on assets, insignificant relationship among formal and non-formal planning and financial performance and Return on Equity with strategic planning also shows significant relationship. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Strategic Planning, Financial Performance, Return On Assets (ROA), Return On Equity (ROE), Kashaf Bank, Khaushhali Bank, Waseela Microfinance Bank, Tameer Microfinance Bank, Pakistan, Islamabad Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 96-130 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Year: 2014 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/208/164 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/208 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:2:p:96-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Azam Author-Workplace-Name: Ph. D Scholar, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Nasir Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Staff Economist, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Tayyab Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, AJK University, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan Title: Zakat and Economic Development: Micro and Macro Level Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: Zakat, as a transfer payment, is an important instrument to achieve social welfare ina society in Islamic ideology. This study attempts to analyze the impact of Zakat on economic development using micro and macro level data for Pakistan. The overall analysis shows that Zakat has a positive impact on economic development in Pakistan. More specifically, micro evidence shows that Zakat significantly enhances the welfare of the households. Macro evidence also highlights that Zakat significantly contributes to economic growth in Pakistan. These findings have important implications for Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Zakat, transfer payment, social welfare, economic growth, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 85-95 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Year: 2014 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/207/163 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/207 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:2:p:85-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, and PhD Scholar Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqas Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Librarian, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Babar Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Organizational Strategy and Organizational Learning on Knowledge Management: An Empirical Analysis of Telecom Sector of Pakistan Abstract: The aim of our study was to check the impact and association of Organizational Strategy and Organizational Learning with the knowledge management. For this purpose, an adapted questionnaire comprised of 12-items of three variables used in this study i.e. organizational strategy, organizational learning and knowledge management. The population of this research was the professionals of Telecom Sector of Pakistan, because Telecom Sector wisely use the knowledge management concept to gain economic favors and customer loyalty. The sample size was of 200 employees of telecom sector of Pakistan (PTCL, Telenor, Mobilink, Warid and UFone). Descriptive Statistics, Pearson Correlation and Regression Analysis has been applied. The result of present study shows a positive effect of organizational strategy and organizational on the knowledge management. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Telecom Sector of Pakistan, Organizational strategy, Organizational learning, Knowledge Management Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 60-84 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Year: 2014 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/206/162 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/206 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:2:p:60-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Azam Author-Workplace-Name: Ph. D Scholar at Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Chani Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor and Head of Economics Department at University of Lahore, Pakpattan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Wasif Siddiqi Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Professor at GCU, Lahore, Pakistan Title: An Augmented Solow Growth Model: The Role of Agriculture Productivity and Institutional Quality in Pakistan Abstract: This study evaluates the relationship of agriculture productivity and an institutional quality with respect to economic growth in Pakistan using the time series data from 1974 up to 2010.The theoretical model is developed based on augmented Solow model is based on institutional quality and agriculture Productivity variables. The different econometric test were used for that include Phillips-Perron (PP) unit Root Test, Johansen Co integration Test in Pakistan. The results of this study is unique in context of income convergence in Pakistan considering the role of agriculture Productivity as well as institutional quality.The feedback from the study is stronger for policy implication related to agriculture sector as well as Institutional quality for Pakistan.This argued that agriculture Productivity as well as institutional quality are essential for accelerating the economic growth of Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Augmented Solow, Agriculture Productivity, Institutional Quality, Accelerating, Economic Growth Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 47-59 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Year: 2014 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/204/160 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/204 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:2:p:47-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shakeel Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of English the University of Lahore Pakpattan campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of English the University of Lahore Pakpattan campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Shazia Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of English the University of Lahore Pakpattan campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shaban Raza Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of English the University of Lahore Pakpattan campus, Pakistan Title: Motivational Factors for Teachers towards Active Teaching Abstract: This study aimed at investigating the motivational factors of English language teachers at primary and elementary level in rural and urban areas of Pakistan. To achieve the goal of the study, the researchers used a language teachers’ questionnaire. A sample of one hundred and five English language teachers that teach in primary, elementary and secondary schools from government and private sector in District Pakpattan (Punjab, Pakistan) population had been purposefully selected to get responses to the questionnaire. Data obtained revealed that the school heads, the English language teachers’ colleagues and their students do not motivate the English language teachers in the public schools. The study also explored that the teachers of English language are motivated because they like their jobs, social status, respect, self-esteem, self-confidence and teaching will help them in their future. Now a days teaching as an English language teacher also gives them security (financially and morally) for their families and it is prestigious to be an English language teacher because now English has become an internationally social language. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Factors, Motivation, Teacher, Pakistan Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 34-46 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2014 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/203/159 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/203 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:1:p:34-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sher Ali Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of Linguistics, the University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Naseem Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of Linguistics, the University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Noreen Manzoor Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Department of Linguistics, the University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Sofia Naseer Author-Workplace-Name:M.Phil Scholar Department of Linguistics, the University of Lahore Pakpattan Campus, Pakistan Title: Students’ Perceptions about Teaching English as Compulsory Subject at Secondary Level in Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: English language gained importance with the rise of English imperialism. English was adopted as official language in English colonies e.g., Indian sub-continent, Middle East, Africa, Australia, USA etc. As the Europeans especially English people made progress in science and technology, it became the language of science and technology and no one can make progress in fields of modern knowledge without having mastery over English language. English language has been the common language of the world for decades. In the light of the statistical analysis and findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. It was concluded that students of the secondary school levels in Haveli Lakha. Like and give very much importance to English as a compulsory subject at secondary level because they thought it very compulsory for them to compete the modern age. Classification-JEL: Keywords: English language, students, science, school Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 21-33 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2014 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/202/158 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/202 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:1:p:21-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer (Education), The University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus Author-Name: Muhammad Waseem Author-Workplace-Name: MS Marketing (Scholar), COMSATS Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Service Quality toward Customer Satisfaction: An Empirical Case of Smart-Phone Users in Higher Educational Institutions of Southern Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: Service Quality plays a prominent role in enabling businesses to meet their customers’ need and therefore it acts as a catalyst in the process of creating and delivering value to them. Therefore, the effort has been made to examine the crucial factors such as service quality and satisfaction among the smart-phone users of higher educational institutions of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The core objective of this research paper is to examine the effect of service quality on satisfaction. Researchers have adopted the research conceptual model of (Kim et al., 2004). Researchers have taken dependent variable as satisfaction and independent variable is service quality. Researchers have used descriptive survey research and the research tool of questionnaire used as a tool of data collection. Population of the study comprised all the higher education institutions in Southern Punjab. Data collected from the sample of 200 smart-phone user. Results indicate that quality of customer services dimensions on satisfaction are significant; the 14.5% variance is explained. Four quality dimensions of service quality have positive effects on satisfaction. Those are Value-added-services (Beta, .155, sig (p), 0.27) Price (Beta .184, sig (p), 0.009), Mob devices (Beta.188, sig (p), 0.007), and Customer services (Beta .158, sig (p), 0.023). The characteristic of service quality dimensions on purchaser’s satisfaction is positive. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Smart-phone user, Services quality, Satisfaction Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 13-20 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2014 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/201/157 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/201 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:1:p:13-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Jamil Author-Workplace-Name: COL MBA Student, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, and PhD Scholar Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Babar Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Important Factors of Human Resource Development in Pakistan Abstract: The outstanding economic records of developed Asian nations became possible just because of performance of their human resource. The main objective of this study is to find the significant relationship and impact of important factors of human resource development in Pakistan. A questionnaire comprised of 44-items of the eight variables retained in this study (i.e. Poverty, Social Justice, Good Governance, Health, Population Management, Technical Training & Education, Literacy & Education and Human Resource Development). The population was the managers and experts of Public Sector Organizations of Pakistan. The sample size was of 173 respondents of Pakistani Public Sector Organizations. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis was applied to find the importance and significant relationship of the independent variables with dependent variable i.e. Human Resource Development. Technical Training, Literacy & Education, Poverty alleviation, Social Justice has significant relationship with the Human Resource Development. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Human Resource Development, Technical Training, Literacy & Education, Poverty alleviation, Social Justice Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-12 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2014 Month: March File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/200/156 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/200 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:3:y:2014:i:1:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan and PhD Scholar, Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Muhammad Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Col. MBA Student, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Babar Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Title: Influential Factors for Good Corporate Governance Abstract: Efficient Corporate Governance demands sound regulations and governed through healthier procedures. The objective of this study is to review the four variables; 1) Agency Problem, 2) Transparent Audit, 3) Management Holdings, and 4) Equity Return and Dividend Payout determined for good corporate governance performance in particular under the title "Influential Factors for Good Corporate Governance". The self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection. The population of this study was the professionals and experts of manufacturing and services industries of Pakistan.The sample size was 167 professionals of the Pakistani industries. SPSS is used for reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, descriptive and regression analysis. Agency Problem and Transparent Audit have a significant relationship with Good Corporate Governance whereas Management Holding and Equity Return have been emerged as insignificant variables. All four independent variables have been emerged as positively correlated with the dependent variables. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Corporate Governance, Agency Problem, Management Holdings, Transparent Audit, Influential Factors, Manufacturing & Service Industries Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 15-28 Volume: 2 Issue: 2 Year: 2013 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/264/220 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/264 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:2:y:2013:i:2:p:15-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan and PhD Scholar, Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Muhammad Jamil Author-Workplace-Name: Col. MBA Student, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Babar Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Title: Measuring the Validity of Self-Developed Instrument of Important Factors of Human Resource Development in Pakistan Abstract: Human resource is in fact the backbone of economy in any country. In this study, the researcher’s area of concern is to find out potential factors (i.e. poverty, social justice, good governance, health, population management, technical training & education, literacy & education) of Human Resource Development for the healthier economy of Pakistan. The objective of this study is to check the validity of the instrument. Human Resource Development Model has been constructed and important factors are identified going through the literature review. Questionnaire of 44 items has been developed. Population of this study was the experts and managers of Public Sector Organizations of Pakistan. The sample size was of 30 respondents. Validity of the self-developed instrument has been measured through factor analysis, using Varimax Rotation method, eigenvalues of all the factors is greater than 1.00 according to Kaiser’ criteria, and factor loading of all the items is greater than 0.40. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Human Resource Development, Important Factors, Poverty, Social Justice, Good Governance, Health, Population Management, Technical Training & Education, Literacy & Education, Public Sector Organizations of Pakistan. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-14 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/265/221 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/265 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:2:y:2013:i:1:p:1-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Col. MBA Student, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan and PhD Scholar, Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Babar Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Title: Measuring the Validity of the Influential Factors for Good Corporate Governance Abstract: This study was conducted and model was planned for measuring the validity of the self-developed instrument of influential factors for good corporate governance. The objective of this study was to measure the determinants (i.e. Agency Problem, Equity Return, Management Holdings and Transparent Audit) of the good corporate governance in Pakistan. The population of this study was professionals of Pakistani corporations and stock brokers of Islamabad Stock Exchange. The sample size was of 50 professionals and stock brokers. A self-developed questionnaire of five variables was constructed and factor analysis has been applied for measuring the validity of the instrument and its items. . Mean score of the items, factor relative importance and percentage of variances of the variables has also been measured. Factor loading of all 20 items has value greater than 0.4 and eigenvalues of every single variable is greater than 1.00 according to Kaiser’s criteria. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Agency Problem, Equity Return, Management Holdings, Transparent Audit, Good Corporate Governance, Islamabad Stock Exchange. Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 13-22 Volume: 1 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 Month: December File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/267/223 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/267 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:1:y:2012:i:2:p:13-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarfraz Ahmad Sirohey Author-Workplace-Name: Col. MBA Student, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Ahmed Imran Hunjra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan and PhD Scholar, Iqra University Islamabad, Pakistan. Author-Name: Babar Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Title: Impact of Business Process Automation on Employees’ Efficiency Abstract: Business Process Automation (BPA) is assumed to enhance organizational efficiency by decreasing level of effort and elimination of redundant processes and procedures. The study in hand is an analysis of impact by the BPA on the AGPR employees’ efficiency. Five variables namely, New System Understanding, Adaptation to New Methodology, Response of Employees to Change, Conformity to Standards and Employees’ Efficiency. A questionnaire comprised of 29 items was adapted for primary data collection. The population was of employees in AGPR and stakeholders like Ministry of Finance, the Controller General of Accounts and Line Ministries. The sample size was of 265 respondents. Descriptive, Pearson correlation and Regression Analysis has been applied through SPSS software for finding significant relationship and importance of BPA for employee’s efficiency. The results of study have shown that all the processes which have been changed due to new system are in benefit of employees as well as masses and contributing towards good governance. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Business Process Automation (BPA), New System Understanding (NSU), Adaptation to New Methodology, (ANM), Employees’ Efficiency (EE), Conformity to Standards (CS), Response of Employees to Change (REC), AGPR, Good Governance Journal: Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) Pages: 1-12 Volume: 1 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 Month: June File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/266/222 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://bbejournal.com/index.php/BBE/article/view/266 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:bbejor:v:1:y:2012:i:1:p:1-12