Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Mamoona Sayyeda Gul Zarrin Author-Workplace-Name: Research Student of COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Brain Drain and Economic Growth: An ARDL Analysis Abstract: This study is focus on empirical analysis of highly skilled labor force emigration from Pakistan to across world. We investigate that pull and push factors are the main cause of highly skilled migration across countries. Applying ARDL analysis, we find out the short-run and long-run effects of brain-drain on economy of Pakistan by using time series data over the period 2000-2022. The empirical results support the gravity model and demand -supply theories of migration. On the basis of our finding’s migration of brain-drain influence negatively economic growth but remittances that receive Pakistan from overseas nationals contributes positively to economic growth while remaining control variable have same signs explained by theories. We can recap the results that developing countries like Pakistan, focus on planned brain-export rather unplanned brain-drain. Keywords: Total employed labor force, Trade, Gross fixed capital formation, Secondary school enrollment, Taxes, Broad Money, Remittances Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 528-537 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/317/501 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/317 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:528-537 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayesha Safeer Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Atika Batool Author-Workplace-Name: National College of Business administration and Economics, Pakistan Author-Name: Zahra Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Title: Experiencing Migration and Asylum Seeking: A Diasporic study of The Book of Rosy: A Mother’s story of separation at the Border by Rosayra Pablo Cruz and Julie Schwitert Collazo Abstract: This study delves into the experiences of migration and asylum-seeking through the lens of William Safran's diaspora framework, which centers on the concepts of dispersion, diaspora consciousness, and homeland connections. Employing Safran's theoretical model, the research critically analyzes the autobiographical work "The Book of Rosy" by Rosayra Pablo Cruz and Julie Schwietert Collazo, focusing on the challenges faced by migrants, particularly mothers, in the context of Trump's zero tolerance policy. The narrative provides an insightful portrayal of the multifaceted struggles of immigrants, revealing the emotional and psychological toll of forced separation at the Mexico border. The findings underscore the significance of community support and advocacy efforts in addressing the traumatic consequences of migration. This study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the human experiences entailed in the migration process and underscores the relevance of Safran's diaspora model in comprehending its complexities. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Terms: Diaspora, Asylum, Detention Centeres, Trump Zero Policy, Migration Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 741-749 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/388/602 File-Format:Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/388 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:741-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Babar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Farhan Navid Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Social Determinants of Real Estate Crimes Against Overseas Pakistanis Abstract: The present study aims to explore the social factors which contribute towards Real Estate Crimes (RECs) against Overseas Pakistanis (OPs). This research would be the first of its kind and nature. It would study the social causes of RECs against Ops from the perspective of the victims. The present study is qualitative in nature and used the Multiple Case Study Design to study the topic under investigation. Thirty-six participants were selected through purposive sampling from the district of Lahore. Data was collected through in-depth interviews. The findings revealed that being away from the properties (absentee owners), lack of legal awareness and proper knowledge, blind trust, greed, unguarded properties, patriarchy, and being away from their tribe were the major reasons of real estate crimes against overseas Pakistanis. Overseas Pakistanis should not have blind trust on others and rather they must complete required documentation of their properties. They should be cautiously social enough to have check and balance on their property along with taking appropriate steps to safeguard them by keeping themselves abreast of latest development related to laws and neighborhood of the property. So that a culprit may not tend to consider committing RECs against their properties since the culprits of RECs are rational offender who do their cost-benefit analysis before committing such crimes. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Real-estate crimes, Overseas Pakistanis, Land Administration system, Land Grabbing, Social Factors Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 619-626 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/387/600 File-Format:Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/387 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:619-626 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Abdus Samad Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor/Chairman Department of English, Kohsar University Murree, Pakistan Author-Name: Tamkeen Inam Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, English Department, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Arif Ullah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of English, Government Post Graduate Jahanzeb College Saidu Sharif Swat, Pakistan Title: An Exploration of Patriarchal Dominance Through Discourse in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter Abstract: This study aims at investigating patriarchal elements in The Scarlet Letter by applying the tool of Fairclough’s 3D model. Research is qualitative in nature. This study has tried to investigate the logical association between language and society. It seeks to find out different effects of language through which one can learn about language and power relation. Likewise, the study argues that there is a close relationship between discourse, ideology and portrayal of characters in the social context. Through Critical Discourse Analysis of the selected text, the power of language has been identified. Additionally, the hidden agenda which is vivid in this discourse is also implicit. It has been found in the study that society devalues women and demeans their existence. Similarly, the patriarchy demolishes women’s ability for creation, uniqueness and self-independency. Moreover, author of the selected text Scarlet Letter has revealed the atrocities of patriarchy and masculine hegemony through the medium of language. For instance, Hester Prynne accepts the shame of adultery but Dimmesdale (her male counterpart) stands silent and successfully hides himself before society. Critical Discourse Analysis is the broader field of study hence can be applied on variety of literary texts such as Henrik Ibsen’s Doll’s House and Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice for bridging two fields of literature and linguistics. Classification-JEL: Keywords: atriarchy,Masculine Hegemony,Discourse,Language, Power,Hester Prynne Journal: Journal of Policy Research Pages: 95-101 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/383/591 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/383 File-Format: text/html Handle:RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:95-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samina Yasmin Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Teacher Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Asif Jamil Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Ghafoor Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Teacher Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Title: Impact of Teacher’s Communication Skills on University Students’ Academic Performance in STEM Subjects Abstract: The current study aimed to examine the impact of teacher’s Communication Skills on University Students’ academic performance in STEM Subjects. Quantitative method was used and therefore survey research design was employed. Five (05) public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were selected.  All teachers (335) and students (5019) were constituted the target population. A sample of 271 (83 teachers and 288 teachers) were selected through stratified sampling method. A questionnaire was administered for data collection. Teachers’ Communication scale was used to assess the teachers’ communication skills whereas Students’ academic performance was obtained from their last CGPA. Content Validity Indic (CVI) was applied to assess the content validity through experts and Cronbach’s Alpha was used to measure the reliability of the instrument. Pearson product Moment Correlation and Linear regression was used. The study concluded that significant impact of teachers’ communication skills on the students’ academic performance in STEM Subjects. The study recommended that teachers may train in different competencies such as planning, assessment strategies and communication skills. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Verbal communication, Non-Verbal Communication, Academic Performance Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 107-112 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/378/593 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/378 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:107-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Raza Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Teacher Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I. Khan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Umar Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Atif Saeed Qureshi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Teacher Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, D. I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Title: Impact of Leadership Skill Approach on School Effectiveness at Secondary Level Abstract: The current study aimed to examine the impact of the leadership skill approach on the school's effectiveness at the secondary level. Positivism philosophy was used. A sample of 300 SSTs was selected out of 1230 teachers in district DG Khan through a stratified sampling method. A self-developed questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was based on 55 items including three skills of leaders (24 items) and school effectiveness (31 items). The questionnaire was validated by using the Index of Item objective-congruence (IOC) whereas Cronbach’s Alpha was used to estimate the reliability of the questionnaire. Linear regression and independent sample t-tests were used as inferential statistics. The study concluded that all three leadership skills (human, technical, and conceptual) have a significant impact on the school's effectiveness. the study recommended that training may be provided to school heads to enhance their technical, human, and conceptual skills. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Human Skills, Technical Skills, Conceptual Skills, School Effectiveness Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 102-106 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/377/592 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/377 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:102-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Irum Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Department of Psychology, Preston University Kohat Pakistan (Islamabad Campus), Faculty of Islamabad Model College For Boys G-11/1 under the ambit of Federal Directorate of Education (FDE), Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training (MOFEPT) Islamabad Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Alay Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Dean and Chairman, Department of Psychology, Preston University Kohat Main Campus Pakistan Author-Name: Dr Fayyaz Ahmed Anjum Author-Workplace-Name: Head of Department (Psychology), Preston University Kohat, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Title: Exploring Constructs for Scale (PCOS-HRQOL) Based on Conscious and Unconscious Experiences of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Abstract: To explore the constructs for the development of health related quality of life scale (PCOS-HRQOL) based on conscious and unconscious experiences of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome by identifying themes and psychological needs. Less data is available in the domain of qualitative research for providing a ground work for the development of health related quality of life scale for women with polycystic ovary syndrome using projective techniques i.e. Thematic Apperception Test, Modified Hand Test and Focus Groups. A qualitative study consisting of interpretive phenomenological analysis was conducted on women recruited from public and private sector hospitals of Islamabad. It was based on transcriptions obtained from thematic analysis and focus groups in order to highlight conscious and unconscious experiences of these women. Common themes and sub-themes identified through thematic analysis of subjects using cards of Thematic Apperception Test (for unconscious experiences) and using Focus Groups (for conscious experiences). Ten themes and sub-themes projected in women included: depressive states, conflict with authority, conflict with spouse, aggression, obsessive preoccupations, economic deprivations, health anxiety, self-image, social anxiety and altruistic behavior. Nine psychological needs included need for achievement, affiliation, autonomy and independence, blame and avoidance, dominance, compliance, succorance, nurturance and altruism, approval and recognition. Clear and significant similarities are seen through projections of women on Thematic Apperception Test and focus groups. Women with age range 26-35 years are more prone towards having psychological states that affect their physical as well as psychological health related quality of life. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Qualitative study, Thematic analysis, Focus groups,Thematic Apperception Test, Infertility, Quality of life,Psychological Needs, Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 113-123 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/381/598 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/381 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:113-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zartashia Kynat Javaid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar / Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalid Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: Exploration of Embitterment among University Students: A Qualitative Study Abstract: Positive and negative feelings are felt by all of us in our lives. When an individual goes through an unjust, personal humiliating or hurtful event which results in psychological stress and even strong urge for revenge, the individual is suffering from embitterment (Linden, 2003). Students play vital role in make or break of any society. It is essential to address the emotional disturbances they might have. Current study explores the phenomenon of Embitterment in university students. Data was collected from students using Semi structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Assessment of happenings in life of students, negative impacts of bad happenings and unfairness, positive and negative reactions to unfair behavior and ways to overcome it are discussed. It was concluded that if events in students’ life are looked into carefully then possible reactions can be identified. This way it leads to have more control on embittered mind and solutions can be found. This study will contribute in helping students for friendly atmosphere to grow academically and have a better life in general. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Embitterment,Thematic Analysis, University Students, Interview, Reactions to Unfair Behavior Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 124-129 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/386/597 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/386 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:124-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafiz Ahmad Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, University of Central Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Javed Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqar Munir Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Malaysia, Sarawak campus, Malaysia Author-Name: Amjad Islam Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farhat Hussain Bazmi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mathematics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan Title: Unravelling the Threads of Abusive Supervision: Dynamics, Antecedents, Costs, and Consequences (2000-2023) Abstract: This qualitative research aims to elaborate on the concept of abusive supervision and understand the dynamics, antecedents, cost and consequences of abusive supervision through a literature review of previous studies from 2000 to 2023. The second objective, of this research to carried out the review of previous literature from the areas of abusive supervision, destructive leadership and deviant workplace behavior to identify the gap for future research. In addition, the paper also aims to provide an understanding and guidelines to researchers, managers and practitioners on the topic of abusive supervision and allied areas. This qualitative study is based on the secondary source of data collected from various journals and websites through Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on abusive supervision by identifying key trends in emerging research and edging the outlines of empirical studies to prepare their research framework. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Dark leadership, Abusive Supervision, Destructive leadership, Counterproductive Workplace Behavior,Unethical Leadership Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR ) Pages: 52-62 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/375/581 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/375 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:52-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sumera Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Chairperson, Department of Mass Communication, LCWU, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Nimra Zaffer Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, LCWU, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saima Kausar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Title: Real vs Virtual Identity: A Contemporary Analysis of Social Displacement Accelerating Anti-social Behavior Among Youth Abstract: This study investigated the role of social media in creating anti-social behavior among active social media users. The researchers conducted survey to understand the difference between the real and virtual personalities of social media users. 256 students — aged 17 to 25 years — enrolled in different universities of Lahore were reached out conveniently to get their responses on 22 closed ended questions of questionnaire. The Social Displacement Theory guided the researchers to analyze the obtained data on SPSS to interpret their communication preferences in virtual and real life. The chi-square test approved the hypothesis as it showed a significant association between social media usage and anti-social behavior among users. This study concluded that higher social media usage paved the way for users to get isolated from the real world — pointing towards estrangement from social gathering. Hence, an individual must maintain a balance between real and virtual identities. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Social displacement, virtual identity, real identity, active social media users Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 750-759 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/389/604 File-Format:Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/389 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:750-759 Template-Type:ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Mussarat Jabeen Khan Author-workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Kainat Zia Author-workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Malakand, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sumaira Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Author-Name:Ayesha Jahangir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name:Awwabah Rufarakh Author-workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title:Relationship between Parenting Styles and Socio-Emotional and Character Development among School Students Abstract: This study examines the relationship between parental styles and students' socio-emotional and character development in schools. The study also examines gender and school system effects on parenting styles and socio-emotional and character development in students. The correlational study focused on school children in Islamabad/Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The Social-emotional and character development scale (SECDS) and Parenting style Scale by Ghafoor and Kurukkan (2014) were used to assess social-emotional and character development and parenting styles. The study included 400 schoolchildren, 200 of whom were male and 200 females. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20. Results indicated that parents' attentiveness is positively correlated with pro-social conduct, honesty, self-control, self-development, school respect, and home respect. These qualities are negatively correlated with parental control. Female participants had more parental attentiveness, pro-social behavior, honesty, self-control, self-development, and respect in school and at home than male participants. Males scored higher on parental control. The study found that private school students had higher levels of parental responsiveness, pro-social conduct. Keywords:Parenting styles, Socio-emotional development, Character development, School students Journal:Journal of Policy Research(JPR) Pages:141-147 Volume:9 Issue:3 Year:2023 Month: File-URL:https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/366/601 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL:https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/366 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:141-147 Template-Type:ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Sarfraz Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Kamran Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Zunaira Maqsood Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Title: Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Financial Performance: Evidence from Insurance Sector of Pakistan Abstract: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an emerging field of research and practice and little is known about its implications for financial sector firms in developing countries like Pakistan. This study investigates impact of CSR on firm performance for insurance sector of Pakistan. Using data of twenty-eight insurance companies for eight years, this study found that CSR has a positive influence on return on assets (ROA) and earnings per share (EPS), and insignificant influence on return on equity (ROE). Further, firm size predicted ROA, while leverage predicted ROE and EPS. Overall, this study documents that CSR could be a significant predictor of financial performance of firms in financial sector of developing economies like Pakistan. Findings of this study enable the managers of financial sector firms to understudy value of CSR and adopt it to manage their performance. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Financial Performance, Insurance Firms Pages: 1-14 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/340/572 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/340 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:1-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Shaukat Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Madiha Saleem Author-workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Ajmal Mirza Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, New Campus, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Using Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) to Impose Hierarchy on Critical Issues of Contractual Bargaining: A Study of Construction Industry of Pakistan Abstract: Purpose of conducting this research is to identify the critical factors of contractual bargaining in the context of construction industry of Pakistan. The design of current study comprises of the review of literature, data collection and analysis. Data collection involves systematic review of the literature, discussion with experts who are well versed with the domain of the study. ISM is applied to recognize, arrange and develop interrelationships among the critical factors of contractual bargaining. In order to validate the findings of ISM, MICMAC is used which verified the ISM findings. MICMAC groups variables in one of four categories; independent, dependent, linkage or autonomous. According to hierarchy imposed through ISM, factors 1, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 13 occupy first level. Factors 10, 11, 12, 17, 19 and 20 occupy second level. Factors 5, 14, 15 and 18 occupy third level. Factors 2 and 6 occupy fourth level. Factor 3 (political risk) and 16 (lack of management control) occupy fifth and sixth level respectively. MICMAC analysis revealed that factors of 2, 3, 6 and 18 are independent variables. Factors 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19 and 20 are linkage variables. Factors 1, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 13 are dependent variables and no factor found to be autonomous. Factor 16 (lack of management control) is the most critical factor. The study deals with critical factors of contractual bargaining that are necessary to consider at the time of contract design & negotiation. It intends to create fruitful insights for a wide variety of audience including contractors, project owners, project managers, volunteers, donors, society and economy at large. It distinguishes itself, as there is no such work available in literature that addresses the need of identifying elements necessary to be considered during contracts’ initial design, bargaining, execution, completion and enforcement. Further, it extends to build a structural model of identified factors and develops relationship in order to provide readers understanding about the cause-&-effect relationships among the factors. The results have implications for all the aforementioned stakeholders in construction projects and construction industry. Classification-JEL: Keywords: :Contract, Critical Factors,Construction Industry, Interpretive Structural ModellingTechnique, MICMAC Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 69-84 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/376/583 File-Format:Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/376 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:69-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryam Aziz Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zeeshan Shaukat Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Wavelet Analysis of CO2 Emissions’ Co-movement: An Investigation of Lead–lag Effect among Emerging Asian Economies Abstract: The rapidly increasing emissions of carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gas have been witnessed world over in last few decades. In similarity to other continents, Asia has been affected by the carbon dioxide gas emissions over the past decades. A number of researches conducted in the past studied various aspects of CO2 emissions sources in Asia. However, this study aims to investigate the interrelationship of selected Asian countries regarding the CO2 emissions co-movements with focus on Pakistan during the period of different crises. We used WDI (World Development Indicators) yearly data for each country and compared Pakistan’s metric tons per capita CO2 emissions with those of China, Indonesia, India, Iran, Japan, Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Turkey. Contrasting with the contemporary methods, the data is analyzed through separate wavelet power spectra, wavelet coherence and cross-wavelet transform for the determination of correlation. These models are potentially capable of analyzing the co-movements among the countries with reference to time and frequency spaces. Study being conducted at the country level; the analytical findings may directly benefit the environmental planning. The findings are useful for policy makers, regulators and environmentalists. Further discussions on environmental problems is expected to be triggered by the results of this study. Classification-JEL: Keywords: CO2 emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, wavelet analysis, climate change, emerging economies Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 36-51 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/374/586 File-Format:Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/374 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:36-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Usman Ahmad Zaheer Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Applied Psychology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Rafia Rafique Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Translation, Adaptation, and Validation of Workplace Stress Scale for Pakistani Police Investigation Personnel Abstract: To assess job stress among police investigation personnel, the present study purports to translate and validate the workplace stress scale (WPSS) for Pakistani Police investigation Personnel. For this purpose, International Test Commission (ITC) guidelines for translation, adaptation, and validation were used. The sample was taken from all districts of Punjab Pakistan and N=300 police investigation personnel were recruited from police stations of Punjab Province. Moreover, factor structure, internal consistency, content validity, face validity, and convergent validity were examined for Urdu version of the Workplace Stress Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity analysis were done by using AMOS 21 v and SPSS 26 v respectively. The findings of this study demonstrate unimodal Workplace Stress Scale is culturally adapted for Pakistani Police Personnel. The values of χ²/df =1.26, GFI=.97, CFA= .99, and RMSEA=.03 indicated good model fit. Moreover, the construct validity and reliability (α=.90) of WPSS are also shown favorable results. Additionally, the WPSS demonstrated favorable results in terms of construct validity and reliability. Despite all the shortcomings and restrictions, police investigators perform a vital role in preserving the rule of law in society. Due to the nature of the demanding job, many police investigation personnel feel stressed. So, the Urdu-translated version of the Workplace Stress Scale (WPSS) will be helpful to gauge the degree of job stress among Police Investigation Personnel. Classification-JEL: Keywords: translation, validation, workplace stress, police investigation personnel, ITC guidelines Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 63-68 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/311/582 File-Format:Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/311 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:63-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Imran Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D English Scholar National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub-Campus Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sammar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar Govt. College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Yousuf Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D English Scholar National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub-Campus Multan, Pakistan Title: Exploring Hegel’s Concept of Self-Realization in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Abstract: What is Hegelian Self-Realization and how it can be achieved; is the basic phenomenon in this research. This research explores the Hegel’s concept of Self-Realization in Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman. The main issue that is being discussed here is that, how a man realizes himself, gets basic knowledge and realizes his inner self to enjoy a superior life. Therefore this research will explore the mental and psychological behavior of the characters of the play about their self. This research discusses the journey of characters of Death of a Salesman. The study focuses on the protagonist’s journey towards the search of self. It also founds that Self-Realization needs a proper knowledge and care about individual’s personality. The protagonist Willy Loman makes a long journey, does a job for which he wonders in different cities because one who tries to seek truth about his personality put his life in trouble. As he aware about the reality of the social harshness then he becomes more and more restricted about his self. When protagonist gets full knowledge about the reality of the society and about his personality then he thinks that it is better to die than to live. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Self-Realization, Knowledge, Psychological, Truth, Journey, Reality, Society, Personality, Death Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 15-24 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/369/571 File-Format:Application/pdf File-URL:https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/369 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:15-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and International Business, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBMAS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Farhan Gillani Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Research Scholar, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Author-Name: Wajid Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar BZU Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sajjad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar ISP Multan, Pakistan Title: Impact of Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility on Pro-Environmental Behavior in Hospitality Industry: Mediating Role of Green Mindfulness Abstract: Emerging research demonstrates that environmental corporate social responsibility (E-CSR) may significantly influence individuals’ Pro-Environmental Behavior (PEB). The primary goal of this research is to bridge the knowledge gap concerning the fundamental mechanisms through which E-CSR affects tourists’ PEB. To gain a deeper insight into the interplay between E-CSR and tourists’ PEB and to explore the mediating influence of Green Mindfulness (GM), this study investigates their interconnected dynamics. The research employs the Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM) to evaluate the proposed hypotheses. Gathering input from 446 travellers who have experienced Pakistani hospitality through an informal poll, the study reveals that E-CSR significantly and positively influence the tourists’ PEB, with GM partially mediating this relationship. This study is equally beneficial for academicians and practitioners. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Employee pro-environmental behaviors, environmental corporate social responsibility, and green mindfulness Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 25-35 Volume: 9 Issue: 3 Year: 2023 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/344/574 File-Format:Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/344 File-Format:text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:3:p:25-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naseer Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Department of Commerce and Finance, GC University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ali Raza Elahi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Finance, GC University Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Effectiveness of Promotion through Brochure Advertising on Merchandise Sales: A Case Study of Multiple Retail Stores of Pakistan Abstract: Advertisement plays a significant role in generating awareness and persuasiveness among consumers. Retailers are using brochures to create an awareness regarding promotion of products. Various studies using different price promotional policies reveal that it has significant positive impact on the sales. Customers are very specific on those products that are listed as promotional products. The purpose of this study is to find the presence of promotional brochure at retail stores of Pakistan and how information provided on promotional brochures has an impact on sales. For this purpose, the retail scanner information was used to assess the impact of promotional brochures on sales. The brochures were also collected to identify whether the product is on promotion or not. Regression analysis was applied, and the result showed that different stores have significant effect on sales of the merchandises. Price promotion ensures a positive influence on the sales at the retail level. The result of the study showed that the different products during the promotion from multiple retail stores have positive significant effect on the merchandise sales, brochure advertising have positive significant effect on the retail sales on the multiple retail stores of Pakistan. The findings also showed that the brochure advertising effectively explains the variation in the sales. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Brochure advertising, Retail Stores, Promotion, sales Pages: 732-740 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/360/588 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/360 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:732-740 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zainab Kausar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sonia Chaudhary Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Title: Mediating Role of Coping Styles in the Relationship Between Caregivers’ Burden of Cancer Patients and their Psychological Well-being Abstract: This study is aimed to investigate the mediating role of coping styles between the relationship of caregivers’ burden and psychological well-being of cancer patients. Correlational research design was used to accomplish this study. Survey was conducted to collect the data. Sample of 319 caregivers was selected through purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from Combined Military Hospital Multan and Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology Hospital situated in the city of Multan, Pakistan. Three research instruments were used to measure study variables. The Caregiver’s Burden Scale (Shroff, 2014); The Caregiver Well-Being Scale (Berg-Weger et al., 2000) and the brief COPE Scale (Carver, 1997). Results reveal that psychological well-being of caregivers was negatively correlated with caregivers’ burden. Moreover, psychological well-being was negatively predicted by caregivers’ burden. Furthermore, study suggested that problem-focused coping style significantly mediates the relationship of caregivers’ burden and psychological well-being. Female caregivers feel more burden of care as compared to male. Comparatively, male caregivers showed the higher level of psychological well-being than females. In addition, results reveal that married caregivers of cancer patients were found with more burden of care than unmarried. Psychological well-being was reported greater among unmarried caregivers than married. Classification-JEL: Keywords: caregivers’ burden, psychological well-being of cancer patients, Multan Pages: 724-731 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/373/579 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/373 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:724-731 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naheeda Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Law, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Title: Corporate Rights and Duties to Address Sustainability Challenges: To Set of Opportunities Abstract: The challenge of ensuring long-term survival is a significant barrier for the human race. The current environmental predicament and the increasing socioeconomic disparity may be attributed to human agency, particularly the acts and choices made by companies. To address these issues, it is necessary to establish a precise understanding of the concepts of sustainability and justice, and to ascertain the specific ways in which companies contribute to the aforementioned challenges. Both fairness and sustainability need the careful examination of temporal and spatial dimensions. However, it is important to note that the law is subject to limitations since it is heavily influenced by jurisdictional factors. Additionally, it is worth mentioning that business law primarily focuses on immediate considerations. The convergence of these elements necessitates an examination of alternative resolutions to the issue, which might include well-established frameworks within corporate law. This article explores the challenges inherent in achieving sustainable development and conducts an analysis within the context of the judicial system. There is a need to initiate changes in corporate board structures and shareholder arrangements in order to reallocate rights and obligations to entities that possess a greater stake in promoting sustainability and equity. Subsequently, the study examines several approaches that might be used to achieve this objective, and proposes reforms to enhance the organization's effectiveness in achieving societal needs. This study is based on qualitative research. Analysing statutes, local and international laws, protocols, conventions, treaties and reports for the accomplishment of this work. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Corporate law,Climate justice, Shareholdernorm, Institutional reform, Stakeholder rights, Law reform Pages: 714-723 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/370/573 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/370 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:714-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Mansoor Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of History, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Numan Tahir Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil History, Department of History, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Khurram Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil History, Department of History, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: A Historical Analysis of Mian Fazl-I-Husain and Sir Chhotu Ram’s Educational Contributions Toward Modernizing Punjab in 20th Century Abstract: Mian Fazl-i-Husain (1877-1936) and Sir Chhotu Ram (1881-1945) were the prominent politicians, educationalists, agriculturists and were Education Minister, Revenue Minister, Agricultural Minister and member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council in the Pre-Independence Punjab. This study while going through primary sources like Provincial Assembly Debates and Letters of Mian Fazl-i-Husain), secondary sources like biographies of Mian Fazl-i-Husain and Sir Chhotu Ram (Mian Faz-i-Husain: A Political Biography by Azim Hussain, Sir Chhotu Ram: A Saga of Inspirational Leadership by Balbir Singh and Sir Chhotu Ram: Life an Times by D. C. Verma) and available research articles and journals on the life and achievements of Mian Fazl-i-Husain and Sir Chhotu Ram. This paper will discuss the policies, reports, acts, commissions and the committees introduced by the British government and the response of the educational entities appointed in educational institutions in Punjab by going through official documentation. It concludes that did Mian Fazl-i-Husain and Sir Chhotu Ram have an important role in modernizing the Punjab in 20th century by revolutionizing the educational sector. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Mian Fazl-i-Husain, Sir Chhotu Ram, Education, Punjab in 20thCentury Pages: 709-713 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/342/563 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/342 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:709-713 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Atif Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Naila Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: Chairperson, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Title: Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Services Tax Collection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the post-decentralization difficulties, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Revenue Authority (KPRA) faced in collecting services tax in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at its actual potential. The study also sought to pinpoint challenges that the new tax authority was having and needed assistance from both the provincial and federal governments to fix. The foremost issues were analyzed via conducting Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with KPRA Officers Tax Experts and consultants. Following Krueger & Casey (2000) and note-based technique, the result of the study showed that multiple issues, specifically, un-documentation, tax exemptions in FATA/PATA, and lack of tax experts & strategic plan leading to collection of services tax lower than actual potential. All such issues were caused by incapacity and lack of coordination by the province with federal authorities after decentralization. Finally, it is suggested that collaboration and sustained assurance of all stakeholders, including the federal and provincial governments are required to collect services tax at optimum level. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization, Services Tax, FGD,Tax Potential, Tax Administration Pages: 701-708 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/352/562 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/352 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:701-708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salma Zahir Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, Higher Education, Archives and Libraries Department, KP, Pakistan Author-Name: Muneeba Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Women's University Swabi, Pakistan Author-Name: Qurat-ul-ain Altaf Author-Workplace-Name: Monitoring Evaluation Accountability and Learning Officer, Strengthening Participatory Organization Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Mehwish Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Swabi, Pakistan Title: Does Exchange Rate Volatility Affect Foreign Trade? The Empirical Evidence from Some Selected MENA Countries Abstract: The study examines empirically the effect of the exchange rate volatility on foreign trade of eight (08) selected MENA countries from 1988-2022. For the reliability of the findings, the study applied the Panel ARDL/PMG technique, as well as the Robust Least-Squares and Fixed-Effect approaches. In addition, the Heterogeneous Panel Granger Causality test by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) is utilized to determine causal relationships between the variables. The results indicate that exchange rate volatility has a significant and positive effect on the export demand, and while negative and significant effect on the import demand of MENA Countries. Overall, the study findings imply that policies focused on obtaining and preserving a stable competitive real exchange rate might further improve these nations' exporting activities. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Exchange RateVolatility,Foreign Trade Pages: 689-700 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/349/561 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/349 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:689-700 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shah Rome Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar, PIDE Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Imran Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lead Business Intelligence/Senior Data Auditor/ Ph.D. Scholar, Applied Economics Research Center, University of Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sardar Javaid Iqbal Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Kashmir Institute of Economics, King Abdullah Campus, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJ&K, Pakistan Title: An Investigation into the Statistical Significance of Labor Force Longevity in Brick Kilns and Marble Industry: A Case Study of Peshawar Abstract: Government agencies and policy makers are increasingly tasked with the imperative of implementing health and safety regulations. A crucial concern for them lies in determining the quantifiable value of the benefits stemming from these safety regulations. This entails ascertaining the measurable worth attributed to the reduction of mortality and health risks. This complex endeavor is rooted in the nuanced understanding of how individuals financially indemnify themselves for the hazards they willingly undertake. This analytical framework is commonly known as the compensating wage differentials method. This method entails the estimation of a wage premium that a worker necessitates in order to assume a marginal escalation in the likelihood of mortality or injury. Similarly, it explores the monetary amount a worker would be willing to expend to curtail the hazards to their health and life, or to secure a marginal enhancement in their personal safety. The derivation of the wage premium emanates from the dynamic interplay within the labor market and the calculation of the value of statistical life—a metric that encapsulates the financial quantum a population is willing to disburse to avert a solitary fatality within their cohort. This research endeavor undertakes the estimation of the value of statistical life and injury for laborers engaged in brick kilns and the marble industry within the locale of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The foundation of this valuation rests upon the compensating wage differential approach. The sample size for this study comprises 200 individuals, encompassing both internationally recognized annual work hours as well as those pertinent to the Pakistani context. In the context of 2000 annual work hours, the computed Value of Statistical Life (VSL) for marble industry workers amounts to PKR 54.6 million (USD 0.3412 million), accompanied by a perceived injury valuation of PKR 5460. Concomitantly, for brick kiln laborers, the VSL is estimated at PKR 43.7 million (USD 0.2731 million). Upon transitioning to the annual work hours applicable within Pakistan (2800), the VSL for marble industry workers escalates to PKR 76.44 million (USD 0.4777 million), accompanied by a corresponding perceived injury valuation of PKR 7644. Analogously, for brick kiln workers, the VSL is projected to be PKR 61.18 million (USD 0.3823 million). In summation, this study contributes to the quantification of the intricate interplay between occupational risks, wages, and the broader notion of human life's monetary value. The estimations achieved herein serve as pertinent inputs for policy formulation, resource allocation, and decision-making processes, equipping stakeholders with empirical insights into the tangible worth attributed to health and safety enhancements within the brick kiln and marble industries. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Compensating Wage Differential, Informal Sectors, Value of Statistical Life/injury, Perceived Risks, Marble Factories, Brick kilns, Safety Regulations Pages: 679-688 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/368/560 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/368 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:679-688 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Murtaza Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Student, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ayyoub Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Aisha Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Riaz Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Turbat, Pakistan Title: Examining Linkages between Poverty Alleviation and Macroeconomic Performance in Pakistan Abstract: This study undertakes an empirical exploration of the intricate interplay between macroeconomic variables and poverty in Pakistan. By employing an autoregressive distributive lag model, we scrutinize both short- and long-term relationships between these critical factors over a span of 41 years: 1980-2021. Our findings elucidate that in the short-run, GDP, inflation, and education exhibit negative impacts on poverty, while in the long-run, GDP, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, and education maintain negative associations with poverty. Moreover, imports, exports, and the balance of payments show no significant short-term impact on poverty, but in the long-run, they establish a positive relationship with poverty. These results underscore the imperative of enhancing the education system, particularly in technical education, as a means to combat poverty. Furthermore, improving the ease of doing business to attract foreign investment emerges as a crucial avenue for stimulating economic activity, reducing unemployment, and alleviating poverty. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Education,GDP,Inflation,Macroeconomic Performance,Poverty,Unemploymen Pages: 665-678 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/321/559 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/321 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:665-678 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Irshad Hussain Sarki Author-Workplace-Name: NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Raheela Haque Author-Workplace-Name: Sukkur IBA University, Pakistan Author-Name: Asif Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Noman Yaseen Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Sufyan Khawar Author-Workplace-Name: NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Qayoom Author-Workplace-Name: NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saif Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan Title: Factors Influencing Green Purchase Intention: A Mediation Moderation Study Abstract: The requirement for green products is continuously growing in the world as well as in the countries of Asia because of the extreme complications about the environment that are associated with the purchase of ordinary products. Therefore, the key factors for the determination of green purchase intention still need to be explored. The purpose of this research is to bridge the gap by investigating the impact of some key factors on the green purchase intention of the customers of green products through the mediating role of perceived value. Furthermore, the study explored the moderating role of social media on the relationship between perceived value and green purchase intention. The purposive sampling method was employed and the data of 218 participants was gathered to test the conceptual model of the study. The outcomes of the research revealed that all the selected key factors like green trust, green packaging, and perceived quality have a positive significant impact on the green purchase intention of green products. Furthermore, the mediating role of the perceived value between the relationship of above mentioned key factors and green purchase intention was also supported by the findings of the research. The outcomes of the study also confirmed the positive significant moderating role of social media between the association of perceived value and green purchase intention. The theory of reasoned action was utilized for the sustenance of the conceptual model of the study. The conclusions of the study have remarkable implications for theory, policy, practice, and the industry. In the end limitations of the study and directions for future researchers are also discussed. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Green Trust, Green packaging, Green perceived Quality, Perceived Value, Green Purchase Intention Pages: 652-664 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/367/557 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/367 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:652-664 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nisar Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mehboob Alam Author-Workplace-Name: Deputy Treasurer, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Bilal Nafees Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, UE Business School, Lower Mall Campus, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Jamshaid Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Does Perceived Organizational Support Matter? Sequential Mediation Analysis of Job Satisfaction Abstract: In a challenging environment and current global scenario, satisfied employees play a vital role in the progress and strengthening of institutions. Further, it is very important to recognize the influence of perceived organizational support on the job satisfaction of employees in higher education institutions which have a direct impact on the development of human capital in a country. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the impact of perceived organizational support on job satisfaction via extrinsic and intrinsic motivation by developing a cross-sectional research design. A self-administrative questionnaire survey method was used for data collection from 429 employees of three public sector universities located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The results of regression analysis show that perceived organizational support has a significant positive effect on the job satisfaction of employees in higher education institutions. Further, the findings of the study support that extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation of employees have a sequential mediation effect on the relationship between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. The findings of the study suggest that for the job satisfaction of employees supervisory support and procedural justice should be emphasized in higher educational institutions. Moreover, employees’ extrinsic and intrinsic motivation should not be ignored as it is proved as a prerequisite for operationalizing the effect of perceived organizational support on the employees’ satisfaction. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Perceived Organizational Support, Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, Job Satisfaction,and Sequential Mediation Pages: 636-651 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/359/578 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/359 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:636-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Mahmood Shah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore- Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Quratulain Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore- Pakistan Author-Name: Najeeb Nasir Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Banking and Finance, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Title: Impact of Working Capital on Corporate Performance in Seasonal and Non-Seasonal Industries: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: The study examines the impact of working capital on corporate performance in the seasonal and non-seasonal industries of Pakistan. The five selected industries comprising a sample of 137 companies have been studied and five years of secondary data have been collected for analysis. These industries have been selected based on their unique characteristics with regard to inventories, receivables, and payables and due to the fact that these industries form a significant part of the overall economy of the country. Textile and sugar are seasonal industries based on cotton and sugar cane crops which are available for a limited period and hence bulk purchase and huge inventories are required to meet yearlong market requirements as chemical, pharmaceutical, cement, and manufacturing are non-seasonal industries where no such crop limitation or inventory buildup is required. The study suggests a significant positive relationship between working capital and profitability in seasonal (textile and sugar) industries. The study also finds a negative but significant relationship between working capital and profitability in the chemical industry. However, the study finds an insignificant relationship between working capital and profitability in the chemical and engineering industry. Moreover, the study suggests that there is a significant difference in the relationship between working capital and profitability across industries. The research findings are expected to be useful for the senior management, managers as well as practitioners in the area of investment decision-making. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Working Capital, Corporate Performance, Seasonal Industries Pages: 627-635 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/365/555 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/365 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:627-635 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Zahida Aziz Sial Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahuddin Zakariya university Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Irfana Rasul Author-Workplace-Name: Education Department, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farzana Yousaf Author-Workplace-Name: Education Department, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Family Participation on Academic Achievement at Higher Secondary Level Abstract: This abstract presents a study that examines the influence of family participation on academic performance among high school students. The present investigation was carried out utilizing the survey methodology, employing the subsequent protocol. The study's sample consisted of pupils in the 10th grade. The current investigation consisted of a cohort of 1238 pupils enrolled in the 10th grade. The above sample was chosen from the city of Lahore. Table 1 provides a comprehensive overview of the demographic composition of the student population. A sample of 84 schools was picked in a random manner from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The researcher employed a stratified random sample technique to obtain data from the selected schools, utilizing a personally administered questionnaire to measure parental engagement. Following the authorization of school principals, the pupils were selected in a random manner. The responders ensured the maintenance of anonymity and secrecy. The participants provided ratings on the frequency with which their family members engaged in particular activities, using a scale ranging from 1 (indicating no occurrence) to 5 (indicating frequent occurrence). The greatest score denoted a greater degree of parental engagement, whilst the lower score suggested a lesser degree of parental engagement. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of family engagement on the academic performance of high school students, specifically focusing on the ways in which parents can contribute to their children's educational endeavors in order to foster favorable outcomes. The findings of the research indicate that the engagement of families has a noteworthy and favorable influence on the academic performance of students, including elevated grades, enhanced attendance, and increased drive to acquire knowledge Classification-JEL: Keywords: Family Involvement, Academic Achievement, Secondary Schools Pages: 610-618 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/363/553 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/363 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:610-618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Shabnam Razaq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shehla Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Gomal Univetsity, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, PakistanAuthor-Name: Sultan Akbar Shah Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: Aliya Murad Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of Education, Faculty of Arts, Design, Education and Social Sciences, Iqra University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Waqas Ali Shah Author-Workplace-Name: M.phil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Pakistan Title: Assessing the Efficiency of Sustainability Education Programs in Schools Abstract: One of the most important issues in modern society is probably how to protect the Earth's resources while also promoting economic growth and social well-being for the world's growing population. Sustainable development (SD) is a term that has been used to describe this important project. In the last few decades, people all over the world have agreed that international laws are the best way to deal with sustainable development (SD). Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has been used as a way to solve the problems of sustainability in a planned way. But the current conversation about Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) lacks empirical data. This means that decisions and strategies for implementation are mostly based on policy ideas and the intuition of practitioners. Students who are currently enrolled in government schools are the main focus of this study. A group of 1,000 kids from different schools was chosen because it was easy to do so. Students were given surveys to fill out so that their thoughts could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of sustainability education programs in schools. The poll was given to about 1,000 students as a sample to find out how well Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) works. In line with the ongoing discussion about how Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) should be thought of, this study wants to find out how much teaching methods can be described as holistic and/or pluralistic. Our research shows that implementing ESD can have a big effect on how students turn out, especially in terms of how aware they are of environmental issues. This result comes from a thorough look at descriptive analyses and how structural equation models are used. The results of this study show that Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is one of the most important ways to deal with Sustainable Development (SD) and help move toward a more sustainable futu Classification-JEL: Keywords: Education for Sustainable Development,educationaleffectiveness,holism, pluralism, sustainability consciousness Pages: 602-609 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/362/550 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/362 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:602-609 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Bilal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Badar Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Investigating the Factors Affecting Employee Job Satisfaction through Job Autonomy in the Growing Concept of Hybrid Working Model in the IT Industry Abstract: The hybrid working model, which allows employees to work remotely, offers flexibility in schedules and hours, while balancing personal and professional life. Post-COVID-19, employees perceive this concept and its impact on their psychological well-being. The study explores the pros and cons of this model, focusing on telecommuters' experiences. While it offers increased productivity, flexibility in work schedule, sales intention, approach to international diverse workforce, and improved conditions of workings, it also presents challenges like lack of time due to time pressure, financial insecurity, mental stress, and lack in discipline, loneliness, and difficulty in prioritizing the tasks. Both developed and developing countries face challenges in remote work due to lack of work commitment, mental pressure, and increased cyber security risks. In this research close ended survey questionnaire is used to quantitatively measure the issues facing by employees during three plus two working model (hybrid model). This study helps understand how work practices and technology impact job satisfaction and develops strategies to improve working conditions in the IT industry. Additional evaluations and studies will be conducted to assess the feasibility of the three plus two working model (hybrid model) and its applications as a benchmark for best practices in developed countries. Classification-JEL: Keywords: working from home, hybrid model, remote workers, flexible working model, balanced work schedule, job autonomy, work family conflicts, job satisfaction, work control, digital social support, work from home Pages: 591-601 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/303/556 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/303 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:591-601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sumaira Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Scholar, Department of Psychology GCU Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Salma Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Chairperson & Prof. Department of Psychology, GCU Lahore, Pakistan Title: Nutritional Patterns and Executive Functioning among Young Adults: An Exploratory Study Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the role of dietary patterns on executive functioning among young adults. A purposive sample consisting of 400 participants with the distribution of 200 males and 200 female undergraduate students aged 19-24 years was selected from public universities in Lahore city, Pakistan. All participants were requested to fill out the demographic form along with the Food Preferences scale (FFQ) to measure food preferences, Adults Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI) to measure the executive functioning of young adults. Simple Regression analysis was run to predict Executive Functioning of young adults on their food preferences. Results revealed that healthy food preferences predict less impaired adults' executive functioning, including working memory and inhibition. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence that underscores the pivotal role of dietary choices, particularly the consumption of vegetables and the avoidance of unhealthy snacks, in shaping executive functions of young adults. These findings hold implications not only for individual health but also for public health policies aimed at promoting healthy aging and preventing cognitive disorders Classification-JEL: Keywords: dietary pattern, vegetables, fruits, meat, dairy, snacks, starches, executive functioning, working memory, inhibition Pages: 586-590 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/356/548 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/356 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:586-590 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zafar Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Islamabad Model Postgraduate College of Commerce H- 8/4, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Unraveling Enchantments and Demystification of Narrative: A Magical Feminist Reading of Nafisa Rizvi’s Fiction Abstract: This paper investigates how Rizvi’s magical feminist technique has been incorporated in her novel The Blue Room (TBR). The research indicates that magical feminist texts undermine colonial/patriarchal tenets. This feminist literary study employs magical realist strategies to make the commonplace spectacular, the unbelievable believable, and the inconceivable conceivable. Magical feminism informs feminist discourse as a subgenre of magical realism. I am using Patricia Hart’s concept of magical feminism to analyze the primary text. I also invoke Wendy B. Faris’ definitions to read magical realist text. This paper further explores how woman is used and traded. TBR protagonist Zaib battles patriarchy in several ways. This study may advance magical feminist knowledge. Classification-JEL: Keywords: magical Feminism, magical realism, marvelous realism, feminism, patriarchy Pages: 578-585 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/351/543 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/351 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:578-585 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqar-Un-Nisa Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar Pakistan Studies Abbottabad UST, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Rizwan Author-Workplace-Name: Chairman Department of Pakistan Studies Abbottabad UST, Pakistan Title: Was the Charter of Democracy Meant for Democratic Stability, or for the Continuation of Political Dynasties of Two Parties Only? Abstract: The article explores the political moves of two-mainstream political parties e.g., PPP and PML-N during 2022 in the purview of ‘Charter of Democracy’. Both parties mutually agreed to curtail the usurpers’ interference in the future political spectrum. The accord was signed against the interference of non-political forces in Pakistan since last Seven decades. The article mainly focuses on two questions. At first, PTI was an emergent political force so why did the PML-N and the PPP dismantle the elected government of PTI during April 2022? As per the spirit of the CoD, both were committed to stabilize democracy against the non-political force. Therefore, they showed complete intolerance towards PTI, which is a third emergent force on the political horizon of Pakistan. This situation created a second question, are PPP and PML-N not willing to share political power with any of the third political force? The author explains, how did they formed an alliance during PTI reign to dismantle it. The paper also works on the assumption that both political parties signed the said accord of mutual trust to retain political power within themselves. It is appeared that the said accord was aimed to strengthen their political powers instead of restoration of democratic culture in Pakistan. In this context, a scholarly review of the CoD is needed to ascertain its true implications. It is concluded that PPP and PML-N are unwilling to share the regime with any of the third emerging political forces. Furthermore, both parties’ political decisions during 2018-2022 went against the vision of their own accord which was aimed to assure the oscillated democracy on stable path. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Transformation, Charter of Democracy, Reconciliation, Undemocratic Forces Pages: 573-577 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/350/542 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/350 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:573-577 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sajida Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Rukhsana Bashir Author-Workplace-Name: Assitant Professor, institute of Spcecial Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Comparative Analysis of the Differences in Mental Health in Aged Men and Women Abstract: This paper presents a comparative analysis of the mental health of aged women and aged men in the district of Okara. The study utilizes a sample size of 384 participants, consisting of 192 males and 192 females, to investigate and compare mental health outcomes across multiple dimensions, including self-image, freedom of choice, mood disorders, satisfaction in relationships and household activities, physical health, satisfaction about the future, and psychological well-being. The research methodology employed quantitative research techniques to gather data from the participants. The comparative analysis revealed significant differences in various dimensions of mental health between the two genders. The analysis indicated that aged women reported lower levels of self-image and freedom of choice compared to aged men. Additionally, women exhibited a higher risk of mood disorders and lower satisfaction in relationships and household activities. Furthermore, women showed lower physical health and satisfaction about the future when compared to their male counterparts. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Mental health, aged women, aged men, comparative analysis Pages: 565-572 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/348/539 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/348 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:565-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Maryam Aziz Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ifra Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Studies, UCP Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Using the Binary Matrices for Modeling the Supply Chain Issues of Virtual Shops: An Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: The study aims at developing a list of supply chain issues in virtual shops and construct a hierarchal model of those supply chain issues with the purpose to prioritize them. It is also geared towards unfolding the inter-relationships of those issues. The research design entails comprehensive review of literature and qualitative analysis following the collection of primary data from panel of experts utilizing Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) coupled with Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) as a methodology, this paper intends to probe into the supply chain issues creating bottlenecks in virtual shops’ operations. ISM is conducive to find the influential supply chain issues whereas MICMAC classifies and analyzes the supply chain issues based on their driving and dependence powers. The results of ISM point out that the supply chain issue ‘data centers affected by natural disasters’ is the most influential issue since it occupies bottom level of ISM model whereas supply chain issues ‘long lead time’ and ‘customer unavailability’ occupy top of ISM model being least critical. Results of MICMAC disclosed that issues ‘high delivery costs’, ‘long lead time’ and ‘customer unavailability’ are categorized as dependent whereas ‘network errors’ and ‘data centers affected by natural disaster’ are classified as independent. All the other issues are contained into linkage cluster while no supply chain issue is autonomous depicting that all the issues are relevant. Over the past few years, the extent of research on e-commerce logistics and supply chain has been increased. Most of the researches have been conducted to create awareness on the importance of logistics and supply chain in e-commerce industry. But the supply chain issues faced by virtual shops have not been comprehensively identified in any research till date. This study attempt to find those issues and prioritize them. The findings of the study provide understanding of most influential and most influenced supply chain issues so that the practitioners can set their priority actions. This study has contributed theoretically and possess practical implications for the stakeholders of virtual shops as well. In view of the fact that the study is conducted without financial assistance and data is collected from medium-sized panel in a field setting, the study is limited to an extent. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Supply Chain, Issues, Virtual Shops, MICMAC, Interpretive Structural Modelling Pages: 548-564 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/245/536 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/245 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:548-564 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Tariq Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Additional Deputy Commissioner Lakki Marwat, PhD in Political Science, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sana Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Chitral, Pakistan Author-Name: Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Chitral, Pakistan Author-Name: Mubasher Basharat Ellahi Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar at National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The Role of Civil Society in Local Governance and Service Delivery: An Analysis of Local Government System of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Abstract: The concept of civility and civil society has its roots in ancient societies and it has been recognized an important mechanism for development and service delivery across the world. Civil society refers to the process and network through which groups, organizations and individuals negotiate, argue, struggle against, or agree with political and economic administration. Civil society engages people and communities and provides them a platform where they can directly or indirectly analyze and criticize the existing institutions and service delivery system and usually takes step to improve it. Civil society provides a setting and action taking place that aspire and represents people and create an alternative for groups, communities and unions in this postmodern world. This study aims at exploring the role of civil society in local governance particularly service delivery in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study was carried out in three districts including Abbottabad, Charsadda and Dir Upper of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Primary data was collected from a sample of 30 respondents representing different categories i.e. local government officials, elected representatives, civil society activists and general community. Further, data was collected through semi-structured interview, using interview guide, while the selection of sample was made conveniently. The data was passed through different phases and a thematic discussion was generated to clarify the study under question, derive findings and conclusion. The study concludes that civil society plays a vital role in local governance and it has been an integral tool for promoting service delivery. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Local Governance, Civil Society, Transformation, Common Interests, Service Delivery, Community Inclusion Pages: 540-547 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/347/537 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/347 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:540-547 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Toseef Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, School of Sociology, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aamir Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Chairperson, School of Sociology, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Yasir Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, School of Sociology, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Usman Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, School of Sociology, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Role of Civil Society Organizations in Social Adjustment of Orphans in Lahore Abstract: Children are the strength and future generation of the society and also maintain the culture and customs of the society. Due to many reasons some children who are orphan, very poor, neglected, sexually victimized children or rejected that have to live without their families and they grow up in Child Care Institution. It is a temporarily organized residential care for children where alternative care is provided who are in need of care and protection. Institutionalization refers to the process of implanting something within an organization, social system or society as a whole. This study was conducted to examine the social adjustment of the institutionalized children under the age group of 10 to 18 or above years. This study was confined to child care institutions run under the Punjab Social Welfare department in Lahore and 330 orphans (male and female) were selected through simple random sampling. This research study was quantitative in nature and data were collected using an interview schedule. After the field work data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). After the analysis the conclusion is that both orphans (male and female) have good social adjustment in child care institution. They feel comfortable in orphanages. The study shows that the orphans live happily in child care institution. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Social Adjustment, Child Care Institution, Institutionalized Children, Affection, Love, Acceptanc Pages: 534-539 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/301/540 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/301 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:534-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore – Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Taslim Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Noreen Akbar Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: A Comparative Study on English Language Learners’ Attitude towards English Learning Abstract: The study was entitled as "A comparative study on English language learners' attitude towards English learning". The sole objectives of the study was; to make a comparison between public and private English language learners' attitude towards English learning. The current study was a quantitative research. The population of the study comprised all the public and private secondary school students at Sialkot and Vehari district. The questionnaire of the study comprised 13-items. Questionnaire was administered to the sample. Data collected through questionnaire from the 300 hundred public and private secondary school students. The collected data was analyzed through most frequently used statistical techniques of mean score and standard deviation. The study found that all the respondents agree that studying English helps. Public group replies are more constant, whereas private group responses fluctuate. This shows that the private group has diverse language learning backgrounds. A single curriculum may standardize public language acquisition. Personal preferences or learning styles may explain private group attitudes. The constancy of public group replies may indicate systematic language acquisition. The contrasts show each group's dynamics and views. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Comparative Study, English Language Learners, Attitude Pages: 527-533 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/345/533 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/345 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:527-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sundus Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Social Sciences, Roots Ivy University, Islamabad (Affiliated with University of London) Author-Name: Kanwal Ejaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Sociology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Influence of Women Education on Marital Relationship Abstract: This research is an exploration of the influence of women’s education on marital relationship. The pivotal focus is the influence educated women have on their relationship with their husband in particular; their behaviour, attitude and what they themselves expect from them. The way a woman’s education affects her marital relationship and overall marital stability is highlighted. The sample was selected through the purposive sampling technique from a frame of 100 households in a sector in Islamabad. Data was collected through in-depth interviews from 15 respondents. Thematic analysis techniques were used during and after data collection. As for the findings, the research suggests a positive influence of a woman’s education on her marriage. It not only improves marital quality, but also aids in strengthening the marital bond. Themes like mutual understanding, love, care, trust and communication have been explored and they quite profoundly propose an interpretation of the substantial need of women education. Classification-JEL: Keywords: women’s education, marital relationship, stability, satisfaction, influence Pages: 518-526 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/339/530 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/339 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:518-526 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aisha Warraich Author-Workplace-Name: Grand Asian University, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Workplace-Name: Author-Name: Iram Shabbir Grand Asian University, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shoaib Jamil Author-Workplace-Name: University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Nexus between Judicial Activism and Good Governance: A Comparative Analysis Abstract: This paper aims to investigate the intricate relationship between judicial activism and good governance through a comparative analysis. Judicial activism refers to the active role of the judiciary in shaping public policy and influencing social change. On the other hand, good governance encompasses principles such as transparency, accountability, and the effective delivery of public services. Understanding how judicial activism impacts good governance is crucial for assessing the overall health and functioning of a democratic society. The study employs a comparative approach, examining the experiences of different countries and their judicial systems. By analyzing case studies and judicial decisions from various jurisdictions, the paper seeks to identify patterns and trends regarding the effects of judicial activism on good governance. The analysis will consider both positive and negative outcomes, examining instances where judicial activism has either enhanced or hindered good governance principles. The research will explore the potential benefits of judicial activism in promoting good governance, such as the protection of fundamental rights, checks and balances on the executive branch, and the advancement of social justice. Conversely, it will also investigate the potential risks associated with excessive judicial activism, including potential infringement on the separation of powers, judicial overreach, and erosion of democratic processes. Additionally, the paper will examine the factors that contribute to a conducive environment for judicial activism to flourish, such as an independent judiciary, a robust legal framework, and public trust in the judiciary. It will also consider the role of public opinion, civil society, and political dynamics in shaping the relationship between judicial activism and good governance. By conducting a comparative analysis, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nexus between judicial activism and good governance. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on the role of the judiciary in democratic societies and inform policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars about the potential implications of judicial activism on the overall governance framework. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Judicial activism, good governance, comparative analysis, democracy, separation of powers, accountability, transparency, and social justice Pages: 510-517 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/328/531 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/328 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:510-517 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rehmat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English at Govt. Associate College Hujra Shah Muqeem, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Kehkeshan Seemab Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English (Visiting), Division of Education, University of Education, Township Lahore, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Shades of Oppression in Tajammul Kaleem`s Poetry: An Analytical Study Abstract: Present research paper tends to explore the shades of oppression in Tajammul Kaleem’s poetry. Iris Young’s theory of Five Faces of Oppression and Althusser’s notions of Repressive State Apparatuses and Ideological State Apparatuses have been used to constitute the theoretical framework of the study. The study concludes that the working class is being oppressed in multiple ways by the oppressive capitalist class. Exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness and violence are some of the major modes of oppression found in Tajammul Kaleem’s poetry. The study also validates Tajammul Kaleem’s status of a social critic due to his realistic depiction of the miseries and sorrows of the oppressed class of our contemporary society. The study reveals that Kaleem’s poetry is not only about his personal sorrows rather it is more about the sufferings of workers, peasants and labourers. This research work is significant due to its indigeneity and it will add to the existing body of knowledge. It will be beneficial for the language teachers and students of literature as it deals with interpretation of a literary text. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Oppression, Exploitation, Working class, Tajammul Kaleem, Iris Young, Althusser Pages: 503-509 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/337/528 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/337 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:503-509 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Madiha Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, International Islamic University, Pakistan Author-Name: Sarmad Ejaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Mahnoor Farooq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration, Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan Author-Name: Qaiser Rashid Janjua Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Air University Islamabad Pakistan Author-Name: Khadija Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Students in Pakistan Abstract:In the last two decades, entrepreneurship education has grown significantly—the growth of entrepreneurship education points to the need for entrepreneurship to achieve higher economic growth. While the number of entrepreneurship education programs are growing, its impacts are under-researched in Pakistan, and studies paint an ambiguous picture of the impact of entrepreneurial education. Different theories support entrepreneurship economic influence to explain the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions through the theory of planned behavior since it provides the most information on the process of intention formation for entrepreneurship. This research aimed to explore the impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intentions among business students in Pakistan. The 150 business students responded to the survey through self-administered questionnaires. The structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that entrepreneurship education significantly positively influenced business students' entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, this study furnishes several future directions for academic scholars and participation. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Attitude toward entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial intentions, Perceived behavioral control Pages: 495-502 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/336/527 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/336 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:495-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mubbshir Ali Author-Workplace-Name: PhD (Education) Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Tahir khan Farooqi Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of Education, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Syed Abdul Waheed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Education, Department of Educational Studies, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: Effect of Organizational Justice on Teachers’ Job Effectiveness Abstract: The study in hand aimed to explore the effect of organizational justice on teachers’ job effectiveness. The population of the study was comprised of all (7576) secondary school teachers of Rawalpindi district. It was not feasible for the researcher to approach the whole population. Thus, researcher used convenient random sampling technique and collected the data from 350 secondary school teachers. As the research was descriptive and quantitative, so the researcher was used organizational justice questionnaire (OJQ) to measure the organizational justice and job effectiveness questionnaire (JEQ) to determine teachers job effectiveness. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS version (26). The Statical tests t-test and Pearson-r for used data analysis. The results of this study indicated an optimistic and significant effect of organizational justice on job effectiveness. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Organizational Justice, Job Effectiveness, Teachers Pages: 490-494 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/335/526 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/335 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:490-494 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sehrish Akram Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Saira Noreen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English, Arid Agriculture University, Barani Institute of Sciences, Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sajid Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of English, Govt. Islamia Graduate College, Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: Cultural Libertarianism and Personal Autonomy: A Liberal Feminist Analysis of Dancing in the Mosque by Homeira QaderiCultural Libertarianism and Personal Autonomy: A Liberal Feminist Analysis of Dancing in the Mosque by Homeira Qaderi Abstract: The present study explores the struggle and resistance of female figures against coercive powers and highlights the importance of gender equality in Homeira Qaderi’s Dancing in the Mosque (2020). Homeira Qaderi is a well-reputed and well-known Afghani fictional writer. Her early childhood was a struggle against the Soviet invasion and the Taliban’s dispute with Soviets. Her well-known work Dancing in the Mosque (2020) is a memoir about a female’s struggle and love for her child. Using the close reading method of analysis, the study employs Friedman’s (2003) ideology of cultural libertarianism and personal autonomy that correspond to liberal feminism. Liberal Feminism is a struggle against patriarchy and social inequalities. According to Friedman (2003), Cultural libertarianism is a liberal view of society that stresses the freedom of individuals from cultural norms. In this way, cultural liberals believe that society should not impose any specific code of behavior; rather it should promote personal autonomy to their individuals. The findings of the study reveal that gender equality encourages women’s empowerment and rejects coercive powers which restrict women to four walls. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Liberal Feminism, Personal Autonomy, Cultural libertarianism, Dancing in the Mosque Pages: 483-489 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/334/532 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/334 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:483-489 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Nasir Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mahvish Jamil Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Riphah International College Khanewal, Pakistan Author-Name: Itrat Shahzad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Govt. School Teacher at Dokota, Mailsi, Pakistan Title: Morphological Deviations in Pakistani English and British English in the Formation of Comparative Adjectives and Subject-Verb Agreement: A Corpus Based Study Abstract: The present research study intends to find out the Inflectional Morphological Deviations that exist in Pakistani English and British English. Pakistani English is now being considered an individual language variety. It is found to be deviant at almost all linguistic levels from the other varieties of English like British English. This research study tries to find out the Inflectional Morphological deviations in the formation or use of Comparative Adjectives, and in the Subject-verb Agreement (subject being a collective noun) in Pakistani English and British English. It is a Corpus based comparative research study. Corpus is compiled from British English Fiction (consisting of more than million words) and from Pakistani English Fiction (more than one million words). The software employed to conduct the research study is AntConc 5.3.9. Research tools that were used for data collection and analysis include Wordlist, Concordance Tool and Cluster tool. This study provides help to English Language students especially to those who are interested in linguistic variation of Englishes. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Inflectional Morphology, Collective noun, Comparative Adjectives Morphological Deviations, Pakistani English Fiction, British English Fiction Pages: 474-482 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/333/523 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/333 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:474-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryam Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Department of English Linguistics, Fatima Jinnah Women University Author-Name: Asif Aziz Author-Workplace-Name: Subject specialist of English GCET MALE Mirpur Author-Name: Zahra Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Masters in ELL Scholar at Cyprus International University, TRNC Author-Name: Ayesha Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Cyprus International University, TRNC Title: Exploring Potential Factors Causing Intercultural Miscommunication Using Chick’s and Xin’s Model Abstract: Communication, a fundamental aspect of human existence, has taken on an increasingly intercultural dimension in our modern world. In addition to exchanging goods and technology across nations, people are now also sharing their ideas, thoughts, and cultural practices. However, as this cross-cultural communication becomes more prevalent, the inevitable emergence of problems, such as intercultural miscommunication, is witnessed. This research paper endeavors to explore all possible reasons contributing to miscommunication among individuals from different cultural backgrounds. To achieve this, ten participants from diverse nationalities actively participated in this study, sharing their personal intercultural miscommunication experiences. The researchers carefully analyzed these experiences, categorizing them according to pre-existing classifications found in the literature. Furthermore, the participants' thoughts and emotions related to their miscommunication encounters were recorded to gain deeper insights. The findings of this study reveal that numerous factors can lead to intercultural miscommunication. As a result, a substantial amount of effort and patience is essential to develop an understanding of cultural differences and to enhance our cross-cultural awareness. By actively investing in this process, we can foster effective communication and cultivate mutual understanding between people from different cultures, thereby promoting harmonious global interactions. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Intercultural Miscommunication, Xin’s Model, cross-cultural communication Pages: 465-473 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/332/521 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/332 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:465-473 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farah Deeba Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of English &PhD Scholar, Govt. Graduate College of Home Economics, Madni Chowk, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Tanveer Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English, PhD Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Anam Sadiq Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Higher Education Department, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Aatqa Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English, Govt. Graduate College for women, Burewala, Pakistan Title: Exploring Magical Realism: A Study of One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Abstract: This paper provides a close examination of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), through a postmodern lens offering a new perspective on how the Columbian writer corroborates magical realism in the novel by using his experience in writing art and by employing the new concept of reality from personal experiences along with the impact of the special geographical history of Latin America. The present paper aims to reveal postmodern elements of blending the real or believable with the fantastically outrageous and destabilized disordered centers of truth and reality. Using textual references, supporting literary criticism, and literary analysis, this study will ultimately explore the sources of many magical events along with the various component features of magical realism used to instill an air of magic in the novel.Magical Realism, One Hundred Years of Solitude, Disordered and Destabilized, Latin America, Component Features of Magical Realism, Sources of Magical Realism Classification-JEL: Keywords: Magical Realism, One Hundred Years of Solitude, Disordered and Destabilized, Latin America, Component Features of Magical Realism, Sources of Magical Realism Pages: 459-464 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/331/520 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/331 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:459-464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fahad Asghar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Thal University Bhakkar, Pakistan Author-Name: Palwasha Farooq Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Management Science, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nadim Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of the Punjab, Jhelum Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Zain ul Abidin Author-Workplace-Name: PhD. Scholar, Faislabad Business School, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Fazli Wadood Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences University of Buner KP, Pakistan Title: Global Financial Crisis: A critical study on Role of Auditor’s and Stakeholder Abstract: An in-depth analysis of the complex interactions between Audit Score, Institutional Investment, and Financial Health Score is done in this study, along with examining the implications for financial dynamics. The study includes 1000 observations and uses a structured methodology to examine the dataset's variables. The introduction establishes the context by emphasizing the importance of comprehending these relationships within the financial landscape. The main driving forces behind this study are explained, highlighting the significance of these factors in determining financial outcomes. The literature review examines the topic's historical background and theoretical foundations and surveys current scholarly discourse on it. It explores the functions of the Audit Score and Institutional Investment and how they interact with the Financial Health Score, highlighting the gaps this study seeks to fill. The research design and analytical methods used are explained in the methodology section. While SPSS 22 is utilized in to check correlation analysis looks for connections, descriptive statistics capture central tendencies and variability. Reliability statistics provide information on scale consistency, while regression analysis models the predictive potential of Audit Scores and Institutional Investment. The empirical findings derived from the analyses are presented in this section. While correlation analysis reveals meaningful relationships, descriptive statistics provide information about the characteristics of the variables. The summary of the regression model shows how well it can explain data and the coefficients show how predictors affect the Financial Health Score. Statistics on reliability shed light on the scale's internal consistency. The implications of the results are thoroughly discussed, along with an interpretation of the observed relationships between the variables. The implications of the negative relationship between institutional investment and financial health score and the practical significance of the positive audit score-financial health score correlation are examined. These trends' possible causes are looked at. The study's findings are summarised in the conclusion, highlighting its contributions to our understanding of financial dynamics. The study's importance within the larger financial context is encapsulated in the discussion of its implications for financial decision-makers and potential future research directions. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Financial health score, institutional investment, correlation, regression analysis, reliability statistics, financial dynamics, and financial decision Pages: 452-458 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/330/518 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/330 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:452-458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Zarina Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Department of Teacher Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Rabia Kishwer Author-Workplace-Name: MS Education, Department of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiza Bushra Wazir Author-Workplace-Name: MS Education, Department of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Muhammad Shoaib Fehran Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Shabnam Razaq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan Title: Effects of Depression, Aggression, and Self-Concept on the Academic Achievement of University Students Abstract: The main goal of this study was to measure how depressed, aggressive, and positive students felt about themselves. It also looked for possible links between these traits and how well students did in school. Many students have problems with their mental health because of the different pressures they face as they try to get a better education. There is probably a link in the opposite direction between the worries stated and how well the kids do in school. Some of the most common mental illnesses are depression, violent habits, and low self-esteem. A descriptive and comparative research design was used for this work. People who were registered as students at different universities made up the study group. Students made up the study sample. Researchers in two different countries gave four surveys to students to find out how depressed, angry, confident in themselves, and good at school they were. In all cases, the alpha coefficient was between 0.72 and 0.84, which shows that it met acceptable limits. After the information was collected, it was looked at using both descriptive and inferential statistics. With a rate of 43%, the number of university students who were depressed was found to be pretty high. Still, it's important to note that a large number of people in the group, 1 out of every 12, said they had experienced symptoms of severe depression. But it is interesting to note that most students in both countries did about the same amount of work. The results also showed a link between how depressed, angry, and good they felt about themselves a student was and how well they did in school. The analysis, however, showed that there was no statistically significant link between student hostility and academic success. The study also wanted to find out if there was a statistically significant difference between how students felt about sadness, anger, and their own sense of self. People have said that universities should work on getting rid of the stigma around mental illness and behavioral disorders, with a focus on getting affected students to get help as soon as possible to stop their symptoms from getting worse and turning into more serious conditions. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Depression, Aggression, Self-Concept, Academic Achievement, University, Student Pages: 443-451 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/329/517 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/329 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:443-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faisal Masud Author-Workplace-Name: Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ali Raza Hamid Author-Workplace-Name: Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on the components of Brand Equity: A study of multichannel banking in the context of Pakistani Banks Abstract: This research seeks to investigate the influence of four CSR dimensions on brand equity in the banking sector of Pakistan. A quantitative research methodology was utilized to gather data, whereby a random sample of banking customers were approached as they exited a branch subsequent to completing a transaction. The implementation of a swift post-transaction mode was deemed effective in mitigating the challenge of inadequate customer social responsibility (CSR) awareness. This approach was based on the premise that the customer's most recent branch visit and transaction experience could serve as a prompt to recall their bank's CSR initiatives. The study gathered data from banks located in Islamabad, which serves as the capital city of Pakistan. The findings based on structural equation modelling indicate a statistically significant association with CSR dimensions and brand equity. The present study has significantly contributed to the banking industry of Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: CSR, brand equity, quantitative research, structural equation modelling Pages: 433-442 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/314/516 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/314 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:433-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salman Arif Mir Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Special education department, Allama Iqbal University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saem Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Special Education Assistant, Legend Education Advisers, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Said Aleemuddin Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, The Wings College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Factors Influencing Household Satisfaction with Public Healthcare Services Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the various factors that exert an influence on the satisfaction of households with public healthcare services in the context of Pakistan. The effect of these factors was assessed by incorporating various covariates, including socioeconomic factors, demographic characteristics, regional influences, and healthcare facility-related variables. The empirical analysis in the study utilised data obtained from the PSLM survey conducted during 2019-2020. The empirical evidence presented in this study is derived from the Logit model. The empirical findings reveal a significant positive association between literacy rate, employed rate, and household income variables with the probability of experiencing satisfaction with public healthcare services. In a parallel manner, it has been noted that households with disabled persons within developed provinces, particularly those classified as poor, demonstrate a lower propensity to experience satisfaction with public healthcare services. It was also observed that healthcare utilisation, quality, distance, and time to reach the healthcare unit are essential in determining household satisfaction. The implications of the study’s findings are important, as they provide valuable insights into enhancing satisfaction and suggest potential policy measures based on the observed outcomes. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Public healthcare, Healthcare satisfaction,Healthcare utilisation, Povert Pages: 422-432 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/327/511 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/327 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:422-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Tahir Sadiq Author-Workplace-Name: PhD in Islamic Studies faculty of Social sciences, NUML University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Attiq Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Javed Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Muddasar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, HED, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Zia Ud Din Khan Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aziz Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Absence of Islamic Studies in contemporary Educational System: An Analytical Analysis Abstract: A man is composed of soul and body. Without soul a man is called a dead body. Education is also a comprehensive term it nurtures soul and body at a time. The body is made by earth’s material and soul came from sky so body would fulfil its requirement from earth whereas soul would get food from sky. By and large man is moving only around material and ignoring soul or spirit so fail to go ahead; man can send soft things around world within no time and a century was called IT’s century whereas Asif bin Barkhiya who had the knowledge of sky book he brought a throne of Balqees in twinkling of an eye to the Holy Solomon PBUH ([i]). The throne was thousands of miles far and hundreds of ton weighty. As the gape is found in IT so it is in totally contemporary education. Islamic study claims itself as a combination of all revealed knowledge which makes a complete growth of a man physically and spiritually. To include Islamic Study, it will be a comprehensive and inclusive in education which will lead man to his higher stage and the gap of spiritual growth in contemporary education would be bridged by Islamic studies. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Man,soul,body,Islamic studies,contemporary education Pages: 416-421 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/326/510 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/326 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:416-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faiz Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English Linguistics, National University of Modern Languages, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Aqeel Shahbaz Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English Linguistics, National University of Modern Languages, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Farukh Arslan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English Linguistics, National University of Modern Languages, Faisalabad, Pakistan Title: Semiotic Analysis of Zeera Plus Biscuit Advertisement: Unraveling Sign Systems and Meanings Abstract: The current study presents a semiotic analysis of Zeera plus biscuit advertisement by focusing on the sign systems and meanings embedded within this visual communication medium. In completing this research, this study uses 1 zeera plus biscuit advertisement, as material used to determine the meaning of denotation and connotation signs using Roland Barthes’ (1964) theory. This present study uses a qualitative approach to describe the semiotic phenomena of signs of denotation and connotation in Zeera plus biscuit. From the analysis, the study conducted verbal and non-verbal analysis of words, pictures, and colors of the advertisement. Through the application of semiotic theory, this study examines the various signs, and symbols employed in Zeera plus to convey messages, and create meaning. This analysis unravels the underlying semiotic structure and implications of Zeera Biscuit, shedding light on the complex relationship between consumers, producers, and the broader socio-cultural context. After analyzing verbal and non-verbal signs of Zeera plus biscuit advertisement based on Roland Barthes's semiotics theory, the study finds that verbal signs are more significant than non-verbal signs, but the differences are minor. This research contributes to the sympathetic of visual communication, Zeera plus design, and consumer culture, offering valuable perceptions for marketers, designers, and researchers in these fields. Classification-JEL: Keywords: connotation, denotation, semiotic, zeera plus biscuit advertisement Pages: 410-415 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/325/509 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/325 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:410-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sajid Maqsood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of History, Govt. Associate College Kabirwala, Khanewal, Punjab & PhD, History Scholar, BZU Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Akmal Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Akram Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Scottish identity and British Nationalism (Post WWII) Abstract: Scottish people are depriving of separate identity crisis which is independent from British identity. They believe in their separate identity and nationalism apart from Britain, Great Britain and United Kingdom. Scotland had been part of Great Britain since 1707 act of union and its self identity was compromised by Great Britain nationality and identity. It remained the part of expanding and establishing British Empire throughout the globe. Although Scottish national party was formed in 1934 but still Great Britain and UK politics remained under the influence of two party system Labour and Liberal parties and struggling for independent Scotland. Political and social changes are the key factors to determine the separation progress and act as methodology for this topic. This paper throws light on Scottish identity and the British nationality and identity turning into Scottish identity and nationality with the passage of time in four centuries especially the last three decades. Classification-JEL: Keywords: ScottishIdentity, Crisis, British Nationalism, Britain, Great Britain, United Kingdom Pages: 324-507 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/324/507 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/325 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:405-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, BZU, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Asma Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Abida Nisar Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil. Education (Scholar) Author-Name: Saba Mehreen Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil. Education (Scholar) Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature, The Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur, Pakistan Title: Social Intelligence and Students’ Academic Performance at Postgraduate Level Abstract: This research study was conducted to investigate the social intelligence and students' academic performance at postgraduate level. The specific objectives of the study were: 1) 1) To find out the effect of social-intelligence on students’ academic performance at postgraduate level.2) To ascertain the difference between social-intelligence and students’ academic performance at postgraduate level on the basis of demographics i.e. gender, locality.3) To compare social intelligence and academic performance at postgraduate level on the basis of the public and private universities. 4) To compare social intelligence and academic performance at postgraduate level on the basis of science and arts students of public and private universities. The researcher employed the descriptive survey design. A questionnaire (5-point likert scale) with reliability coefficient (Cronbach Alpha) 0.8 was the study's primary resource. Nine hundred and two (902) students from public and private universities in the sample, with 365 male students and 537 female students were chosen for this study. Results revealed that the students with low GPA have lower Mean value of social intelligence and students with high GPA have higher Mean value of social intelligence. It was also concluded that academic performance is influenced by social intelligence irrespective of gender, locality and faculty. But private universities as compared to public stated increased level of social-intelligence. It is recommended that the University students may participate in extracurricular activities, seminars, group discussions, and social media to boost their confidence and broaden their knowledge of general themes. It is further recommended that teachers should help their students to understand their various intelligence preferences and make use of such to develop life-long learning. Their social intelligence will increase as a result. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Social Intelligence, Academic Performance, Postgraduate Student Pages: 390-404 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/323/506 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/323 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:390-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Rasheed Soomro Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of English Language and Literature, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Sindh, Pakistan Author-Name: Ishfaque Ahmed Abbasi Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, Sukkur IBA University, Pakistan Author-Name: Ishfaque Ali Kalhoro Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature, The Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur, Pakistan Title: A Study on Difficulties in Teaching Grammar to English Learners at Secondary Level in District Multan Abstract: The study aims to identify the problems of teaching English grammar to secondary school students, explore ways to improve it, and find solutions to those problems. The study employed descriptive and quantitative research. The population includes all public secondary school English instructors in district Multan. The researcher randomly sampled. The researchers used a questionnaire for the study. The researchers visited the study sample of 150 secondary school teachers and gave them the questionnaire. Results were calculated using percentage, mean score, and standard deviation. The study found that non-English-specialist secondary school English instructors are dissatisfied with teaching grammar. Secondary English grammar instructors must be trained. The study also found that audio-lingual instruction improves English teacher performance. Teachers think teaching English grammar takes work. Secondary school teachers may need extra training to inspire pupils to master English grammar and language. The results suggest motivating secondary school instructors to plan grammar lessons. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Teaching grammar, English learners and Secondary leve Pages: 382-389 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/322/505 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/322 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:382-389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syeda Umaima Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Adeel Hussain Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Mariam Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University Karachi, Pakistan Author-Workplace-Name: Salman Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University Karachi, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Team Effectiveness, Affective Commitment, Opportunity, Fair Treatment, and Job Involvement on Participative Leadership Abstract: This study examined the impact of participative leadership on team performance, affective commitment, opportunity, fair treatment, and job involvement. The path-goal theory is discussed in this work as a hypothetical viewpoint that demonstrates how the hypothesis has been improved. For this action, a quantitative method was used. 250 questionnaires were distributed in Karachi's manufacturing sector. For the test investigation, a sample size of 201 was used. The results of the test analysis, which was conducted using SPSS software, show how participative leadership is influenced by team effectiveness, affective commitment, opportunity, fairness, and job involvement. The study found a strong correlation between participative leadership and team effectiveness, affective commitment, and fair treatment. While there is little correlation between opportunities and job involvement with participatory leadership. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Participative Leadership, Team Effectiveness, Affective Commitment, Opportunity, Fair Treatment, Job Involvemen Pages: 371-381 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/306/513 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/306 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:371-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Hafiz Ihsan ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Maryem Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Sarfraz Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Irfan Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, University of Education Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan Title: Impact of Halal Awareness, Personal Intrinsic Religiosity and Country of Origin on Halal Buying Behaviour: A moderation and Mediation Analysis Abstract: This study aimed to know the impact of halal awareness, personal intrinsic religiosity and country of origin on consumers' halal buying behavior. In this study, consumer attitude plays the role of the mediating variable and halal certification is used as a moderating variable. This study tells about the imported halal products importance in the Pakistan and people halal buying behavior to buy it. The Halal certification plays a role in identifying the consumer attitude toward the imported halal products with the help of halal awareness, personal intrinsic religiosity and country of origin. Research was conducted using the survey-based questionnaire and collected responses from consumers of halal imported products. The data was collected from a total of 316 respondents, which was used in data analysis. The tools used to test the research were SPSS and AMOS. The study's conclusions stated that halal awareness, personal intrinsic religiosity and country of origin impact the consumer attitude towards purchasing halal products. Personal intrinsic religiosity does not have significant on consumer halal buying behavior. Consumer attitude has mediated the relationship between halal awareness, personal intrinsic religiosity and country of origin and consumer halal buying behavior. The study also proved the role of halal certification as moderator between the relationship of personal intrinsic religiosity, country of origin and consumer attitude. The study's implications stated that it was conducted to know the halal buying behavior of Muslim consumers of Pakistan. Marketers can use the study to enhance the halal awareness, personal intrinsic religiosity and knowledge about country of origin to persuade Muslim consumers to buy halal imported products. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Halal awareness, personal intrinsic religiosity, country of origin, consumer attitude, consumer halal buying behavio Pages: 354-370 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/282/504 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/282 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:354-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naveed Ahmad Taseer Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Education Scholar at Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ahsaan Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Aneeqa Tahir Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Education Scholar at University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Abdul Qayyum Chaudhry Author-Workplace-Name: Director, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Haseeb Sarfraz Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Education Scholar at Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Self-efficacy and Its Effect on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction at University Level in Pakistan Abstract: This study looked at the correlation between teachers’ job satisfaction at the higher education level and self-efficacy. The study was descriptive and based on correlations. The population included teachers from each of the 22 public universities in Punjab, Pakistan. A sample of 405 faculty members was selected through a two-stage sampling procedure. The data was gathered using two measures that participants self-reported. A sample size of 405 faculty members from seven public universities in the Punjab region was used to collect the data. Inferential statistical techniques were used to examine the data.The study found that self-efficacy and job satisfaction were positively correlated.Self-efficacy also affects how satisfied teachers are with their jobs. Depending on their gender and level of experience in teaching, teachers' levels of self-efficacy and job satisfaction differed substantially. In order to increase their level of contentment with working as educators, instructors ought to promote a sense of self-efficacy. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Self-efficacy, Job Satisfaction, Higher Education Pages: 346-353 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/312/499 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/312 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:346-353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faiza Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, FMS Department , Indus University, Pakistan Author-Name: Tooba Jivani Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Indus University, Pakistan Author-Name: Azam Anwar Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Program Manager, DHA Suffa University. Karachi, Pakistan Title: Political Instability and Stock Market: An Event Study Abstract: Our study examines the response of stock returns with respect to political instability news using time series data from 1996 to 2023. To test efficiency of market or semi-strong efficiency of Pakistan stock market for political instability news, we used most important technique in economics and finance called event study methodology. We select five events on the basis of data availability, events are put into subgroups based on anticipation window, adjustment window and event date window. We performed event study on stock return of the selected political events. To test the above objectives, first we calculate returns than excess return. We used market adjusted model to calculate excess returns and then we calculate cumulative abnormal returns. The results of our empirical analysis shows that there are significantly excess returns which mean that Pakistan stock market is more sensitive to political instability announcements. Present study increase our knowledge about salient role of political risk in growth of stock market, help market regulatory bodies, firms and investors in the implication of rule and policies that mitigate the political uncertainty. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Stock Market, Political instability, Abnormal Return, Event study Pages: 339-345 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/279/498 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/279 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:339-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Faculty of Management Sciences, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahzeb Zulfiqar Author-Workplace-Name: Digital Marketing Manager, Group M, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Wajiha Saghir Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Institute of Business & Health Management, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Sundas Rauf Author-Workplace-Name: IMBA/MPhil, Department of Business Administration, Chongqing University, , Chingqong, China Title: Influence of Social Networking Sites’ Content on Consumer Decision Making: A Systematic Literature Review Abstract: Social media has largely influenced consumer behavior as per hundreds of researches in the past decade. Organizations are investing a lot into understanding how to increase their brand awareness, leads and sales by utilizing in this medium on communication. Stimuli-organism-response model has been largely used for investigating social media content and its influence on users; this influence can be related to perception or intention to perform and act. This research aims to investigate to utilization of SOR model in social media content research. Initially 60 papers were selected. Through steps of filtration, the number of papers short-listed was 20; these papers were selected based on a certain inclusion and exclusion criteria set prior to research. The pre-analysis highlighted three main pre-codes; these codes are, SOR Model, Content Post-Consumption and brand. After deep text analysis and coding, first level and second level codes were identify with detailed dimensions if each pre-code. Analysis showed wide variety of applications of SOR Model in social media research, it terms of affective and cognitive responses. Social media content consumption major influence on customer attitude towards brand and eWOM. SOR model has been majorly used in investigating brand management, especially in context of brand equity and customer engagement with brand-related content. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Social networking sites,user generated content,marketer generated content Pages: 328-238 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/299/497 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/299 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:328-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Yousaf Author-Workplace-Name: Clinical Psychologist. MS Clinical Psychology, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Areeba Aman Author-Workplace-Name: MS/Mphill Clinical & Counselling Psychology from BNU, Lecturer in University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zasheer Aman Author-Workplace-Name: MS/Mphill Clinical & Counselling Psychology from BNU, Lecturer in University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sarah Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Waqar Mehdi Author-Workplace-Name: MS in Public Health Science. Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences. Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK Title: Efficacy of Mental Health Interventions for Psychosis in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): A Systematic Review Abstract: Schizophrenia, a psychotic disorder, involves experiences outside reality, like hallucinations and delusions. Psychological Interventions is an empirically based psychological treatment, which showed effectiveness in the betterment of patients who have schizophrenia. The current study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for treating psychosis such as schizophrenia among Low and Middle-Income Countries ‘LMICs.’ The Academic databases "SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE" was searched for collecting the research studies. PICO stands for Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome, was used to develop specific criteria to include or exclude studies for this review. A total of 26,612 records were included in the screening process. Further, 74 studies were ident from other sources, such as through manual searches and while checking the reference of the studies, so any potential research will not be missed. After initial screening, the duplicate data was removed were 9,924 research studies. The Final seven studies conducted in different cities in LMICs were included in the narrative synthesis. The results indicated that Psychoeducation and culturally adopted therapies are more effective for severe mental health issues among Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Classification-JEL: Keywords: Psychosis, schizophrenia, mental health, intervention Pages: 320-327 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/313/495 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/313 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:320-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shumaila Inam Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Institute of Business & Management, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ifra Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Studies, UCP Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Evaluating Moderating Effect of Organizational Transformation on Relationship of Strategic HRM Practices and Employee Retention Abstract: Turnover is a symptom of a critical structural issue such as inadequate retention management, companies should consider what makes people commit to being loyal and successful. The easiest way to retain employees is to increase their level of satisfaction, but this will only be effective if properly performed. To retain skillful employees, Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) practices are required. The purpose of study is to examine the moderating effect of organizational transformation on SHRM practices and employee retention in manufacturing area. Data is collected from employees of textile sector through questionnaire consisted 384 responses. Data statistically analyzed through structural equation modelling using Warp PLS. Results shows that SHRM practices and its dimensions have a significant impact on employee retention, and organizational transformation has a moderating role in the impact of SHRM and on employee retention. The results of study are useful for management of the companies by way of improving the employee retention. This study contributes in the body of knowledge by way of testifying the hypothesized relationships. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Strategic human resource management, recruitment &selection,training &development, employee retention and organizational transformation Pages: 300-319 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/281/496 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/281 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:300-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sumera Shan Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Candidate, Dept. Applied Linguistics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Asim Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Dean, School of Social Sciences & Humanities, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Application of Multidimensional Analysis on Covid-19 related Editorials of The Nation Abstract: Aim of this study is to evaluate the strategies of editorials’ texts written during Covid-19. In order to fulfill the said purpose, The Nation was selected through purposive sampling technique which was employed to select this newspaper that has wide readership and it is available online as well. 198 editorials specifically addressing Covid-19 issue were gathered to form a corpus. For the analysis, Biber’s multidimensional model 1995 was utilized. After selection and compilation, data was tagged through MAT Tagger. The raw data obtained after tagging was further processed using factor analysis. The five dimensions obtained showed varied patterns in closest text types these include broadcasts, personal letters, conversations, official documents, and academic prose. The results in form of mean values of linguistic features, tables and graphs revealed that the collected corpus is written in abstract manner that contains linguistic features which perform the function of provides information in overtly, and explicitly in a narrative style. Classification-JEL: Keywords: MAT Tagger, The Nation, multidimensional model, editorials, Covid-19 Pages: 290-299 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/307/492 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/307 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:290-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Department of Management Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Tazeem Ali Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Role of Perfectionistic Leader on Employee Creativity with Mediating Role of Psychological Distress and Moderating Role of Trait Mindfulness Abstract: The objective of this research is to study the link between perfectionistic leader and employee creative performance with mediating role of psychological distress and moderating role of trait mindfulness. Literature relieve that perfectionistic leader studied in different disciplined and less in the field of organization behavioral perspectives. Data collection for this study will be conducted in three time-waves, with the first wave focusing on the perfectionistic leader, in the second wave on the psychological distress and trait mindfulness, and the third time-wave focusing on creative performance. Using a positivist, and deductive research approach, questionnaires will be utilized to collect data from Pakistani Military Accounts Departments. The sample size for this study is 298. The estimation of the model was carried out with IBM SPSS as well as Structural Equation Modelling through AMOS. All of the necessary prerequisites and the hypothesized causal path were identified and significantly supported. As the gap analysis indicates that perfectionistic leaders and their impact on organizational behavioral outcomes are in high demanded area and required more research. Future directions including various sorts of perfectionistic leaders, culture, and personality qualities into the existing research paradigm. The study's limits and implications are also examined, which will be useful for HRM professionals, researchers, practitioners, and academicians in developing strategies and leaders to reduce disastrous effects and maximize favorable results in the workplace. This is the first study to look at the link between a leader who strives for perfectionism and creativity with mediating role of psychological stress and moderating role of trait mindfulness. It is most likely one of Pakistan's pioneering initiatives to explore the perfectionism in terms of public sector organizations. Thus, it would be added significant contribution in the existing body of literature. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Perfectionistic leader,psychological distress,trait mindfulness, creative performance, cognitive appraisal theory Pages: 279-289 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/305/486 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/305 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:279-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Shakeel Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Economics, Govt. Islamia Graduate college Civil lines Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Kifayatullah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: MS Finance, Gomal University D. I. Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor/ Head of Department of Sociology, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Title: Role of Finnacial Inclusion, Institutional Quality and Human Capital in Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis from Selected Asian Countries Abstract: This research highlights the role of finnacila inclusion, institutional quality, industrialization and human capital in selected Asian economies. By using a panel data from theses Asian economies, we have taken GDP per capita as the dependent variable and, financial inclusion, institutional quality and human capital were usedas independent factors in this analysis. In this study, GMM results showed that financial inclusion, institutional quality, industrialization and human capital were the major factors which enhanced economic growth in these certain Asian states. The study results recommended for increased financial access and financial services for high targeted growth in the concerned economies. Governmet must emphasize on the improved quality of institutions for stable high economic growth. Finally, there should be much investment and production to achieve growth and development in these economies. Classification-JEL: Keywords: financial inclusion, institutional quality, human capital, economic growth Pages: 274-278 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/304/488 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/304 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:274-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fatima Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sadia Farooq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Sajid Nazir Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Institute of Administrative sciences, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Title: Herd behavior in stock markets during COVID’ 19 Pandemic: A machine learning approach Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented volatility and uncertainty to global financial markets. During this period, the concept of herd behavior emerged as a prominent factor influencing stock market dynamics. Understanding and quantifying herd behavior patterns during the pandemic is crucial for predicting market trends, detecting potential bubbles, and improving risk management strategies. Herd behavior is characterized by a sudden mimicry among investors which causes temporary deviation of stock market prices. This deviation exacerbates in the presence of extreme conditions or events such as the recent pandemic. Based on social media contextual data this study aims to investigate the presence of herd behavior during the global COVID’19 pandemic. For this purpose state of the art machine learning algorithms are employed as opposed to traditional methodologies that are being used in the past literature for quantifying herd behavior. The surprising results reveal how role of media sentiment during the pandemic shaped the stock markets and investor behavior. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Herd behavior, COVID ’19, Machine learning Pages: 268-273 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/273/489 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/273 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:268-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raja Mazhar Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rafae Mazhar Raja Author-Workplace-Name: Management Sciences Department, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Nida Zahid Author-Workplace-Name: Management Sciences Department, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Herding Spillover among the Stock Markets: Pakistan & China Covering Covid-19 and Its Repercussions Abstract: Herding behavior, a phenomenon known to exist in stock markets, where investors tend to mimic each other instead of using their own rational. Such an anomaly therefore leads the market to inefficiency as well as volatility. Hence it is crucial that, from time to time this phenomenon should be investigated in order to see where a certain market stands in terms of it performance in context to its efficiency. This study consists on investigating herding behavior and herding spillovers from one stock market to another, particularly in context to the Chinese and Pakistani stock markets. The data includes top 100 firms’ daily returns from the Pakistani stock exchange and the Shanghai stock exchange. Cross sectional absolute deviation is calculated using Christie and Huang method to test herd formation. Based on running linear regression models, the results are further discussed in order to see how the stock markets have been performing from the time period of 1st January, 2010 to 31st December, 2020. Alongside herding behavior and herding spillover would also be investigated during the time of Covid-19 from 1st January, 2010 till 31st December, 2020. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Herding Behavior, Herding Spillover, Herd Formation, Covid-19, Stock Markets Pages: 257-267 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/297/479 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/297 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:257-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Zunnoorain Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, City University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Shazia Perveen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, NUML University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Moazzam Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Construction Manager, Pakistan Title: Impact of Leadership and Uniqueness on Knowledge Management: A Case of Software Organizations in Peshawar Abstract: Knowledge management (KM) is an important process for software organizations seeking to improve their performance, innovation, and competitiveness. Leadership plays a critical role in driving KM initiatives and creating a culture of knowledge sharing and learning. Here are some key findings from the past literature related to the role of leadership in knowledge management, with a focus on software organizations in Peshawar. The literature has shown that leadership commitment is a key factor in the success of KM initiatives. Leaders must be committed to KM and communicate its importance to employees, allocate resources to support KM activities, and lead by example. Knowledge sharing culture: Leaders can create a knowledge sharing culture by fostering an environment of trust, encouraging open communication and collaboration, and recognizing and rewarding knowledge sharing behaviours. Leaders must also ensure that KM processes are in place to support knowledge sharing and learning. This includes processes for capturing and codifying knowledge, creating communities of practice, and providing training and development opportunities for employees. Technology can play an important role in KM, and leaders must ensure that the organization has the right tools and infrastructure in place to support KM activities. Leaders must also establish metrics to measure the effectiveness of KM initiatives and evaluate their impact on organizational performance. Apart from the primary data, secondary data was also collected from the software organizations in Peshawar. After Data Collection and analysis, it was concluded that Organizational Leadership plays a critical role in driving KM initiatives in software organizations in Peshawar. Leaders must be committed to KM, create a knowledge sharing culture, establish KM processes, provide technology support, and measure and evaluate the effectiveness of KM initiatives. By doing so, organizations can leverage their knowledge assets to improve performance, foster innovation, and achieve strategic goals. Classification-JEL: Keywords: knowledge management, leadership, performance Pages: 243-256 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/295/478 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/295 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:243-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shah Jahan Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting faculty Sociology department university of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Sociology University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Jawaria Masood Author-Workplace-Name: Mphil Scholar University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Title: Transgender Fight for Civil and Fundamental Rights in Pakistan, Current Status of Transgender in The Light of Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 and Transgender Persons Welfare Policy 2018 Abstract: Discussion on transgender rights has gradually increased across the world as many countries have carried out legislation in favor of transgender but Pakistan was lagging behind in this democratic process until 2018. Current study prominences on the history of transgender in south Asia (Mughal court then British era); legislative and policy developments especially in Pakistan. The study used existing literature review to know the socio-legal protection, which has been given to transgender in past and legal developments for the safeguard of transgender in Pakistan. This study establish that legal protection to transgender is given in recent years; Pakistan is still in the formative phase to give right to downtrodden communities like transgender in this post-democratic world. Pakistan has few laws for the protection of marginalized communities but there is a lot more to be done in this regard. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Transgender, Socio-Legal Status, Pakistan, Rights,legal developments,Historical Research Pages: 229-238 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/293/469 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/293 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:229-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atif Ali Gill Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Haider Author-Workplace-Name: Principal, GTTC, CJ, Technical Education & Vocational Training Authority, Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Shehzad Farrokh Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Director, Technical Education & Vocational Training Authority, Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Rabia Zubair Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Title: Analyzing the Determinants of Online Purchase Intention of Consumers: Mediating Role of Perceived Risk Abstract: he main objective of this study is to know the determinants of consumer purchase intention using online shopping in developing countries. The unit of analysis in the present study is individuals consisting of customers who use online shopping. Three hundred questionnaires were distributed using convenience sampling, while 249 questionnaires were filled for further statistical analysis. The present study deploys a regression approach through a structural equation modelling technique using SmartPLS 4.0 version software. The result indicates that personal value and shopping experience significantly influence online purchase intention. By extending the theory of purchase risk theory, the current study provides several theoretical and practical contributions. The present study's findings help practitioners and marketing managers in the online shopping sector improve consumer online shopping experience by reducing perceived risk, further enhancing purchase intentions. It is also beneficiary for online marketers and academic researchers in the consumer behaviour field. These factors may help marketing managers get competitive advantages, maximize profit, and increase sales. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Online purchase intention, perceived risk, developing country, theory of purchase risk, Pakistan Pages: 221-228 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/292/468 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/292 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:221-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Nasar Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Sr. Lecturer, Lahore School of Behavioural Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Habiba Arif Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Behavioural Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tuba Zainab Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Behavioural Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Fatima Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Lahore School of Behavioural Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: Predictors of Work-Family Interference: A Comparative Study of Female School Teachers Abstract: The study aims to investigate the predictors of work-family interference among female school teachers in rural and urban areas. By comparing the two settings, the research seeks to identify the contextual factors that contribute to the challenges faced by teachers in balancing their work and family responsibilities. Data from the participants were gathered using a cross-sectional research design and a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected from females belongs to urban (Lahore) and rural (Toba Tek Singh) district from February to August 2022 in the Government sector. The sample was comprised of (N=300; n=150 rural and n=150 urban) and work and family conflict scale (Haslam et al., 2015) was used to collect data. The comparison was made on the basis of demographics variables. The results revealed that age, ethnicity (rural and urban), marital status, number of children, and family system were remarkable to prognosticate of work-family interference among female school teachers. Moreover, the interference of work to family and from family to work was higher in the married young adult females having a greater number of children and living in the urban area as compared to unmarried and living in rural areas. Contextual factors significantly influence work-family interference. It is concluded that the demographics, such as geographical location (rural vs. urban), number of children, family system, age and marital status play a crucial role in determining the level of work-family and family-work interference experienced by female school teachers. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Females, School Teachers, Work-Family Interference Pages: 208-213 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/291/466 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/291 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:208-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ateeq Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Education (Scholar), Department of Secondary Teacher Education, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Nasir Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Vice Chancellor & Professor, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Classroom Teaching Practices of Trained and Untrained Teachers: A Situational Analysis Study for Provision of Streamline to Identify the Natural and Teachable Pedagogical Competencies of Teachers Abstract: The study was conducted to explore the classroom teaching practices of trained and untrained teachers. The study was analyzed the pedagogies and pedagogical competencies of trained and untrained teachers used in their classroom teaching practices. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the range of pedagogies and pedagogical competencies of the teachers, which were used in classroom teaching practices both by trained and untrained teachers. The study was helpful for provision of streamline to identify the natural and teachable pedagogical competencies of the teachers. The exploratory sequential mixed method design was used to collect the data. The exploratory sequential mixed method design collects qualitative data first which were followed by quantitative data. For qualitative portion, the content analysis were made from the literature while for quantitative portion the observation on structured check list was used to determine the pedagogies used by trained and untrained teachers in classroom practices. A sample of 208 teachers (104 trained and 104 untrained teachers) was selected from population for quantitative portion of the study. Three consecutive observations were made for each teacher. After analysis the both qualitative and quantitative data, it was found that both trained and untrained teachers were used traditional methods in classroom practices instead of innovative teaching methods and techniques. From the results, it was concluded that both teachers were not aware about innovative teaching methods and competencies. Instead of professional training, the trained teachers’ pedagogies and their relevant competencies were ineffective in bringing desired change among students. The result of the study concluded and recommended that there is need to conduct the focused training of the teachers. Focused training comprised on competence-based training. For focused training, teacher trainings must understand the differences in pedagogies and pedagogical competencies of the teachers, which have been obtained (naturally developed) and have not been obtained (Teachable/only developed through training) by teachers. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Natural Pedagogical Competencies, Teachable PedagogicalCompetencies,Classroom Practices, Trained Teachers, Untrained Teachers Pages: 200-207 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/290/465 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/290 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:200-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Hafsa Tanweer Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Fatiha Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Student of Bs. Sociology, Department of Sociology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Shakeela Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Research Scholar Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Asma Islam Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan Title: Sociological Impact of Globalization on dietary patterns and Health in Pakistan Abstract: Fast food and other global food consumption are quickly increasing day by day. People's increased consumption of fast food and global food generates a slew of behavioral and health difficulties. People have become increasingly disconnected from traditional and hygienic foods as a result of fast food. Globalized food may boost market value, but it is also a major contributor to the poor health of middle-aged and young people. The primary goal of this term paper is to learn how globalization influences people's dietary choices and how this influences their health. The data is collected through a long literature review and then the relevant data is utilized for this paper. As a phenomenon, globalization is currently used in every structural, cultural, and traditional shift, including business, education, cuisine, and the economy. People eat globalized or fast food to glamorize their lifestyles or meals for modernism, as we all know because humans are drawn to all that is beautiful and exciting. Stop junk food marketing because it is harmful to people's health. Classification-JEL: Keywords: globalization, food, health Pages: 239-242 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/294/470 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/294 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:239-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Hira Tanweer Butt Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ifra Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Studies, UCP Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Structural Analysis of Barriers Being Faced by Green Banking Initiatives in Pakistan Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the barriers to green banking in Pakistan. For this purpose, the research is conducted within the panel of 15 experts. It is a qualitative research, with philosophy of interpretivism and it is an exploratory study. For analysis purpose, ISM and MICMAC are used in this study. It consists of literature discourse, collection of data and analysis. This study is conducted after identification and verification of the barriers to green banking in Pakistan. for the purpose of data collection, a panel of experts have been selected. The data have been collected on a matrix type questionnaire from different stakeholders of green banking. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and MICMAC are used for structural analysis. Thirty barriers of green banking in Pakistan have been identified from literature, out of which 27 factors are verified by the experts. The results revel that "lack of internal capacity" is the key barrier as it is present at the last level of structural model. "Lack of technology" and "lack of formal guidelines" are also considered as crucial barriers as they are present at the bottom of the model. Thirteen barriers are at the center levels and considered as moderately severe while eleven barriers are at top level that means they have a less severe effect. The results of MICMAC also go along the results of ISM. It is an original attempt to provide a detail view on barriers of green banking that can help government, regulators, society, policy makers and academia. This study will have a great implication for its stakeholders such as banks, regulators, customers etc. It will have theoretical as well as practical implications. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Green Banking, Barriers, ISM, MICMAC, Pakistan, Structural Analysis Pages: 182-199 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/244/454 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/244 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:182-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Aleem Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Economic, Government Graduate College of Science, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Haneef Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Professor and Director, Meezan Centre of Islamic Finance (MCIF), Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of Economics, School of Economics. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Wajeeha Sheereen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Determinants of Investment Yield of Insurance Firms in Pakistan Abstract: Insurance sector stands strategically important in terms of risk management for the economy. Growth of the insurance sector correlates with economic growth of an economy. Investment yield stands among core goals of firms in the market. The study has investigated the determinants of investment yield of insurance companies in Pakistan based on a panel data of 37 insurance firms (life insurance and non-life insurance) listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) covering the period from 2015-2019. Specifically, this study examines the effects of financial leverage, gross GDP growth, inflation rate, risk capital management, size of the firm, age of the firm, tangibility and solvency margins on financial performance of firms in the Insurance sector. The data was obtained from financial publications of State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Insurance Year Book that was published by Insurance Association of Pakistan (IAP). The findings of pooled ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis reveal that financial leverage, GDP growth, inflation rate, risk capital management, size of firm, age of the firm and solvency margins are important determinants of investment yield of insurance firms while tangibility is identified as insignificant determinant of investment yield of insurance firms in the country. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Pakistan, financial leverage, gross GDP growth, inflation rate, risk capital management, size of firm, age of the firm, tangibility and solvency margin Pages: 214-286 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/286/467 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/286 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:214-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed Anjum Author-Workplace-Name: Head of Department, Department of Psychology, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Umar Fayyaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Aftab Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Maryam Fayyaz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Validation of the Modified Hand Test with the Human Figure Drawing Test on Personality Traits of Aggression & Anxiety Abstract: Present study aims to validate the Modified Hand Test with Human Figure Drawing Test on aggression and anxiety dimensions of the personality. Cross sectional research design was implied. Total of 88 participants (50 males and 50 females) were recruited from a larger sample of 350 participants. Purposive sampling technique was used, written informed consent was obtained from the participants. Both the Hand Test and The Human Figure Drawing Test were administered in a battery of other tests like Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion Test and Word Association Test etc. However, results of The Hand Test and The Human Figure Test were compared on aggression and anxiety dimensions. While computing Pearson product moment correlation results remained significant at .37 and .45 respectively both at .01 of significance. Results of the study are instrumental both for clinicians and researchers for establishing assessment and therapeutic interventions as well as a lead to pursue further researches in validation sphere. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Aggression, Anxiety, Hand test Pages: 178-181 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/285/451 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/285 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:178-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdus Samad Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor/Chairman, Department of English, Kohsar University, Murree, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Zeshan Tahir Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Mazhar Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of English, Kohsar University Murree, Punjab, Pakistan Title: A Mixed-Method Study of the Types of Teacher-Student Interactions that Could Contribute to Pakistani EFL University Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety Abstract: Anxiety strongly affects students’ language learning and some students may even abandon their studies due to anxiety (Toubot & Seng, 2018). Studies conducted in the Pakistani context consistently indicate that the majority of Pakistani students feel language anxiety (Malik et al., 2020; Marwan, 2016). On the other hand, Pakistani students have a big instrumental motivation to learn English because the acquisition of this language promises a bright career. Thus, it seems imperative to address students’ anxiety in order to provide them with a comfortable classroom atmosphere so that they may learn English effectively and successfully. The literature shows that studies on anxiety conducted in varying contexts, target languages, and proficiency levels, consistently indicate that teachers can play a central role in the level of anxiety students experience in class. Although studies strongly report that teacher is a major source of students’ anxiety, there seems to be a relative paucity of studies focusing on this source of anxiety specifically and in-depth. The current study aims to explore types of teacher-student interactions could contribute to Pakistani EFL university students’ foreign language anxiety. The study utilised both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (in-depth semi sutured interviews and classroom observations) methods to collect the data. Postgraduate Pakistani non-English major students from five Pakistani public sector universities were recruited as participants. Sample for interviews consisted of 20 students while sample for questionnaire consisted of 170 students. The data suggested five sources of anxiety that can be associated with teacher-student interactions namely, strict teachers, teaching methodology, a formal classroom environment, concern about mistakes, and lack of student voice. Finally, implications of the study will be highlighted. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Anxiety, Speaking-anxiety, Teacher-Student Interactions, Pakistan, Fear of negative Evaluation Pages: 168-177 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/259/448 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/259 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:168-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Imran Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar, Department of English, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ayaz Afsar Author-Workplace-Name: Professor Department of English, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The Social Relevance of Literature: A Critique of Mohsin Hamid’s Moth Smoke (2000), Kamila Shamsie’s Salt and Saffron (2000), and Sara Suleri’s Boys will be boys (2003) Abstract: his article explores ‘social relevance’ of Mohsin Hamid’s Moth Smoke (2000), Kamila Shamsie’s Salt and Saffron (2000), and Sara Suleri’s Boys will be boys (2003). For quite some time now, literature is looked upon as a tool used to examine social issues in accordance with indigenous aspirations. The authors referred to above, render a deeper insight revealing the complex nature of Pakistani society. Additionally, the article with a critical analysis approach focuses on Social Conflict Theory as to how the three literary works investigate the authors’ perspectives pertaining to class, cultural identity and gender. The findings reveal the works explore class divisions, the gap between traditional and modern values and gender demands of Pakistani society. They also show ways of how literature addresses social issues. More research work needs be conducted to gain a solid understanding about the social relevance of Pakistani Anglophone literature. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Moth Smoke, Salt and Saffron, Boys will be boys, Social Relevance Pages: 162-167 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/280/447 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/280 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:162-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayza Shoukat Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Abdullah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Author-Name: Muzammal Rafique Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil Scholar, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghulam Muhammad Qamri Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Link between Globalization and Inflation: Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: The world becomes a global village through the prompt exchange of products, human skills and knowledge, which are the main and wonderful aspects of globalization. A vast literature supports the contribution of globalization towards economic growth yet rising inflation in developing countries is also associated with increased globalization. Our study intends to explore whether this phenomenon is true in the case of Pakistan or not. This study employed different macroeconomic variables like globalization, exchange rate, government expenditures, and GDP as independent variables and inflation as dependent variables. Time series data from 1970 to 2020 has been used. We checked for the order of integration of the series and found mixed order of integration. Appropriate technique i.e., ARDL has been employed and the study reported empirical results for the short run and the long run. The findings of the study suggested that openness has an inflationary impact on Pakistan; an increase in globalization leads to high inflation in Pakistan. Pakistan needs to regulate fluctuations in the exchange rate. Besides, instead of current government expenditures, the public sector must promote development expenditures. Following the appropriate policy measures can bore the fruits of globalization well as reduce inflation in Pakistan like developed economies. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Globalization, inflation, exchange rate, government expenditures Pages: 155-161 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/271/444 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/271 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:155-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heena Nauman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tayyaba Noor Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Asma Nisar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Factors Influencing the Purchase Intention towards Sustainable Food Consumption Abstract: The aim of this study is to observe the effect of Health Consciousness, Economic Factors and Environmental Factors on the Purchase Intention of consumers towards sustainable food consumption. The study also explores the mediating role of Consumer Attitude between these factors and the purchase intention. Therefore, to test these relationships, an online questionnaire survey was conducted amongst random consumers. The data was collected by distributing an online questionnaire through convenience sampling technique and, a sample of 220 respondents was chosen. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS and PROCESS Hayes. These two statistical tools aided in carrying out the reliability analysis, correlation and regression analysis on the sample data. Moreover, PROCESS Macro Model 4 (mediation) was used to test the hypotheses. The results supported eight out of nine hypotheses, indicating that consumer attitude positively and significantly mediates the relationship between health consciousness, economic factors and environmental factors, and purchase intention. Moreover, it also showed that health consciousness and environmental factors positively and significantly impact purchase intention towards sustainable food consumption. The data did not support one hypothesis stating that economic factors positively and significantly affect purchase intention towards sustainable food consumption. The current study contributes to the existing literature regarding factors influencing sustainable food consumption. It also has theoretical implication and practical implications for marketers and manufacturers operating in the food industry. Insightful conclusions have been drawn that can be implemented by marketers to significantly increase consumers’ intention to purchase sustainable food by creating awareness regarding items that appeal to consumers who fit the criteria; consumers who are health conscious, consumers who are price conscious and most important, people who are concerned about environmental factors. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Sustainable food consumption, purchase intention, consumer attitude, healthconsciousness, economicfactors, environmental factors Pages: 144-154 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/276/446 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/276 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:144-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aneesa Majeed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English, Higher Education Department, Govt. Ayesha Associate College for Women, Timber Market, Ravi Road, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Effect of Texting on Students’ English Writing Skills at Intermediate level Abstract: This study aims to ascertain the effect of texting messaging on students’ English writing skills at intermediate level in Lahore. It was descriptive research based on mixed method, survey design, in nature. Data was collected from 200 students and 15 teachers from the government colleges of Lahore district which were selected through purposive sampling techniques via self developed questionnaire and interview protocol for teachers. This study uses George Gerbner’s Cultivation theory which provides a ground to the researcher to ascertain the effects of constant mobile using on the spelling skills of students. With the help of SPSS, Statistical analysis was done of the quantitative data. Qualitative data were explored by text analysis. The quantitative results largely illustrated that negative correlation between text language and writing skills was found which indicates that spelling skills of the text user students are negatively affected by text language or chat acronyms while texting. In the similar manner, a majority of professors believed that the students’ writing skills are negatively effected by textism. Whereas, only minority of the professor believes that the SMS language has positive effects on the students’ writing skills. It is recommended that students should come to know the effect of texting language on their writing skill and should focus their formal writing style to avoid any trouble in English writing skill in future. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Effect, Texting’ Writing Skill, Intermediate Students Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 134-143 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/275/443 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/275 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:134-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khadija Adnan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Noor Amjad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Iftikhar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Asma Nisar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Study of the Effect of Influencer Marketing on Consumer Purchase Intention with Medators Brand Awareness and Brand Reputation: Organic Skin Care Products in Pakistan Abstract: This study focuses on investigating the relationship between influencer marketing and brand awareness and brand reputation in the organic skincare industry of Pakistan. The current study also probes the mediating roles played by brand awareness and brand reputation between influencer marketing and consumer purchase intention. A sample of 230 individuals was chosen and data was collected through the application of the convenience sampling method. After collecting the data, an analysis was performed with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and the PROCESS Macro (Model 4) developed by Andrew Hayes (2013). Reliability, correlation, and regression analysis were carried out on the collected data for data analysis purposes. Along with these, a double mediation model (Model 4) was performed on the data to test the hypotheses included in the study. The results of the analysis showed that four of the initial hypotheses had proven to be correct with support from the data analysis. The current study not only contributes to existing literature but also widens the range of factors that can affect consumer purchase intention in the organic skincare industry. The study boosts knowledge and understanding of the variables and the relationships between them. Through this study, we aim to encourage researchers from different fields to explore the increasing trend of influencers and how they can help brands, not only in the Pakistani organic skincare industry but in other sectors as well for building up a brand and making it more well-known in the market for its products. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Influencer marketing; purchase intention; brand awareness;brand reputation; organic skincare industry Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 124-133 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/274/441 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/274 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:124-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Israr Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zubair Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Knowing the Unknown: The Dark World of Human Trafficking Abstract: Despite its global presence, human trafficking is a problem often unrecognized and overlooked. In this phenomenon, an undue advantage is taken from innocent people through force, fraud, or coercion. This research study, conducted through focus group discussion, tries to make people aware of the problem. The traffickers feed on various kinds of vulnerabilities of the victims through the process of human trafficking. Moreover, the victims express specific signs through which they can be identified at any place possible. The traffickers tame the victims in such a trap that any attempt to escape is virtually impossible. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Trafficking, Vulnerabilities, Forced Sex, Forced Labor, Signs, Control Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 117-123 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/266/416 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/266 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:117-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Workplace-Name: Ammara Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Student, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Workplace-Name: Muhammad Ejaz Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: An Analysis of the Determinants of Trust in Virtual Buying: An Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach Abstract: Energy consumption plays an important role in different economic activities. The growing part of energy consumption in the atmosphere causes enhanced greenhouse gas emissions which increases various health problems. The motive of this study is to explore the correspondence between energy consumption, environment quality, and health status in Asian countries. Life expectancy is dependent and CO2 mission, Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption, GDP per capita, urbanization, Govt health expenditures are independent variables. We have used panel data from 27 low and 59 middle-income Asian countries from the period 2000 to 2020. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between life expectancy and GDP per capita, and Govt health expenditures. There is a negative and significant kinship between life expectancy, carbon emission, and fossil fuel energy consumption. The results of Granger causality indicate that there exists uni-variate causality between GDP Per Capita, CO2 emission Domestic govt health expenditures, and Fossil fuel energy consumption. There is bi-variate causality from fossil fuel energy consumption to CO2 emission and urbanization, CO2 emission. There is no causality between urbanization, fossil fuel energy consumption &, Domestic govt health expenditures, and CO2 emission. The policymakers may introduce green technology in production that may help to mitigate the emission of gases that causes environmental degradation. The planners may introduce renewable energy sources that may help to reduce carbon emissions. Further Govt spending on the health sector may improve healthcare facilities. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Fossil fuel energy consumption, govt health expenditures, urbanization, life expectanc Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 103-116 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/228/411 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/228 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:103-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aqsa Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ifra Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Studies, UCP Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: An Analysis of the Determinants of Trust in Virtual Buying: An Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach Abstract: The aim of the study is to determine what determinants influence trust in online purchases as well as how those determinants relate to one another in different contexts. The general design of this qualitative study includes a literature review, primary data gathering strategies, and qualitative analytic approaches. Relying on the purposive sample method, data are gathered through one-on-one interviews with a panel of experts utilizing a matrix-style questionnaire. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Cross impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) have been the two main methods employed. As a result of its position at the bottom of the ISM model and in the independent quadrant of the MICMAC model, the determinant "return policies" is shown to be crucial, whereas the determinants "natural propensity to trust," "attitude toward online shopping," and "online impulse buying" are the least significant because they are at the top of the ISM. This study offers new important information about the determinants of trust in virtual buying. It offers a useful structural model and categorization of significant determinants. The study has certain unique data, methodological, and resource-related constraints. It is the qualitative methodology reveals relationships between determinants but does not quantify connections. The study is a conventional academic researcher effort with constrained physical/financial resources; as a result, the findings of the study outcomes is constraint. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Trust, virtual buying, ISM, MICMAC, Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 87-102 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/243/410 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/243 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:87-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qurat ul Ain Author-Workplace-Name: Incharge, Department of Economics, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: A Dreamy Long Poem by Arif Abdul Mateen "Shahr-e- Bey Sma’at" Abstract: This study analysis the correlation between expenditures on education which are categorized into different types and governance among 26 developed countries from 2002 to 2020 for which data is collected from World Bank Databases and World Governance Index (WGI).Data is analyzed by doing a full sample survey and sub sample analysis. Expenditures on education are categorized as government expenditures on education as a % of GDP and as a percentage of total government expenditures, government expenditures on primary, secondary and terteriy as a percentage of GDP. A positive and statistically significant correlation between expenditures on education and governance is found in full sample analysis. For most of the variables a strong positive correlation is observed for sub-samples of G7, European and Non- European Countries. Hence, it is clear that both educational expenditures and governance are correlated and are important determinants for a country’s good economic outcomes. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Educational Expenditures, Governance, Correlation, G7 Countries Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 75-86 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/258/408 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/258 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:75-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Abid Khurshid Author-Workplace-Name: Asst. Prof. Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Said Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Shazma Zahra Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Govt. Associate College for girls Choti Zareen, D.G Khan, Pakistan Title: A Dreamy Long Poem by Arif Abdul Mateen "Shahr-e- Bey Sma’at" Abstract: Arif Abdul Mateen is a prominent figure of "Jadeed Urdu Nazm". He is also an influential and expressive poet of "Traqi Pasand Tehrik". He has worked as Joint Editor with Adabi Mojalla "Auraq" Lahore. His poem "Shahr-e- Bey Sma’at" is very impressive. The main thought of this poem is discovery of Cosmos, he can be seen at war with himself. This poem also reflects the imperial powers as deteriorating the haves not both socio-economically and ideologically. The subject matter of this poem touches artistic excellence and the idea very visibly runs through every line of the poem. Important historical events are artistically used as references to show strong resistance against the on-going corrupt activities of the system. Use of simple diction, well-knit stanzas of the poem and the use of imagery make this poem one the best pieces of literary works. This poem maintains the best kind of aesthetic values whereby it represents the inner psyche of individuals. The poem in hand, keeping in view the traditional literary canon, also shows individual uniqueness by dint of which it creates a visible space in the world of such kind of resistance-oriented writings. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Progressives. Resistance elements. Contemporary, Epic Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 68-74 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/265/414 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/265 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:68-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raja Mazhar Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Rafae Mazhar Raja Author-Workplace-Name: FAST National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Green Awareness on Green Purchase Intentions with Mediating Effect of Green Trust: A Consumer Perspective Abstract: This research study examines the impact of Green Awareness (GA) on Green Purchase Intentions (GPI). We also investigated the mediating influence of Green Trust in the twin cities (Islamabad/Rawalpindi) of Pakistan. A total of 79 respondents participated in this research. The findings suggest that GA has a positive effect on GPI. The findings also suggest a positive effect of mediating variable GT on GPI. Individuals with high GT tend to have more GPI. The contemporary research also discusses the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Classification-JEL: Keywords: GreenAwareness,GreenTrust,Green PurchaseIntention Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 60-67 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/264/419 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/264 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:60-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rifat Kaleem Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar of Political Science, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Asiya Saif Alvi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Imran Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar of Political Science, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Akram Ul Haq Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D. Scholar of Political Science, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Title: Historical Perspective – Dynamics of Trust and Mistrust in Fluctuating Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations Abstract: After independence from British, Pakistan inherited territorial dispute with Afghanistan. Demarcation of Durand Line became the leading factor in fluctuating relations between the two neighbours. This paper deals with the dynamics of Pakistan - Afghanistan’s oscillating relations through the prism of historical perspective. Pakistan always desired to have cordial relations with Afghanistan because of its foreign policy to maintain cordial relations with Muslim countries. In this article, a brief account of Russian Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 has also been discussed along with how socially, militarily, and economically this invasion has shaped the environments and national security of Pakistan. This article also argues the Indian factor that is the main cause in sour relations between the two neighbours by focusing on the Indian objectives in Afghanistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Dynamics of Trust and Mistrust, Fluctuating Bilateral Relations Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 49-59 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/263/417 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/263 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:49-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Najam Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Fauzia Janjua Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Shazmeen Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Government Associate College for Women Quaidabad, Khushab, Pakistan Title: Commodifying Breast Cancer Awareness: A Hypermodal Study of Selected Pakistani Advocacy Advertisements Abstract: This article aims to study the linguistic choices of Pakistani breast cancer advocacy advertisements. In Pakistan, the situation of the prevalence of this ailment is worse, and due to such situation, various campaigns are being run with the collaboration of public, and private sectors for the awareness and control of this ailment. In this regard, numerous brands are joining hands with Pink Ribbon Pakistan for raising awareness with the help of advocacy advertisements. This study aims to analyze some of the advocacy advertisements of Pakistan that were published online in October 2020. Using the lens of Hypermodality combined with Systemic Functional Grammar as presented by Halliday, and Visual Grammar given by Kress and Leeuwen, the researcher examines three advertisements to illustrate the way language, and visuals are being utilized by the advertisers. This study aims to articulate how, and why some of these advertisements are ineffective. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Commodification, Breast cancer awareness, Pakistani advocacy advertisements Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 36-48 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/262/403 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/262 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:36-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shezza Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Student, Department of Sociology, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmad Raza Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Management Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: The Discourse on Actor Network Theory Abstract: This study sheds light on the evolution of actor network theory and its influence on our society. ANT is evolving rapidly in our lives. At the beginning of its development actor network theory was limited in its range but with time it application are growing. Researchers are rapidly adopting actor network theory and linking relationships between actor such as agency to network such as technologies (which is now available in numberless quantity) and see or experienced how actor network theory practicing between these two agents. In other words actor network theory is a practicing relationship between anthropoid and non-human. The study explores viewpoints as various authors through literature reviews of an articles that ANT act as a methodology and theory both. They consider theory as a mediator and ecosystem of a social reality. There also misunderstandings about it because of the word network. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Actor Network Theory, Agents, Actor, Network, Human, Non-Human, Enrollment, Technologies Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 29-35 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/255/402 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/255 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:29-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saliha Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Nutritional Status in South Punjab, Pakistan: A Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis Abstract: Good health and nutrition go hand in hand, providing the foundation for a vibrant and fulfilling life. This study examines the nutritional status among the youth of South Punjab of Pakistan and identifies some socioeconomic and demographic determinants of their nutritional. Using the sample of 685 students, collected through self-administered interviews and online survey, Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated to measure the nutritional status. Results indicate that 33.1% of respondents are underweighted, 38.5% are normal or healthy-weighted, 14.6% are over-weighted and 13.7% are obese. Further, A Multinomial Logistic Regression model, carrying the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of nutritional status, is estimated by applying Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM). The results of this model suggest that the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of youth like age, gender (male), and middle income relative to higher family Income group are positively associated with higher BMI/ obesity. While, the absence of a driver, absence of a housemaid, a parent occupation (government and private jobs relative to no employment), and lower levels of education relative to higher have more likelihood to have healthy-weight. On the other hand, the characteristics like marital status (single relative to married), family size, and Family income group (low and upper-lower relative to upper-higher income) are inversely related to higher values of BMI/obesity whereas students of the public relative to private institutes and parent occupation (self-owned small/large scale businesses relative to no-employment) have less probability of having normal weight. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Nutritional Status, BMI, South Punjab, MLRM Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 17-28 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/227/398 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/227 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:17-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Asna Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Ifra Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Studies, UCP Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Basit Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Structural Model of Hindrances to Switch from Traditional to Virtual Real Estate Marketing in Pakistan Abstract: The real estate sector is bringing fate to the global economy. But, still this sector is rigid to move towards transformation and uses of advance technology. It is the call of day to use virtual technology in real estate sector. The aim of this study is to identify the list of barriers which create hindrance in switching from traditional to virtual real estate marketing in Pakistan. The overall design is comprises on literature review, data collection from primary sources through non probability purposive sampling. This study use qualitative techniques to analyze data. Methodology adopted is Interpretative structural modeling (ISM) along with Matriced’ Impacts Cruise’s Multiplication Appliqué a UN Casement (MICMAC) is used for analyzing data and hierarchized barriers according to their importance. Results show that "Lack of planning and management support" occupy level VIII of ISM model and lies in independent quadrant of MICMAC analysis. The results of ISM is verified by MICMAC analysis. Real estate needs to be improved in adoption of new innovative techniques and move from traditional to virtual real estate. After knowing the barriers we will better be able to address them. This study will contribute to the customers and investors of real estate and help to gain their confidence in virtual real estate using different innovative techniques. This study addresses the core issues faced by real estate sector due to lack of technological advancement. It provide an informative structural model and classification of barriers. The data is collected from focus groups for this study; the qualitative methodology is used to indicate the relations among barriers but do not quantify the relation. The study is prototypical initiative of academic researcher with limited physical/financial resources; therefore, generalizability of the results of study is limited accordingly. Issues are addressed in this study innovatively and creatively. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Real estate, virtual real estate marketing, barriers, ISM, MICMAC, Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 1-16 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 Year: 2023 Month: File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/242/397 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/242 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:2:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sidra Ahsen Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Hassaan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Haleema Amna Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Title: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Academic Performance among Young Adults: Moderating Role of Parenting Style Abstract: This study aims to check the relationship among emotional intelligence and academic performance in parenting practices young adults. Data of this study was gathered from self-report using a design of a cross-sectional analysis and an online survey. Two hundred young adults are counted in the sampling technique. The age, sex, and household of these adults are taken under the demographics section. The spss-23 used to analyses the data findings. The study results show a good correlation between parenting style, academic achievement, and emotional intelligence. The findings also suggest that academic success is significantly predicted by emotional intelligence. Additionally, the study examines and contrasts academic achievement, parenting techniques, and emotional intelligence in an adult joint family structure. The results suggest a significant connection amongst academic achievement and emotional intelligence. On the other hand, joint families all follow the same standard of parenting. The study also concerned how parenting practices influenced academic achievement and dynamic intelligence strategies. The trend towards sadism can be predicted by emotional intelligence and parenting style. In conclusion, this study's findings provide new insight into how parental approach, academic success, and adult EQ interact. Classification-JEL: Keywords: emotional intelligence, academic performance, parenting practice Pages: 345-355 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/251/382 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/251 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:345-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sunana Alam Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Dept of Gender Studies Govt. Fatima Jinnah College for Women Chuna Mandi Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shehla A. Yasin Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Dept. of Gender and Development Studies LCWU, Pakistan Title: Harassment Faced by Females at Bus Stops in Lahore Abstract: This research was undertaken to assess harassment at bus stops in Lahore. Harassment is unwelcome sexual attention. It is a type of harassment that affects all women, irrespective of age, race, color, class, and religion. Harassment is a tool used by men to show their power over females. Harassment happens everywhere, from home to the office. During their daily commute, females face harassment. Due to this reason, females are reluctant to travel on public transport. This quantitative research identified several types of sexual harassment females face at bus stops. The sample consisted of 200 female participants. A convenient sampling technique was used for this study. Standardized Questionnaire of Eve Teasing (ETQ, Talboys, 2015) and Sexual Experience Questionnaire (SEQ, Fitzgerald & Shullman, 1985) were used after getting permission from the respective authors. SEQ consists of four subscales, i.e., sexist behavior, offensive behavior, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. Data obtained was analyzed through SPSS. T-test and one-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the difference in harassment keeping in view age, marital status, residential area, profession, commute timing, and mode of commuting. For ETQ, the results remained significant except for residential areas. For SEQ, the results of the age-wise difference for SEQ and its subscale of offensive behavior and sexual coercion remained significant. The results of subscale unwanted sexual attention remained significant for marital status. For commute time, SEQ and its subscale offensive behavior remained significant. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Harassment, offensive behavior, sexual attention, sexist behavior Pages: 124-133 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/206/291 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/206 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:124-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shafayat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor Govt. graduate college of science wahdat road, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Sociology University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Salman Author-Workplace-Name: Provincial first aid coordinator Pakistan Red Crescent, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Effectiveness of English Language Teaching Evaluation: Teachers' and Students' Perspectives at Undergraduate Level in Pakistan Abstract: Pakistan China Economic Corridor is an expansion of Maritime Silk Road under One Belt, One Road Initiative. This deliberate development program has engaged the participants at global level. Pakistan Army has a notable contribution in nation building projects of CPEC. Media has focused multiple dimensions of this bilateral Integration. The research has comprehended that how Pakistani print media perceive and portray the terrorism factor that is affecting sovereignty of CPEC and the contribution of Pakistan Military towards CPEC. English (Daily Dawn and The news) and Urdu (Jang and Nawa-e-waqt) newspaper’s editorial coverage has analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to find out the stance of print media from 1st July 2015 to 31st June 2016. Agenda Setting Theory has supported the theoretical perspective and Urdu newspapers collectively gave more positive coverage to the terrorism factor and military contribution towards CPEC. Classification-JEL: Keywords: CPEC, Terrorism, content Analysis Pages: 551-557 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/217/324 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/217 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:551-557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mujahid Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of English Linguistics, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Lecturer, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Mamuna Ghani Author-Workplace-Name: Director, Executive Training Center, Former Dean Faculty of Arts and Management Sciences, Former Head of English Department, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Effectiveness of English Language Teaching Evaluation: Teachers' and Students' Perspectives at Undergraduate Level in Pakistan Abstract: This research study has been conducted to survey the English language teaching evaluation in universities/colleges in Pakistan with the aim to provide suggestions to teachers, curriculum developers and educational authorities for improving the English language teaching methods and techniques currently in use. Suggestions of English teachers of universities/colleges at undergraduate level are the main concern of the study on the other hand equal importance is given to the learning attitudes and opinions of the students. A descriptive investigation methodology, consisting of questionnaire, is utilized to evaluate and analyze the English teaching effectiveness. Both teachers and students consider evaluation of teaching effectiveness very important for the English language programs at the universities/colleges level. Among the other significant findings students are more concerned about how much they learn English in the class and they are less concerned about the grades they achieve in English language courses. The findings of this research study and suggestions of teachers and students for the English language teaching improvement can help teachers to modify their English language teaching methods, help students to adjust their learning attitudes and to stimulate curriculum development authorities to schematize English language teaching material and methods to facilitate teaching goals. Classification-JEL: Keywords: language, students, teaching effectiveness Pages: 539-550 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/215/326 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/215 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:539-550 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zainab Hameed Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: M Phil Scholar, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering Technology, Rahimyar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Samina Sarwat Author-Workplace-Name: HOD, Humanities and Arts Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering Technology, Rahimyar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Waheed Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Humanities and Arts Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering Technology, Rahimyar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Hameed Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, B.S statistics, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Title: Pragma-stylistic Analysis of "Moth Smoke" Abstract: The investigation may concentrate on the following topics: the century and region, how things transpired, hot-button problems and conflicts, character development, and symbolism for a thorough analysis of the novel. The purposes of the study are achieved through the use of qualitative research. This study is based on the levels of formalist perspectives, such as the setting, plot, theme, character development, and the use of language in the novel. The research methodology, population and sample, conversation, or dialogues to be analyzed, research design, instrument, data collection, data analysis. This study deals with the pragma-stylistic analysis of the novel Moth Smoke by Mohsin Hamid. In this research qualitative approach is used to analyze the text with descriptive analysis of the dialogues. With the help of pragma-stylistics analysis this novel is analyzed. The present study has adopted qualitative paradigms. The text of Hamid’s novel, Moth Smoke has been selected as the data. For the purpose of data analysis, a systematic procedure is used. Firstly, the researcher took a close reading of the novel to keenly observe the characters and the choice of words of different characters. Close reading gives an insight to the researcher how the characters are built and the gradual development of the novel. Moth Smoke is one of the most famous novels of Mohsin Hamid. Mohsin Hamid is Pakistani writer who spent most of his time out of Pakistan. He used to write the fundamental issues of Pakistan in all his piece of writings. "The Moth Smoke" is his first novel which was globally acknowledged. Classification-JEL: Keywords: moth smoke, qualitative approach, pragma-stylistics analysis Pages: 532-538 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/214/318 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/214 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:532-538 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Scholar, Department of English Linguistics, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Zeeshan Ali Afsar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Humanities COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahzad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: BS English Literature and Linguistics Government Degree College Gulabad University of Malakand, Pakistan Title: Summarizing Approach in Improving Academic Writing Skills of ESL Learners Abstract: Students entering higher education are expected to have developed academic writing skills that are up to the standards set by the institution. As a consequence of this, improving one's command of the English language, and in particular, one's command of academic writing at the university level, is absolutely necessary for academic genius. In this regard, this study used an experimental approach to identify the effect of using the summarizing strategy on undergraduates' learners academic writing abilities. The intervention, i.e., the summarizing strategy integrated instruction lasted for around two months, which was carried out in a single-group pre-post-test model only. Subsequently, the scores from both tests, i.e., pre and post-test were analyzed statistically via a t-test. Based on the analysis, the use of summarizing strategy showed a significant increase in the academic writing abilities of ESL learners. Therefore, the study suggests using the summarizing strategy at all educational levels to keep learners up to date in terms of their academic writing abilities. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Summarizing technique,academic writing skills,undergraduate level,experimentalstudy,ESL learner Pages: 526-531 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/203/287 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/203 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:526-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faisal Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Qayyum Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmeena Hanif Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, National University fo Modern Languages, (NUML) Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Relationship between Store Environment, Urge to Purchase and Impulsive Buying Behavior Abstract: The store environment greatly influences impulsive buying behavior. Consumers mainly consider product attributes or functions when choosing a shopping destination, whereas, recently, the consumer has wanted to search for additional benefits. For consumers, the store's physical layout, lighting, music, and other sensory cues affect a customer's mood and influence their purchasing decisions. The current study aims to identify the relationship between the store environment with the urge to purchase and the urge to purchase with impulsive buying behaviour. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire from a sample of faculty members. Researchers have found that a pleasant store environment can increase customers' positive mood, leading to a greater urge to purchase and impulsive buying. Alternatively, an unpleasant store environment can negatively influence mood and reduce the likelihood of impulse purchases. The study findings revealed that the store environment positively correlates with the urge to purchase and the urge to purchase with impulsive buying behavior. Product placement, promotions, and pricing can influence the urge to purchase and impulsive buying behavior. Products placed strategically in high-traffic areas, on eye-level shelves, and at checkout, counters may increase impulse purchases. Limited-time offers and discounts, among others, can create an urgency that leads to impulse purchases. Therefore, retailers must understand the relationship between the store environment, the urge to purchase, and impulsive buying behavior to enhance their store design and marketing strategies. By creating a positive store environment and strategically placing products, retailers can increase the likelihood of impulse buying and ultimately improve their bottom line. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Store Environment; Urge to Purchase; Impulsive Buying Behavio Pages: 462-491 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/201/289 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/204 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:462-471 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asma Halim Author-Workplace-Name: Ph. D Scholar, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Irshad Ahmad Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Statistics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Summaira Haroon Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Comparative Study of Modified Hidden Logits Using Randomized Response Techniques Abstract: The survey sampling is one of the driving and most extensively used technique to collect the data about individual’s behaviors, beliefs, views and opinions on a certain matter or topic. We aim to acquire flawless and reliable responses while collecting data. This aim is not achieved in such cases, when we are dealing with sensitive or socially stigmatized variables. Frequently respondents give elusive or false or non-responses about sensitive questions. In such sensitive or stigmatized characteristics, we use randomized response techniques (RRT). In current article using Mangat and Singh (1990) randomized response model, a modified hidden logit estimation procedure is presented. The proposed logit estimation procedure is also compared with ordinary logits and Corstange (2004) randomized response model. We detect that modified hidden logit estimates for Mangat and Singh (1990) are closer to the true parametric values as compare to the higher values of p and T and show elevated precision. The akaike and schwarz information criterion are renowned measures to model selection that favors more parsimonious models over more complex models. This study is also conducted for checking best model selection. This paper has a great contribution towards application and estimation of logistic models when sensitive or stigmatized issues are under consideration. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Logistic Regression, Sensitive Issues, Randomized Response, Hidden Logit Estimation, Sensitive Characteristics Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 447-461 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/199/285 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/199 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:447-461 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zargham Ullah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Division of Management & Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khadija Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking and Finance, Universityf the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism and Hospitality Industry: A Qualitative Investigation in Pakistan Abstract: The tourism and hospitality industry provides its various effects on economic, social, and political sides of any country. Also, it retains a great importance in the overall economic development of the country. The year 2019 was the triumphant year for the Tourism industry in Pakistan, and its contribution rate to Pakistan’s GDP was 5.9% in 2019.However, in the year 2020, because of COVID-19 pandemic, the country’s GDP has been declined significantly, The tourism and hospitality industry is one of the sectors which is highly effected by COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected from the WHO website, existing literature, and online surveys. Findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic led to the rapid shut down in cities and states across the boundary of Pakistan and negatively affected to all the sectors of tourism and hospitality industry like airline operations, hotel sector, travel agencies, tourist inflow, and entertainment sector of the country. The finding disclosed that the rapid increase in COVID-19 pandemic cancelled all the hotel and tourism bookings which lead to unemployment and revenue loss. The resulting loss of the potential revenue negatively affected the Pakistan’s economy and increased the poverty line. The aim of this study was to contribute to the existing literature by exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality industry in Pakistan, and to identify the economic resilience scheme that would be emerged because of this pandemic. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Covid-19, Tourism, Hospitality, Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 439-446 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/180/286 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/180 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:439-446 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asma Halim Author-Workplace-Name: Ph. D Scholar, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Irshad Ahmad Arshad Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Department of Statistics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Summaira Haroon Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Title: Effect of Misclassification on Test of Independence Using Different Randomized Response Techniques Abstract: In Survey Sampling, while we are dealing with sensitive issues, it is a challenge to get the accurate and unbiased answers from the respondents. To fulfill this need researcher exert on discovering such methodology which can help to get accurate responses from respondents in case of sensitive issues. One of the most famous techniques amongst these techniques is randomized response technique. In current research we discuss two dimensional tables and derive the misclassification probabilities for various randomized response techniques. The transition matrices of conditional misclassification probabilities are used to get perturbed or misclassified data and then Chi-square test of independence between two attributes is carried out. The results of chi-square test of independence calculated for perturbed data show that variables are found to be dependent which were independent originally, depicting that misclassification can change the status of dependence in the data. This paper has great contribution towards checking independence status of data while dealing with sensitive issues, where data can be misclassified. The derived matrices of conditional misclassification probabilities can be used acquire estimates of log-linear model for numerous randomized response techniques. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Misclassification, Randomized Response, Perturbation, Independence, Chi-square test of association, Sensitive issues Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 427-438 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/179/282 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/179 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:427-438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tariq Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and IT, RYK, Pakistan Author-Name: Saba Rafi Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in English, Govt Girls college, RYK, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehreema Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of English, Government Graduate College for Women, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: CDA of Bhutto’s Speeches: A Study of Language of Politicians in Pakistan Abstract: The current study aims to analyze language used by Pakistani politicians while applying Fairclough’s CDA model. This study provides theoretical overview how politicians project their ideology while employing certain devices in their political discourse. The research examines the strategies such as emotional exploitation, three words theory, art of spin, repetition of linguistic choices like pronouns and figures of speech as employed by politicians particularly by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in his speeches. This article reveals how he applies the rhetorical and persuasive language to convince his audience while provoking their emotions to achieve his political aims. The study provides a vivid picture of language used by politicians and recommends future researchers to explore other aspects of political genre in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Emotional Exploitation, Three sword theory, Art of spin, Linguistic Choices, Language as a power and Ideology Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 416-426 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/194/271 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/194 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:416-426 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kishwar Sultana Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Bilal Shabir Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Nadia Batool Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan Title: Ethical Leadership and Teachers’ Job Performance at Secondary Level Abstract: The study's primary focus was on secondary school teachers' job performance and Ethical leadership. The study's objectives were to I )compare secondary school teachers' ethical leadership styles according to demographic factors such gender, location, title, and district; and (ii) ascertain the association between ethical leadership and teachers' work performance at the secondary school level. The researcher created and put to the test five hypotheses using inferential statistics in order to meet these goals. The survey's cross-sectional design was used by the researcher. Using a simple random sample technique, data were gathered from 680 male and female secondary school teachers (SSTs) working at all the public sector secondary schools in four districts of the Dera Ghazi Khan Division. Self-administered questionnaire, the results were gathered. A 38-item scale for measuring ethical leadership was created and verified by Kalshoven et al. (2011), while a 25-item scale for measuring teachers' job performance was created by Goodman & Svyantek (1999). With the help of SPSS version 26, data were analysed. According to the research, there is less significant difference in secondary school teachers' ethical leadership behaviors based on their gender or job title. But there is a discernible difference based on their location and district. Furthermore, it is evident from the study's findings that ethical leadership and teachers' work performance at the secondary school level are significantly correlated Classification-JEL: Keywords: Ethical Leadership, Job Performance, Secondary School Teachers Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 411-415 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/193/270 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/193 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:411-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hina Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Art and Media, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Javaria Zubair Author-Workplace-Name: MS Media Science, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Art and Media, Foundation University Islamabad & Ph.D. scholar at National University of Modern Languages (NUML) in Governance & Public Policy, Pakistan Title: Fourth Industrial Revolution and Decision Making; A Case of Paradigm Shift of Policy Making in Pakistan Abstract: Mechanical revolution which occurred in several eras have brought significant changes that has transformed the timeworn generation, economic structure and innovation. This study is going to encounter the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) that is probably going to reshape the present generation and move towards creativity. The critical perspective of the Fourth Industrial Revolution highlights the role of the administrative structure and the problems faced at the initial stage of 4IR being implemented. The administrative steps that will lead towards stronger economy, better life and yet there is no end to the development to 4IR. Aim of this article to explore technical advancement, societal benefits, improvisation in economic structure and the role of policymakers who could play their part for the sustainable development growth in Pakistan. In developing countries like Pakistan, the point of attention for the governing bodies is to cover the basic human needs. The government is under the pressure of over population, food and shelter issues. How can this be important to all? The current scenario of 4IR demands for efficiency in order to settle down the governance issues through formation of practical policies. This article also investigates how these necessary modification in technology sector can improve the way of life leading towards a better future and strengthened economy. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 402-410 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/197/ File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/197 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:402-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hina Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Communication Studies, Queen Mary College Lahore, PhD Fellow, Dept. of Mass Communication, LCWU, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumera Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Dept. of Mass Communication, Lahore College for University, Pakistan Author-Name: Saima Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Communication Studies, Queen Mary College Lahore, PhD Fellow, Dept. of Mass Communication, LCWU, Pakistan Title: Cyber Victimization among Pakistani Youth: Role of Media, Family and Peer Abstract: The current study explores how social structures including media, families, and peers play a role to the prevention and causes of cyber-bullying among youth in Pakistan. Youth interaction behaviors are developed through interpersonal communication patterns. A qualitative approach was used in this study and victims of online bullying were interviewed. The study concludes that social media offers a secure environment for bullying. Moreover, educating the victim about privacy settings can help the victim stop bullying themselves. Youth can achieve healthy well-being through family involvement and attachment. The communication gap between victims and their parents were found. Peer involvement and attachment have been found to be particularly helpful in the fight against cyber-bullying. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Cyber-bullying, Victim, Media, Family, and Peer Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 391-401 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/188/267 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/188 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:391-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hummaira Jabeen Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor/Program Manager, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Monetary Policy Shock Transmission in Emerging Markets Abstract: The mortgage financial crisis that sooner converted into a global crisis affirms the evidence of the contagion. This study attempts to study the impact of monetary policy shock arising from the United States on the economy of emerging markets in a time-varying context. I have employed the TVP-VAR model with stochastic volatility to study this objective. The results indicate the significant impact of the shock on the growth and price of emerging markets. This study provides a unique inside into the studies on emerging markets in a way by treating each country as a separate entity and then observing the country-specific impact of the shocks arising from United States monetary policy upon the growth and inflation of developing countries. This study benefits the economy watcher and gives a deep inside into the subject matter from different dimensions. Classification-JEL: Keywords: monetary policy shock, emerging economies, TVP-VAR analysis Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 379-390 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/182/266 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/182 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:379-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Namra Munir Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education University of Education, Lahore – Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Minas Wattoo Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore – Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Effect of Parent Participation on Youngsters’ Schooling at Primary Level Abstract: Children of educated parents are more likely to do well in school if they attend a good school with a good teacher. In most cases, a child's chances of doing well in life improve if they come from a family where at least one parent has a college degree. It stands to reason that children of high-income and high-education parents will do well academically. Parental involvement in their children's education extends beyond the classroom and into the home. Parents often offer their children reading materials such as books, newspapers, and academic publications. The education level of a person's parents significantly affects the education level of that person's children. A survey of Vehari district residents was conducted as part of the study. Finding out if and how student performance improves with parental involvement is the primary focus of this research. Primary school educators in the Vehari district were the subjects of this research. The 300 educators in the Vehari region were randomly chosen for this investigation. The data was compiled using a carefully crafted and field-tested questionnaire. The grading method was set up as a five-point Likert scale with five possible locations for each answer. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined to be 0.712. The study's objective explored whether parental involvement in their children's education improves their academic performance. Classification-JEL: Keywords: parent’s participation, student’s accomplishment, inspirations Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 370-378 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/178/263 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/178 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:370-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaista Gull Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Education and Research, University of Baluchistan Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Shumaila Dad Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Education and Research, University of Baluchistan Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Nadia Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Education and Research, University of Baluchistan Quetta, Pakistan Title: Comparison of Grammar Translation Method and Direct Method of Teaching in English at the Secondary Level in Pishin Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of the Grammar Translation Method (GTM) and Direct Method (DM) of Teaching English at the government girls’ high school Level in Pishin city of Balochistan province. Data was collected from students of government girls’ high school. Results shows the significant differences between the Grammar Translation Method and Direct Method of Teaching in English learning. Moreover, results showed that the GTM method has larger effect than the DM. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Grammar Translation Method, Direct Method, Government girl’s high school Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 366-369 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/185/262 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/185 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:366-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Khuram Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Center for English Language and Learning, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Irfan Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Center for English Language and Learning, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Javiad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Center for English Language and Learning, University of Okara, Pakistan Title: The attributes of love: a comparative study of Saint John of the Cross and Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Abstract: This comparative study is an effort to determine something of the notion of love between two of the great mystical poets, that is, Saint John of the Cross and Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. There are a few distinctions in their other worldly viewpoints, like love, profound openness, language, and childhood in various settings and group environments. There is a reasonable sign of the likenesses in their ways of thinking also the yearning for genuine affection with God and gathering with the Beloved, articulations of sensations of separating and the delights of extreme association with God. Through this exploration it very well may be seen that Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai gives off an impression of being an otherworldly supporter of Maulana Rumi; thus, this view has been the principle focal point of examination. Along these lines, the review tracks down likenesses and contrasts underway of the two writers. The review reasons that, in spite of utilizing repetitive and various portrayals, the two writers share unavoidable likenesses with one another by goodness of a common mysterious mindfulness. Classification-JEL: Keywords: comparative study, Poetry, love, profound openness,association with God Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 150-155 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/218/332 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/218 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:150-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Hammad Hussain Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of English, Department of English, Emerson University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Mustanir Afzal Lodhi Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of English, Department of English, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Aqeel Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer in English, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Faraz Ali Bughio Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana Title: Transferring as a Source of Error or Language Learning Strategy: The Way Forward Abstract: Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis have adopted the concept of "Transfer" to explain the errors made by language learners. However, this study views "Transfer" as a language learning technique used by learners to overcome language barriers when speaking the target language. The transfer of mother tongue notions is considered a beneficial method that accelerates language learning. The aim of the research is to provide teachers with guidelines for distinguishing between transfer as a source of errors that require correction and transfer as a language learning technique based on communicative error analysis. In conclusion, this study provides recommendations for teachers on how to approach transfer as a language learning technique and communication strategy, as well as how to respond to any potential challenges that may arise when using it. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Transferringin Language, Interlanguage, Communicative ErrorAnalysis, Contrastive Analysis,ComunicationStrategy Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 142-149 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/198/331 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/198 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:142-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Arif Mir Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Special education department, Allama Iqbal University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Saem Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Research Associate, Legend Education Advisers, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sara Bukhari Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Strive Star College, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Effect of Safety Net Program on Household Food Insecurity in Pakistan Abstract: Food insecurity concerns the limited or uncertain availability of food or individuals' access to nutritionally adequate and safe foods. Food insecurity is more concerned the access rather than availability. Regarding food availability, the growth of per capita food production is almost 1 per cent more than the growth of the population globally. Access to adequate and safe food always remain a heating socio-economic issue among local and global stakeholder because nearly 2.3 billion (1 in 3) people are severely or moderately food insecure. Pakistan is also effecting by food insecurity because almost 36% of the households are facing food insecurity. The social safety net programs are the most effective ways to alleviate food insecurity for at-risk families. This study attempts to analyse the effect of safety net program on food insecurity in Pakistan. The study's primary findings are that for a household, transition from food insecure to food secure required less resources than the transition from poor to non-poor. The findings of the regression analysis suggest that safety net recipient household is more likelihood of being food insecure than the non-recipient. Moreover, an increase in the amount of safety net lower the likelihood of being mild food insecurity. Finally, the study propounds some food security-oriented policy measures for effective policy implementation to ease the prevalence of food insecurity in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Food Insecurity, Hunger, Social Safety Net Program Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 131-141 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/216/330 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/216 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:131-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ifra Aziz Khan Niazi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Studies, UCP Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Author-Workplace-Name: Hailey College of Banking & Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shabana Naveed Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Studies, UCP Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mashari Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Studies, UCP Business School, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Analysing the Challenges of Insurance Companies in Pakistan While Co-Creating the Service Value Abstract: Businesses need innovation and innovation requires output from outside the business, to create something innovative and special for their customers. This creates a prerequisite to do co-creation. Co-creation let those businesses collaborate with external stakeholders to gather and generate fresh ideas. This study focuses on co-creation and its challenges in Pakistani Insurance companies. This study aimed to do a thorough research on those challenges, to present them in a structural model on priority basis and to categorize them on the basis of their driving and dependence power. This is thorough study based on literature review and mixed method. Data was collected by 18 experts on panel (respondents) selected on the pre-determined criteria. This study contributed a comprehensive list of 28 challenges faced by Pakistani Insurance companies, found out using literature review method, confirmed by the panel of experts (17 respondents) and then were analyzed by using Interpretive Structural Modelling and MICMAC. Results show that Proper Planning (1) is the most important one and dependent on linkage ones. Study has practical implications for researchers, insurance businesses, and policy makers and theoretical implications to fill the literature gap. Along with the contributions and implications, this study, as other studies, has some limitations as well. Those limitations have three different angles i.e., methodological limitations, data limitations and resources limitations. Future researchers can use our recommendations to proceed further in research and to overcome the limitations. Classification-JEL: Keywords: insurance companies, innovations, structural mod Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 113-130 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/213/322 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/213 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:113-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adeela Saleemi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tahira Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, STEM Education Department, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Destination Brand Equity of UNESCO Heritage Sites: Evidence from Emerging Economies Abstract: The paper aims to explore the consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) model applications in tourism destinations from the perspective of domestic tourists. The study also examined the effect of brand equity dimensions on brand loyalty and destination brand equity construct. Further examined the mediating role of brand loyalty among the various brand equity constructs and overall brand equity (OBE). The current study is positioned in accordance with the positivism theory, adopted the cross-sectional survey research design to collect data from 366 tourists visiting the Lahore Fort and the Shalamar Gardens. The proposed hypotheses in the research model are tested using PLS (structural equation modeling). Results indicated that brand association has the most significant impact on brand loyalty followed by brand image. The paper finds distinctive effects of brand loyalty on overall brand equity (OBE). The results also showed that brand loyalty mediated the relationship between various brand equity constructs and OBE. Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) model application helps determine the customer response and proved useful since the results suggest the multitude of means to support policy makers in adding value to destination brand performance and attract further tourists. Classification-JEL: Keywords: DestinationBrandequity,DestinationBranding,LahoreFort,ShalamarGardens,Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 98-112 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/212/314 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/212 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:98-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adeela Saleemi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Tahira Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, STEM Education Department, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Contextual Inferencing Strategies on the Reading Comprehension Skills of University Students Abstract: Lexical knowledge is an important factor for the mastery of any language and without knowing one cannot claim the knowledge of a language. English language is very important for Pakistani university students for various reasons, and reading skill is a foundational skill to learn about English language because of reading exposure can enhance all four skills of the language learners at university level. The current study aimed to enhance reading comprehension skill of the university students through contextual inferencing strategies. The study was conducted through pre and post-test 2 groups experimental design by selecting 140 homogenous students from public sector university students in Lahore. The results show that experimental group improved 26% from pre-test to post-test. The difference of control and experimental group scores in post-test was 25% that shows that contextual inferencing strategies can work for the better reading comprehension skill of the university students. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Contextual inferencing strategies, reading skill, university students, reading comprehension Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 91-97 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/211/294 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/211 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:91-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kiran Jahanzeb Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Jahanzeb Jahan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Kanwal Shahzadi Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, PIASS College, Kasur, Pakistan Title: An Analysis of English Translation of Faiz’s Poetry on Textual and Extra-Textual Level Abstract: The current research intends to investigate the translation of Faiz’s poems by Victor G. Kiernan. For this reason, the translation of Faiz’s most celebrated poem, "Mujh say pehli si muhabbat mery mehboob na mang" is selected and and textual and extra-textual level comparison and contrast of English translation and the original Urdu poetry is presented in this study. The present study is descriptive research. Vahid’s (2008) model is used for analyzing the translated work and making a comparison and contrast. At the text level, sound, form, images, words, content and tone of poem are observed. At the extra-textual level, implicature and coherence are discussed. This model stress on the significance of textual and stylistic analysis. The results prove that English translation of Faiz’s poetry does not contain that aesthetic beauty as his real poetry does. Translation of Faiz’s poetry is an illusion and has no connection with reality. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Translation, Textual, Extra-Textual, Semantic Richness Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 83-90 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/210/295 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/210 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:83-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ariba Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Nayyra Zeb Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sana Mukhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Sajid Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Irfan Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Business Administration, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: Shared Leadership and Creativity in Teams: Moderating Role of Team Engagement Abstract: Complementarity between the traits of the team's leader and members aids in encouraging shared leadership in teams and improving creativity. By employing social learning theory, this research explores the role of shared leadership in promoting creativity in teams. To test our model, we collected data from 300 members of 30 teams. Results revealed that shared leadership is positively associated with team creativity and team autonomy mediates the relationship between shared leadership and team creativity. Moreover, team engagement moderates these relationships. This paper also discusses the theoretical contributions, practical implications and potential future directions of our findings. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Shared leadership, Team engagement, Team Autonomy, Team creativit Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 72-82 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/209/296 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/209 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:72-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saadia Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Maria Isabel Maldonado Garcia Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Head of Institute of Languages and Linguistics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Corpus Based Study of Anglicism: Neologism in Urdu Through Phono-Semantic Matching Abstract: The study finds impact of Anglicism as a result of language contact and technological advancement in the Urdu newspaper ‘The Daily Jang’. Language contact allows speakers to transfer new words from source language to target language. Phono semantic matching words are borrowed neologisms which retain their approximate sound and meaning. The neologism expressions such as words having Phono-Semantic Matching (PSM) do not at once get acceptance in monolingual dictionaries of Urdu. The morphological system of Urdu allows certain types of inflections to PSM words in the target language. This study explores such data in order to create a corpus for bilingual dictionary of Urdu using Zuckerman’s model (2003) for PSM. Data is collected from the Daily Jang newspaper since September 2021 to November 2021. Types of PSM included for analytical categories are PSM through preexistent form, Incestuous PSM by semantic shifting and PSM introducing a new form and partial PSM. The results show that the most productive PSM found in Urdu neologisms is introducing a new form and partial PSM. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Neologism, Phono-Semantic Matching (PSM), Urdu Morpholog Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 64-71 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/208/297 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/208 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:64-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hummaira Jabeen Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: US-Financial Conditions and Macro-economy of Emerging Markets Abstract: It is obvious from the history of finance that we are unable to capture the broader horizon of financial conditions with just a few variables and a plausible answer to this issue can be financial innovations. Policymakers, regulators, market participants, and researchers affirm this conjunction and emphasis working on this part for enhancing our level of understanding on this part. Keeping this view in front, this study aims to offer an empirical assessment of the effects of the financial conditions of the United States upon the macro-economy of emerging economies using standard Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) Models. I achieve this objective by utilizing the financial conditions index of Brave and Butter (2011) to access emerging economies. I found that macro-economic variables respond to the financial conditions of the United States however magnitude varies from country to country. Classification-JEL: Keywords: inancialconditions,emergingmarkets,SVAR Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 51-63 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/202/298 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/202 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:51-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Usman Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, English Department, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdus Samad Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor/Chairman Department of English, Kohsar University Murree, Pakistan Author-Name: Zeshan Tahir Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, English Department ,Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan Title: An Investigation into the Socio-Cultural Factors Causing EFL Classroom Speaking Anxiety at the Selected Universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan51-63 Abstract: This article is related to the justice system of the sub-continent. It has been discussed in detail that justice is one of the basic rights of mankind. In the sub-continent, some of the rulers have their fame to provide justice to everyone on their doorstep. It not only examines the evolution of the codification of Islamic laws in the sub-continent during colonial rule but also how this codification influences the legal regime of the sub-continent and partially influences Islamic Law. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Speaking Anxiety (SA), Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA), Foreign Language Classroom Speaking Anxiety Scale (FLCSA), ELT research (English language teaching) Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 44-50 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/201/316 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/201 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:44-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chan Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Qurat-ul-Ain Ashfaq Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Asmara Farzand Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Law, University of Chakwal, Pakistan Title: Anglicization of Legal Regime in Sub-Continent: A Historical Perspective Abstract: This article is related to the justice system of the sub-continent. It has been discussed in detail that justice is one of the basic rights of mankind. In the sub-continent, some of the rulers have their fame to provide justice to everyone on their doorstep. It not only examines the evolution of the codification of Islamic laws in the sub-continent during colonial rule but also how this codification influences the legal regime of the sub-continent and partially influences Islamic Law. Classification-JEL: Keywords: The legal system of the Salateen, the Mughals, the English East Inia Company, the evolution of codification, criminal law, and civil law Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 38-43 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/200/300 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/200 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:38-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fahim Javed Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Nargis Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Fayyaz Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Lyallpur Business School, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shahid Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: Malik Firoz Khan Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Title: Social Anxiety, Self-efficacy and Academic Achievement in Matric Students of Lahore Pakistan Abstract: This study aims to empirically examine the value relevance of accounting information for the listed firms in an emerging stock market. By following the recommendations of Kothari and Zimmerman (1995), we use both the price and the return models to investigate whether the financial statements of PSX listed firms meet the criteria or relevance and reliability as highlighted in the conceptual framework 2010. This study is based on annual data of all the non-financial firms listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Overall findings of our study confirm that accounting information is value relevant to the investors in PSX, thereby giving evidence that financial statements achieve their primary objectives. Further, we examine the impact of new accounting standards on the value relevance of accounting information. Surprisingly, we find that new accounting standards have resulted in the declining the value relevance of accounting data. Finally, we find that investors in PSX distinguish accounting information based on the auditor type, earnings sign and firm size. Our findings are robust when controlling for other factors that may affect our regression results. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Value relevance of accounting information; IFRS; Pakistan stock exchange; emerging stock market Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 28-37 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/186/301 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/186 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:28-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aimun Khawaja Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Division of Management & Administrative Sciences, Lower Mall Campus, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Kashif Durrani Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Social Anxiety, Self-efficacy and Academic Achievement in Matric Students of Lahore Pakistan Abstract: Work is a substantial trait that plays an important preponderance people’s lives as it significantly contributes to the maintenance of a quality life. Employees who feel motivated at work after finding it meaningful they also contribute to the organizations. At national level, in countries like Pakistan there is dire need of engagement at work place. This study is conducted on the employees who are rendering services in public sector universities in Pakistan, through Person Job fit to provide recommendations and suggestions for the governing bodies like HEC and policy makers at national level to make changes in the legislation. The results of correlation between mediator and independent variable (r= .605, p-0.000), mediator and dependent variable (r=.470, p=0.00) and dependent and independent variable (r=.530 p=0.00) implies that the faculty members of the public sector universities who craft their jobs are more engaged at work when they find they find themselves fit on the job. Regression analysis results have revealed that person job fit mediated the relation between job crafting & work engagement. Classification-JEL: Keywords: job crafting, work engagement, work place Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 20-27 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/196/303 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/196 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:20-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niaz Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Govt. Higher Secondary School, Mandi Ahmed Abad, Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Mamoona Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Punjab Higher Education Department, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Shaista Jabeen Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Forman Christian College University (FCCU) Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saima Bano Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of South Asia, Raiwind Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Social Anxiety, Self-efficacy and Academic Achievement in Matric Students of Lahore Pakistan Abstract: The present research was conducted to investigate the relationship of social anxiety and self-efficacy with academic achievement in boys and girls using1000 Matric students (boys = 500, girls = 500) with age range 13 to15 years (M = 14.55, SD = 1.38) of 9th grade by means of stratified random sampling technique from different high schools in Lahore District. Academic performance was measured by a valid achievement test, especially developed for this purpose. Protocols used in the study were i) Urdu version of Interaction Anxiousness Scale (Leary, 1983) to assess the level of social anxiety and ii) Urdu version of General Self efficacy Scale (GSES) (Schwarzer & Jerusalem,1995) to measure the self-efficacy of participants. Correlation, regression analysis, independent samples t test and one way ANOVA were run for data analyses. The findings suggest that academic achievement has significant positive correlation with self-efficacy and negative relationship with social anxiety. Self esteem, social anxiety, gender, parental education and monthly income of family turned out to be the strongest predictors of academic achievement of students. Girls outperformed boys on academic achievement test. Conversely the boys displayed higher level of self-efficacy and lower level of social anxiety than girls. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Social anxiety, Self-efficacy,academic achievement Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 13-19 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/181/312 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/181 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:13-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shahid Manzoor Shah Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: Macro Dimensions of Financial Inclusion Index and its Status in Developing Countries Abstract: Promoting financial inclusion is the priority of every country’s policymaker and financial experts. So that, every individual as well as business can get equal and affordable financial services. Because financial inclusion deals with providing affordable as well as equal access to financial products and services to the masses of the country, especially to the financially deprived entrepreneur as well as businesses. The importance of financial inclusion is widely recognized but the literature lacks the efficient, comprehensive, and updated measurement of financial inclusion which can be used to judge the accurate level of financial inclusion. This study tries to fulfill this gap by constructing an updated and comprehensive index of financial inclusion for developing countries by using the updated data from 2005 to 2020. This updated data is collected from the world bank, the central banks of every country, and the finance divisions of every country. Furthermore, this study constructs a macro-level multidimensional index of financial inclusion by using socio-economic and financial dimensions. The value of the constructed index lies between 0 to 1. This study divides the score of financial inclusion into three categories 0 to 0.30 for low financial inclusion, 0.31 to 0.50 for medium financial inclusion, and 0.51 to 1 for high financial inclusion. The present index reveals that all developing countries have a medium and lower level of financial inclusion. Estonia is the only country that achieve higher financial inclusion in 2009-10. This proposed index gives the updated measurement of financial inclusion which is easy to compare among economies. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Macro Dimension, Socio-Economic, Financial inclusion index Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 1-12 Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2023 Month: March File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/195/309 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/195 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:9:y:2023:i:1:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fauzia Shafi Author-Workplace-Name: MS English Literature, Government Sadiq College and Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Zeeshan Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Rimsha Sameen Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil English Literature, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Anguish, Agony and Death: An Existential Study of The Blind Owl Abstract: The Blind Owl (1937) is the novel in which the pains and sorrows of the narrator are presented in the monolingual way. The narrator has become prey of anguish and agony. Present study is conducted to understand the notion of human existence as presented in the novel The Blind Owl. The study is qualitative and the adopted framework of analysis is of Kierkegaard (as cited in Rempel, Gerhard, 1959, and in Copleston, 1963). The results of the study show that pains and sorrows lead humans towards a state of alienation, agony and anguish, then a human accepts death as the relief from the pains and sorrows. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Agony, Anguish, Alienation, Death Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 521-525 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/177/252 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/177 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:521-525 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Munwar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Deputy Director Colleges/Assistant Professor of History, Chiniot, Pakistan Author-Name: AD Hassan Sajanka Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Government college University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Mubashar Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Government college University Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Fareeha Naqvi Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting lecturer Department of History and Pakistan Studies University of Narowal, Pakistan Title: The Emergence and Development of Local Government System during the Military Eras and the Role of Dominant Biradaris: A Historical Perspective of District Jhang, Pakistan Abstract: Local government system or decentralization of power is one of the fundamental features of the democratic form of government. In Pakistan, the local government system is in its initial stages of development. The current system of local government in Pakistan is mainly emerged and developed during the military eras of different dictators. The military dictators like, Field Martial Muhammad Ayub Khan, General Zia-ul- Haq and General Pervez Musharraf developed local bodies’ election for their vested interests. In this study, the data collected through interview of the participants and study of books, articles, etc. shows that civilian governments did very little efforts for the development and progress of local government system in the past. Even the current democratic governments particularly after the fall of Musharraf are also adopting the delaying tactics for holding elections for local government. Some scholars dubbed the democratic governments of Pakistan as ‘civilian dictatorship’ as these governments were against the decentralization of power. Local government system makes the local institutes strong and resultantly local issues and resources will be managed effectively. Further, the dominant Biradaris of rural areas of Pakistan and especially of rural Punjab contributed significantly in promoting local government system during the military periods. Now the democratic parties are making laws for the better formulation of local government system in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Local Government, Military, Biradaris, Local Bodies, Dictatorship, Democracy Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 514-520 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/175/248 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/175 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:514-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sobia Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Dept of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Author-Name: Muhammad Aqeel Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Dept of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Author-Name: Zubair Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: M Phil. Riphah International University, Faisalabad Title: The Relationship of Marxism and Literary Theories with the Common Grounds of Phenomenology Abstract: The ground aspects of phenomenological perspective provide a wide range of the literature study in collaboration with literary theories but the same, the Marxism cannot be studied better in the phenomenological perspectives rather it can be better studied in critical perspectives. The relationship of the Marxism and literary theories with phenomenological common grounds is highlighted in the current study through descriptive method of research. The study illustrates the relationship of Marxism and literary theories in phenomenological perspectives in the light of previous studies and as a sample textual analysis of Jane Austen‘s Pride and Prejudice. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Phenomenology, Marxism, Literary Theories Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 519-513 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/162/232 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/162 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:510-513 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sher Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: DAAD Postdoctoral Fellow, The Center for Transdisciplinary Gender Studies (ZTG), University of Humboldt Berlin Germany Author-Name: Sajida Feroze Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Political Science, Govt. Associate College for Women Phularwan, Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Humaira Jabeen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in History, Govt. APWA Graduate College, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Women Empowerment and Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: A Study of Devolution of Power Plan Abstract: Devolution of Power Plan, which was implemented by General Musharraf, had as its primary goal the empowerment and inclusion of the underprivileged sections of Pakistani society. This new system of local government, introduced a 33 percent quota for women. This article aims to examine the role of women in this local government system. It is critical to determine whether implementing a gender quota is sufficient for women’s empowerment at grassroots’ level. This study discovered that, while this system provided a new avenue for women to engage in politics at the grassroots level, their participation and representation remained unequal and uncertain. It is believed that such legislative and administrative reforms would be ineffective if they did not involve a shift in cultural norms and organizational structures. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Devolution of Power Plan, Local government, Women empowerment, legislative and administrative reforms Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 501-509 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/174/247 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/174 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:501-509 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamil Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Author-Name: Waseem Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Social Work Department SBK Women's University Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Arab Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Dean Faculty of Social Sciecnes, University of Mlalakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Title: Sociological Analysis of the Vulnerable Status of Afghan Women to Honor Killing: An Empirical Perspective Abstract: People are subjected everywhere to violence. The most vulnerable among them are women who have been subjected to violence as most of the family honor is associated with them in a traditional social structure. Violence against women is not something that is individually practiced, but it has become more publicly pronounced and has been a self-sustaining system of any social structure. The current study is also an attempt to reach to the fact that why the women are subjected to such inhuman behavior in the face of upholding the human rights worldly behaviors and posturing. The study was conducted under the framework of qualitative research design. The study area was delimited to jails in two districts i.e., District Mardan and District Malakand respectively. The qualitative tools and methods were used to select the respondents and draw information in these two jails. The study concludes that the cultural background and inability of the deprived segment of Afghan population lead them to not overcome on their aggressive and domestic violence against weak segment of society. Classification-JEL: Keywords: violence, family honor, killing, vulnerability Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 498-500 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/167/246 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/167 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:498-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zahid Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Pakistan Author-Name: Jawad Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Commerce & Management Science, University of Malakand, Pakistan Author-Name: Malik Jawad Saboor Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, Comsats University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Ali Author-Workplace-Name: BS Student, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Pakistan Author-Name: Niaz Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Pakistan Title: Association among Number of Papers and Engagement in Additional Duties of Faculty Members with Research Output in University of Malakand Abstract: A portion or the entirety of a researcher's scientific work is assessed and graded based on the publications and citations they obtain from prestigious journals. It is anticipated that a paper's scientific quality would increase as its scientific influence or number of citations increases. The present study aims to assess the factors affecting faculty members’ research output which is measure by number of citations. The data are collected from 30 senior faculty members from University of Malakand. Stratified random sampling method is used for identification of faculty member for data collection. The academic faculties are considered as strata. A structure questionnaire is formatted and distributed among faculty members. The data is presented by tables. Multiple regression model is used to identify the significant factors associated with faculty research performance. The number of papers and engagement in additional duties are significant factors associated to number of citation of papers. The faculty member should increase the number of papers and avoid additional duties to increase the number of citation of papers. Classification-JEL: Keywords: citation, faculty members, stratified random sampling, number of papers, additional duties Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 494-497 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/165/233 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/165 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:494-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faisal Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, KP, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Ayesha Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work SBK Women's University Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayesha Gul Author-Workplace-Name: MBA Student, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, KP, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Arab Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Dean Faculty of Social Sciences University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Paksitan Title: Transformational Leadership Moderates the Relationship between Servant Leadership and Disengagement Abstract: Organizational leadership is the dominant function of management. It contributes to reducing burnout and stress and plays a significant role in promoting mental health and relaxation. The study intended to examine the effect of servant leadership on burnout dimensions, especially disengagement among the health sector employees in the district of Swabi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Furthermore, this study tested the moderating effect of transformational leadership in a relationship with servant leadership on disengagement. The population of this study was employees of the health sector in the Swabi district and the data were collected through questionnaires from 229 respondents. The study found that servant leadership positively affects employee disengagement, while transformational leadership moderates the relationship between servant leadership and disengagement. The findings provide significant implications for policymakers, especially for the health sector and generally for every sector underpinning for low disengagement among employees in organizations. Furthermore, this study flourishes the body of knowledge about leadership on the attribute of employees in developing countries. Future research on the effect of servant leadership with an autocratic leadership style on employee burnout in other sectors like the education and industrial sectors may be investigated. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Disengagement, Servant Leadership, Transformational Leadership, Health Sector, Moderation Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 481-493 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/164/227 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/164 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:481-493 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Amin Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Government Postgraduate College Sariab Road Quetta Author-Name: Ayesha Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Social Work Department SBK Women's University Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Shabana Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Study Department SBK Women's University Quetta, Paksitan Author-Name: Arab Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Dean Faculty of Social Sciecnes, University of Mlalakand Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Title: Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the Pakistan Stance: An Overview of the Mandate, Charter, Effectiveness in the Political Scenario of Pakistan Abstract: Money Laundering is a pressing issue globally that poses a great loss to the national economy. Having realized the precarious nature of the issue, the world powers decided to form a collective body to combat money laundering and terror financing called FATF. Which is an inter-governmental body. It aims at combating money laundering, especially drug smuggling. The body expanded its sphere to tackle the new challenges and trends of money laundering. It formulated the parameters called ‘recommendations’ to watch the member and non-member states. After the 9/11 attacks, a major change came in its framework and terrorist financing became part of the FATF mandate. The geopolitical changes in the world are affecting the framework of the body. It began to augment pressure on several states like Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea which will help their opponents to get political benefits. This study will analyze the critical role of the FATF. It will also check the role of the FATF as a political ploy in the international arena. It will give findings after analyzing the efficiency of the FATF through scientific research methods, based on primary and secondary data. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Money Laundering, Grey list, Mandate, Recommendations, Terrorist Financing Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 473-480 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/163/226 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/163 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:473-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fahad Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, UMT, Malaysia Author-Name: Fatima Kayani Author-Workplace-Name: SSE Computer Science Punjab Government, Pakistan Author-Name: ahir Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Wasiq Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: Shaheed Zulifqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: IoT Based Efficient Smart Shopping Cart Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Abstract: In the age of technology, the term IoT (Internet of things) rapidly used in the past few years, forming a smart environment by connecting several objects having communication capabilities over the internet. IoT has large implementations in different fields of everyday life, but here we contemplating shopping malls, that are pondering as a rushed place after shopping. People have to wait at billing counters in long queues that make the shopping process hectic. Wastage of time and resources is also another problem. In the proposed work, the smart shopping cart system will provide ease to customers in shopping and billing, using radio frequency identification (RFID). The shopping mall will have a mobile application containing all the products of the shopping mall, the customer will generate the required item list by using a smartphone. The RFID tag placed on all products when the customer picks any product and placed it into a smart trolley RFID reader that is installed on a smart cart will fetch all the information (Price, MFG Date, Expiry Date) about that product from RFID tag. The customer will continue adding products in the trolley and the bill will be displayed on an LCD screen located on the smart trolley. When customers will be done shopping, will pay bills through E valet or on the billing counter. Classification-JEL: Keywords: RFID,IoT, smartshopping Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 467-472 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/160/240 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/160 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:467-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayra Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: ISP Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Numan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer (English), Al-Qadir University Project Trust, Jhelum, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadia Rahim Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English Literature IUB, Pakistan Title: Gender construction in modern drama: A stylistic analysis of A Doll’s House by Henry Ibsen Abstract: The study aims to explore the gender roles which are constructed in the first revolutionary modern drama. Ibsen has beautifully explored the condition of marginalized women of that time. When the drama was written the existing society had no concept of feminism. The study is qualitative under the descriptive paradigm. The researcher has collected the data from the play A Doll’s House and analyzed it stylistically especially exploring implicit meanings (regarding gender roles) lying in rhetorical or figurative language used by Ibsen in A Doll’s House. Women were restricted to the household as they were expected inferior creature but man were supposed to be the symbol of world power, symbol of authority, symbol of reputation and symbol of superiority. He was the head regarded as the decision maker. By going through the drama we analyze that this position of man at that time is clearly elaborated by Ibsen. When Nora says, I simply transferred from my father’s hand to my husband’s hand, her words show the decision power of man. Throughout the drama, Nora made many sacrifices and had faced many challenges by remaining consistent. The work of Ibsen is a best example for the foundation of feminism. The work of Shakespeare in Hamlet and Oscar Wild’s work I the picture of dorian gray shows male dominance. But in their work, we find not so many supports for women. As in the work of Ibsen we can see had changed the thinking of women of that time. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Gender roles, Figurative language, Stylistics, Symbol of authority, Symbol of reputation Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 461-467 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/159/223 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/159 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:461-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sajid Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of English, University of Malakand, Pakistan Author-Name: Shaukat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Malakand, Pakistan Author-Name: Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of English, University of Malakand, Pakistan Title: An Analysis of Pakistani ESL Learners’ L2 Learning Beliefs Abstract: This paper studies the foreign/second language (L2) learning beliefs of Pakistani students of English. Using Horwitz’s Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI), data were collected from 183 undergraduate students of arts and humanities through a random sampling technique. The analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that Pakistani students generally hold positive beliefs about L2 learning. They were also found to associate most significance with beliefs related to motivation and expectations, and least to those of L2 aptitude. Moreover, they also showed gender-based variations in their beliefs about L2 learning in two out of five categories of L2 beliefs; namely, the difficulty of L2 learning, and the nature of L2 learning. Based on the findings of the study, implications were suggested to improve English language pedagogical practices in the Pakistani context. Classification-JEL: Keywords: L2 learning beliefs, ESL, Gender differences Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 457-460 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/158/222 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/158 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:457-460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Waqasia Naeem Author-Workplace-Name: Head and Assistant Professor, School of English, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zaib-un-Nisa Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saida Jamal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of English, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Title: Pedagogical Approaches in Enhancing Academic Writing Skills of ESL Learners Abstract: Higher education students need to develop strong academic writing skills to be successful. Therefore, improving one's command of the English language, and specifically one's command of academic writing at the undergraduate level, is essential for their educational excellence. The most significant difficulty, on the other hand, is related with the untrained instructors and inefficient pedagogical practices as a major cause of poor academic writing skills. As a result, this study was undertaken using a qualitative technique to investigate teachers’ perceptions about the instructional techniques and tactics they employ in order to cultivate academic writing skills among students. The population of this study consisted of all the teachers working in the public universities in the province of Sindh. By using convenient sampling technique, 25 teachers were recruited to collect the data from conducting interviews. The findings indicated various helpful instructional approaches teachers utilize to develop academic writing skills in university students, which include Communication practice, Proper feedback, and Comprehension reading exercises. Based on these data, it is vital for concerned authorities to organize workshops or training programs to enhance teachers’ capabilities to employ various kinds of pedagogical techniques to promote academic writing skills among undergraduate students. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Academic writing skills; undergraduate level; qualitative study; Comprehension reading exercises; Communication practice; ESL learners Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 452-456 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/154/217 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/154 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:452-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabia Sohail Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Liberal Arts, Department of Linguistics and Communications, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumera Shan Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Liberal Arts, Department of Linguistics and Communications, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Use of Adjectives: A Comparative Study of Rappaccini’s Daughter by Nathanial Hawthorne 1844, and a Rose for Emily by William Faulkner 1930 Abstract: Considering the huge differences in the writing styles and choices of vocabulary of the old and modern short story writers, the aim of this study is to find a comparable pattern of analysis of a short story titled Rappaccini’s Daughter by Nathanial Hawthorne (1844) and A Rose for Emily (1930) by William Faulkner a modern writer. The data is in the form of the antonymic adjectives found in both the texts. The frequency of the adjectives and their effects on themes and language of both stories are analyzed separately and the data from both the stories are compared to find the significant changes in the form of writing styles and choice of vocabulary. The data reveal that the old story is rich in adjectives as it has a total number of 267 whereas the modern story has 121 adjectives. The higher frequency of antonyms helps create dramatic effects in the story. It helps to build tension conflicts and contrast, whereas the modern story can be dealt in with by the use of binaries because the words which are mentioned in the text stand in the opposition to what is outside the text. According to the results both stories have more emphasis on characters as compared to the setting. However, the modern story has comparatively more percentage of adjectives utilized for setting as compared to the old story. This provides evidence that the modern story writers put more emphasis on economy of words while describing the characters. Classification-JEL: Keywords: adjectives, binary adjectives, word choice, frequency Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 444-451 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/141/95 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/141 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:444-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Asghar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: School Education Department Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Rafique Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Subject Specialist (Islamic Education) School Education Department Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Basharat Ali Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Education Higher Education Department Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Secondary School Teacher School Education Department Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Obstacles and Gaps in Performance of Teachers by Using Behavior Engineering Model (BEM) Abstract: In Pakistan specially in the Province of the Punjab the performance of public sector teachers has been facing intensive criticism. Some critics of teachers point out that gap in performance is the function of the individual characteristics of teachers but some others argues that gap in performance is because of the environmental factors. This study was conducted to explore the gaps in performance of teachers and obstacles in the ways of integrating technology by using of Gilbert’s behavioral engineering model (BEM). The research design was the developmental research method of type 1. Chevalier’s updated version of developmental research of type 1 was implemented to achieve the objectives of this study. This method of research was consisted of two phases. In phase 1, a cause analysis survey was conducted to find the usability of BEM. The survey was administrated to randomly selected 150 out of 3723 high school teachers and 100 out of 176 head teachers of public sector schools in District Toba Tek Singh. In the second phase of the study the implementation of BEM was validated by two experts. The cause analysis of the data thus obtained showed that lack of incentives and motives working of teachers were the barrier to integration of educational technology into teaching practices and that the school administration did not focus on the use of technology in the classrooms. The expert reviewers validated the implementation of BEM and identification of obstacles to performance and performance gaps. They also supported the use BEM of Thomas F. Gilbert in Government schools of District Toba Tek Singh. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Behavior Engineering Model, Worthy performance, integration of technology in teaching, environmental factors, personal repertory Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 438-443 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/140/194 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/140 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:438-443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saeed Ahmad Watto Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Lahore Lead University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumaira Munawar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Lahore Lead University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Umar Author-Workplace-Name: Consultant, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Imtiaz Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Department of Education, Lahore Lead University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Problems Encountered by Head Teachers at Primary Schools in Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: Principals are main agent of school improvements. Head teachers encounter many problems and challenges driven by many internal factors operating in the school. These problems are threat to the continuation of head teachers themselves in their position and the success of school. Thus, the main purpose of the study was to explore the problems encountered by head teachers at primary level in central Punjab and finding out the difference among male and female heads teachers of primary school in Punjab. Data was collected through survey method and study was quantitative in nature. Population of this study was comprised of all head teachers at primary level in the public schools (32348) of Punjab. After delimitation Lahore district is considered to be the final population that comprised of 523 primary schools. All the head teachers of primary schools in Lahore were selected as a sample of the study and the response rate was 90.7% making the final sample as 475 primary schools. Census sampling technique was used. Self-developed questionnaire was used for collection of data. The numbers of items in head teachers’ tool were 27 and Cronbach’s Alpha value of head teacher instrument was .704. The data was analyzed through SPSS (Statistical Packages for social Sciences). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to calculate the data. In descriptive statistics was used to calculate the Mean, Standard Deviation and frequency. In inferential statistics, independent samples t-test was used to find out the significance difference among demographic variables (gender). There found significant difference in the opinion of male and female head teachers regarding problem encountered. Main problems indicated by the head teachers were student based, teacher based, departmental and personal. It is recommended that school education department should develop a committee in which solutions to such problems should be addressed and resolved in order to quality educational management of public sector schools. The study suggested further qualitative in-depth research to pose solutions of these problems so that policy makers may develop a systematic structure and proceedings of the committee. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Problems, head teachers, Punjab, principals, educational managers Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 431-437 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/139/191 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/139 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:431-437 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Ahtasham Jan Butt Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of History, Higher Education Department, Punjab Pakistan Author-Name: Arfan Latif Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Okara, Pakistan Author-Name: Shoukat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Parole officer, Government of Punjab, Pakistan Title: Indian Hegemonic Attitude towards Neighbor States: The Growing Influence of China in South Asia Abstract: India is the largest and the most powerful state of South Asia. She possesses the biggest economy, military, population and the landmass which makes her an inimitable state in this region. Being the most powerful state of South Asia, it was her responsibility to walk with the rest of the minor states of SAARC but she adopted the opposite way. In the contemporary era, India has been involving in the territorial, water and border disputes with her neighbor states. Almost all of the other states of South Asia share border with India and confront any of the above mentioned issues or more. These minor states want to resolve their issues with India through diplomatic and peaceful means but unfortunately, the Indian hegemonic attitude is the biggest hurdle in this way. Being the largest state of the region India does not pay much attention to these issues. This indifferent and hegemonic attitude of India pushed the minor states of South Asia towards China. In the recent era, the influence of China is increasing at fast speed as she is offering more economic and developmental opportunities to these states. The most important point is that China is treating them on equal basis which is clearly decreasing the role of India in this region. This article is an attempt to disclose the Indian hegemonic role and the growing influence of China in South Asia. This article is based on the secondary analysis in which the data is obtained from different source i.e. books, articles, research reports and newspaper etc. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Indian Hegemony, China, Pakistan, border disputes, water disputes Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 422-430 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/132/182 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/132 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:422-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaf Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: University of Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Sanam Shakir Author-Workplace-Name: Islamia University Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar khan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Azwar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Title: Abdullah Hussain’s Novel "Udass Naslain": An Analytical Study Abstract: Although Abdullah Hussain wrote many prominent novels, the fame he gained from "Udass Naslain" is the most distinct and unique. This novel is famous for its uniqueness in Urdu literature. The story of this novel covers the time of the partition of the subcontinent. In the novel, he has mentioned the effects of partition of India. This Novel gained much more popularity in Pakistani Urdu novels. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Novel, Analytical Study, Urdu Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 419-421 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/131/181 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/131 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:419-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabir Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Musa Kazim Author-Workplace-Name: Macquarie University Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Sultan Ul Arifien Author-Workplace-Name: University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Aqsa Azam Author-Workplace-Name: University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Meesam Ali Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Facebook Use on Political Self-efficacy and Online Political Participation among Young Voters Abstract: Young voters are usually the most frequent social media users which has an effect to shape their political attitudes and behaviors. This study was designed to test the role of Facebook use, political self-efficacy in online and offline political participation among young voters. A survey was developed and conducted to measure the study variables. A sample of (N = 304) young voters was selected through convenience sampling. Results revealed that Facebook use, political self-efficacy in online and offline political participation were positively correlated with each other. Facebook use and political self-efficacy were found predictors of online and offline political participation. Male voters were found more frequent users of Facebook and participate more in online and offline political activities. The research has practical implication in political behaviors shaping. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Facebook Use, political self-efficacy, online political participation, offline political participation Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 414-418 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/126/172 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/126 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:414-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Faisal Aziz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Technology & Applied Sciences, Ibri, Oman Author-Name: Farah Latif Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecture, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Hassam Gul Author-Workplace-Name: Student counselor Ilma University Author-Name: Muhammad Hamid Nawaz Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Seerat Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Doctor of Physiotherapy, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Title: How Stress Affects Work and Self-Efficacy of Female Teachers? An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Abstract: This empirical study examined the prevalence of work stress among female teachers and how stress affects their self-efficacy and work (performance). As a means of achieving this objective, the study used a correlational model. This study focuses on female teachers in Lahore, Pakistan. To recruit teachers for the sample of this study, convenient sampling method was used, and 382 female teachers were recruited from 18 schools situated in different areas of Lahore. Survey method was used to collect the data. The findings of the study demonstrated that teachers are facing work stress. The findings also revealed that stress in turn is affecting self-efficacy and work performance of the educators to a great extent. Distress caused by work-related stress is common among these female teachers. Teachers are hence vulnerable to depression as they are subjected to stress at work. That leads to low quality of teaching and learning process which further affects the overall standard of education in the schools. This is an alarming situation, and policy makers will have to take immediate steps to mitigate the issue of work stress to female teachers. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Female teacher, self-efficacy, work (performance), work stress Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 407-413 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/118/164 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/118 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:407-413 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Faisal Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, The Department of Architecture, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Abbottabad campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan Author-Name: Ashfa Sattar Author-Workplace-Name: M. Arch Scholar, The Department of Architecture, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghousia Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, The Department of Architecture, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Abbottabad campus, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan Title: Studying the Impacts of Moisture on Energy Efficiency and Environmental Friendliness of Indoor Environment Abstract: Moisture control is fundamental to the proper functioning of any building. Controlling moisture is an important to protect occupants from adverse health effects and to protect the building. Mitigating the utilization of energy component in environmentally friendly energy efficient indoor architectural spaces is reducing the effective usage of carbon. In pursuance of investigating the characteristics of energy efficient spatial systems and building fabric, it is usually depicted through application of well-insulated walls, a ventilated roof with a thick layer of insulation over the ceiling, quality windows with low-E glass, and a high-efficiency warming and cooling framework on an already constructed building structure or during executional process. It has been studied that unexpectedly number of buildings could not produce the desired results while having these highlighted features encapsulating energy efficiency. These buildings are observed to have considerable levels of moisture content, indoor air pollutants and untimely disintegration caused by moisture absorption and collection in walls and ceilings. The architectural spaces and building systems could not completely protect dividers, ceilings, and windows, making the building less effective and uncomfortable for habitation. This research paper would be an effort to explore and identify the grass root causes of this phenomenon and would suggest and recommend the steps and procedures to avoid these issues and finding out viable solutions to control the moisture content and effects of comfort within indoor spatial setting of architectural building systems. Through case studies and comprehensive research on this subject, it was inferred that the details of architectural components such as windows, doors, walls, and ceilings shall facilitate the tightness of air, controlling the moisture contents from entering building’s interior periphery. Classification-JEL: Keywords: energy efficient spatial systems, moisture content, indoor air pollutants, grassroot causes Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 398-406 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/115/154 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/115 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:398-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rizwan Basharat Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Adnan Sial Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zeeshan Rafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Bushra Sani Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Managing Organizational Effectiveness Through Job Related Factors: Stress and Satisfaction Abstract: The study was conducted to study the possible relationship of job satisfaction and role stress with organizational effectiveness. The study was based on the primary data collected through print outs of self-administrated questionnaires from employees of textile industry. The sample size was 400 whereas the analysis was performed on the data collected from 367 employees working in textile industry of Pakistan. The measurement scales were adopted from the previous studies. The study followed the cross sectional, statistical, ex-post facto, and field setting research design. To ensure the validity in contextual arrangement of the textile industry the confirmatory factor analysis was performed by using AMOS. Moreover, structural equation modeling was performed to test the studied hypotheses. The relationship of job satisfaction with organizational effectiveness was found positive and significant whereas the relationship of role stress with organizational effectiveness was found significant and negative. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Job Satisfaction,Role Performance,Organizational Effectiveness,Textile Industry Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 391-397 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/113/152 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/113 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:391-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atif Khan Jadoon Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Munawar Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Yafiah Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Zameer ul Hasan Author-Workplace-Name: Pak-AIMS, Institute of Management Sciences Lahore Title: Celebrity Endorsement and Consumption Behavior: A Case Study of Lahore, Pakistan Abstract: The marketing techniques in developing countries have changed a lot since the start of this century. The concept of branding have given new imputes to these marketing techniques. The role of celebrates from different fields play significant role in changing consumer buying behavior. The present study has been designed to check how celebrity endorsement affects the consumer buying behavior. A questionnaire was developed to realize the objective of the study for the people of Lahore. The data is collected through paper pencil method from two shopping malls namely Emporium mall and Packages mall. A total of 256 respondents participated in the survey. Higher order CFA was used to measure celebrity endorsement variable with the help of four first order latent variables namely personal traits, credibility of the endorsement, brand credibility, and ad recall. SEM was applied to see the impact of celebrity endorsement on buying behavior of the consumers. The results of the study showed that four latent variables are measuring the concept of celebrity endorsement. Furthermore, the results also confirmed that celebrities appearing in Ads significantly affect the consumer buying behavior. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Consumer behavior, Celebrity Endorsement, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Structural Equation Modeling Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 383-392 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/111/151 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/111 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:383-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syeda Sidra Nosheen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Language Education. The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Sheeraz Ayoub Kuchy Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Education at Govt Degree College for Women Anantnag Author-Name: Mujeeb Ur Rahim Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Lincoln College University Malaysia Author-Name: Sarfraz Ahmed Khan Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Lincoln University College, Malaysia Author-Name: Syed Zubair Haider Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Association of Work-Family Conflict with Work Demand, Social Support and Emotional Well-Being of School Teachers Abstract: This study looked at how work-family conflicts impact school teachers' workload, social support, and emotional health. In Punjab, Pakistan, female teachers at coeducational and women's schools had their levels of work-family conflict compared. Using a convenient sampling technique, this study chose a sample of female teachers from 10 women's schools and 10 coeducational schools in Punjab. From co-educational and women's schools, 700 female teachers were chosen. Demographic information regarding female teachers was gathered via a questionnaire. Using questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale, the demands of the job and societal support were assessed. Emotional health is evaluated using Goldberg's (1979) GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire). The findings indicated that there was a substantial amount of work-family conflict for both women and co-educational schools. Additionally, female educators at coeducational schools encountered more conflict than those in women's schools. Classification-JEL: Keywords: family conflict, jobdemands, societal support, emotional well-being Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 376-382 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/82/149 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/82 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:376-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sobia Rana Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar at Area Study Center for Africa, North and South America, Quid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Nagina Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of the Punjab Jhelum Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Shadab Fida Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Northern University Nowshera, Pakistan Title: Factors Affecting Challenges of Teachers’ Retention in Rural Schools Abstract: This article brings to light the difficulties rural schools in developing countries like Pakistan have in recruiting and retaining qualified teaching staff. Challenges with student retention continue to be a problem in rural schools, despite the fact that educational authorities have devised policies and measures to address the problem. This article presents an alternate, multifaceted contextual strategy to minimizing the obstacles of retaining teachers. It does so by drawing on previous research on staffing and retention, as well as empirical data obtained from interviews with rural school instructors. Classification-JEL: Keywords: teachers’ retention, rural schools, challenges, qualitative study Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 371-375 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/108/148 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/108 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:371-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan Author-Name: uhammad Faisal Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, The Department of Architecture, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Sundas Jabbar Khattak Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, English Department, Amir Muhammad Khan Campus, Mardan University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan Title: Marlowe as Colonialist: A Postcolonial Study of ‘Heart of Darkness’ Abstract: Post-colonialism focuses on understanding invasion and systematic occupation by the colonizers. This theory analyzes depiction of the native peoples’ culture and descriptions of their living experiences, and explores the notion of resistance against the culture and system that have been invaded. The Heart of Darkness (1902), which is author Joseph Conrad’s masterpiece, presents the living experiences of Africans in a post-colonial context. The present study has as its major objective an in-depth study of the novel through the experiences faced by the protagonist of the novel, Charles Marlow, in terms of the perspectives of The Post-Colonial Theory by Edward Said (1978) and Subaltern Theory by Spivak (1993). The study is qualitative in nature because the novel is examined in terms of the elements provided by the theories specified. The result of the study indicates that the novel represents a specimen of post-colonialism in which the observed experiences of African people are fully described. This description depicts the ways in which the natives of Africa had to face systematic marginalization, violation of their culture, passivity, and participation in cultural practices only through snatched freedom. The inhabitants were forced to live in a hybrid culture where their own identity was largely abandoned. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Hybridity,Identity, Postcolonialism, Racism Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 366-370 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/107/189 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/107 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:366-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Junaid Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil Scholar, Department of English, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Sadaf Afreen Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Tayyab Ijaz Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil Scholar, Department of English, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: aneen Iraj Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil Scholar, Department of English, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Unveiling Cross Cultural Relationship in Anuradha D. Rajurkar’s ‘American Betiya’ Abstract: This is an attempt to use binary opposition to explore a play using textual analysis technique. Binaries within Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale are analyzed to reinforce the idea of certain explicit themes. Since the text is built on many contrasts, which enhance the dramatic effect so, tracing antonyms enables to explore the conflicts among characters, within a character, and external, internal conflicts of character(s). The declining frequency of antonyms reveals the resolution of conflicts. Conflicts revealed through antonyms, show rise and fall of conflicts among characters or within a character, and mark exposition and resolution of dramatic tension. A pattern of declining or rising antonyms of a character’s speech also gives great insight into the character’s ability to change or adapt during action. The greatness of Shakespeare’s plays also lies in his ability to transfer the conflict from external to internal realm. From the play, 339 identifiable antonyms were collected. Words uttered by a character found against some other character’s words at that time are identified as antonyms, along with the words of a character presenting in contrast with his/her own words in some other point of time. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Cross cultural, Unveiling, Heterogeneity, Hybridity, Multiplicity Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 358-365 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/106/146 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/106 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:358-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maimoona Rana Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Liberal Arts, Department of Linguistics and Communication, University of Management and Technology Lahore Pakistan Author-Name: Rabia Sohail Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Liberal Arts, Department of Linguistics and Communication, University of Management and Technology Lahore Pakistan Title: A Play of Binaries: Use of Antonyms to Explore ‘The Winter’s Tale’ by William Shakespeare Abstract: This is an attempt to use binary opposition to explore a play using textual analysis technique. Binaries within Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale are analyzed to reinforce the idea of certain explicit themes. Since the text is built on many contrasts, which enhance the dramatic effect so, tracing antonyms enables to explore the conflicts among characters, within a character, and external, internal conflicts of character(s). The declining frequency of antonyms reveals the resolution of conflicts. Conflicts revealed through antonyms, show rise and fall of conflicts among characters or within a character, and mark exposition and resolution of dramatic tension. A pattern of declining or rising antonyms of a character’s speech also gives great insight into the character’s ability to change or adapt during action. The greatness of Shakespeare’s plays also lies in his ability to transfer the conflict from external to internal realm. From the play, 339 identifiable antonyms were collected. Words uttered by a character found against some other character’s words at that time are identified as antonyms, along with the words of a character presenting in contrast with his/her own words in some other point of time. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Deconstruction, Binary oppositions, antonyms, textual analysis Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 344-357 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/105/144 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/105 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:344-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Ashfaq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Special Education, Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore Author-Name: Syeda Beenish Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Special Education, Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore Author-Name: Rabia Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, University of Education, Lahore Title: An Investigation of Secondary School Teachers’ Job Performance in Relation with Social Support and Work Engagement Abstract: This study examines the usefulness and requirement of social support (SS) and work engagement (WE) for boosting secondary school teachers' job performance (JP). Effective teachers enhance the educational system while simultaneously improving student outcomes. The results of the investigation will focus on the necessity and significance of the SS for enhancing SST performance. Additionally, this study will offer several ideas for motivating and assisting teachers. This study was quantitative in nature. Survey method was used to collect the data. 320 SSTs from the City Lahore district made up the sample for this study. Questionnaire was used as the research instrument. It has been concluded that SS and WE positively predicted the JP of SSTs. From the results, it is also concluded that SS statistically significantly predicted the WE of SSTs. Implications were also discussed. Classification-JEL: Keywords:Social support, work engagement, job performance, secondary school teachers Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 339-343 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/101/143 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/101 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:339-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sumaira Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: mir Sajjad Author-Workplace-Name: Govt. Jinnah Islamia College, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Title: Remittances, Financial Development, and Environment Quality: Evidence from South Asia Abstract:Remittances inflow and financial development not only the important determinant of economic growth but also the polluting factor of environment in South Asian countries. This study is carried out to find out the impact of remittances and financial development (FD) on the environment pollution for the panel data over 1984 to 2018 by using panel OLS, fixed effect (FE) model, FMOLS and Pedronic co-integration test. The findings of co-integration test confirms the presence of long run association between the variables. Remittances, FD, energy consumption and FDI lead to environmental degradation while trade is the improving factor of environmental quality. The governments of South Asian countries should discourse the conflicting effect of remittances on environmental quality through severe limitations on highly polluted industries by strict financial procedures. Classification-JEL: Keywords:Financial Development, Remittances, CO2 emissions, Trade Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 113-121 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/78/113 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/78 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:113-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bushra Yasmeen Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Sociology, Minhaj University, Lahore Author-Name: Amir Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Head/Assistant Professor, School of Sociology, Minhaj University, Lahore Author-Name: Sidra Noureen Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, School of Sociology, Minhaj University, Lahore Title: Psychological Health of the Working Children in Hazardous Conditions: Challenges to Children Rights Abstract: Children are the asset of any nation. Pakistan an under developing country is facing multidimensional and multilayered issues: growing population, poverty, unemployment, health etc. Children are 35% of the total population. Among them, 20% children 13-17 years of age are involved in the child labor. Hazardous working conditions affecting children physical, social, and psychological health. This study explores the psychological health of the working children who are working in hazardous conditions. Quantitative cross sectional study was conducted in Lahore city. Multistage sampling method was used. Out of nine towns, Samanabad Town was selected. Out of 35 Union Councils, Babu Sabu Shera Kot (Union Council 100) was selected. A sample of 351 children aged 5-14 years, working in different factory units, workshops, tea stalls, stores etc. was taken. Psychological health was measured by a Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SQR-20) developed by WHO. The data were analyzed by using descriptive (frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics (one way ANOVA). Findings of the study reflected that highest proportion of the children belonged to 12-14 years, educational level of children under primary, belonged to large family where father education and income level was at the lowest. These children were working from the last 2-3 years forced by the family to get financial support. Those who never goes to school experienced more psychological pressures (p=.009) as compared to those who ever goes to school (p=.000). Results showed that the intensity of psychological pressure decreased as the education increase. Family pressure and the hazardous working environment both significantly influence the psychological health of the working children. Hazardous and stressful working conditions, pressure of family to provide financial support to meet the livelihood in poor socio-economic conditions dismantling the psychological health of the working children. Child labor is not only destroying the social fabric but also creating unhealthy social environment for the children and for the communities. Classification-JEL: Keywords:Psychological health, Working Children, Hazardous working conditions, Illiteracy, Poverty Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 107-112 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/77/112 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/77 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:107-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saria Hameed Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar at School of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mumtaz Anwar Chaudhry Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Title: Factors Affecting the Consumer Satisfaction with the Role of Social Media Influencers in Ready to Wear Clothing Brands Abstract: This study examines the impact of violence (verbal and physical) on the learning skills of children in Punjabi society where punishment is considered socio-culturally acceptable and the practice of violence is considered as a normal way to solve problems. To find the impact of violence we have employed data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2017, which has incorporated new questions regarding the quality of education and prevalence of violence on children in the context of SDGs. We have constructed indices of physical violence, verbal violence, and learning outcomes. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique has been employed to estimate the learning status of children. Learning outcomes of quantitative ability are estimated by using ordered logistic regression because it is a categorical variable. We have also estimated the effect of violence on the English reading skills and English comprehension of children through the logistic regression model. Results concluded that both types of violence affect learning outcomes negatively and significantly after controlling other household and demographic variables. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Verbal violence, Physical violence, Learning Status, Quantitative ability, English comprehension, English reading skills Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 98-106 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/76/111 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/76 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:98-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Faisal Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management and Economics, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: r Manzoom Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr Zia ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashif Mehmood Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hafeez Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Director, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Title: Factors Affecting the Consumer Satisfaction with the Role of Social Media Influencers in Ready to Wear Clothing Brands Abstract: Social media influencers, as opposed to celebrities or public figures who are well-known through traditional media, are "ordinary individuals" who have become "online celebrities" through creating and posting content on social media. They frequently have some understanding of specific topics, including lifestyle, healthy living, travel, food, and fashion. This study attempts to provide "a clearer understanding of what drives the effectiveness of influencer marketing" in terms of their capacity to affect consumer brand attitudes, in accordance with past research. To accomplish the aforementioned, this study experimentally assesses a conceptual model examining how SMI power can influence consumer perceptions of the marketed brands. This research study is quantitative. For this study, researcher gathered the data from the populations of two twin cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad. As of 2022, the current population of Rawalpindi and Islamabad is 2,327,000 and 1,198.000. The main focus of this study is on the individuals who are directly or indirectly involve in the purchase of ready-to-wear clothes recommended by Social Media Influencers to see how Social Media Influencers (SMI) affect the brand experience of customer. Researchers collected the data by using the survey method through personal visits to respondents and used a Convenience sampling because in convenience sampling samples are easy to collect. Before collecting data, it enables to refine your questionnaire through reliability of instrument. Cronbach’s alpha is used in the present study. Based on research results, Social Media Influencers have a greater effect on the perceived satisfaction of customers in the purchase of ready-to-wear clothing. Managers of Ready-to-wear clothing brands should pay attention to improving their expertise and authenticity especially if they intend to establish their business in ready-to-wear clothing. This research implies that SMIs performing high levels of expertise and authenticity are considered to have high perceived satisfaction. Comparatively, those with a low level of expertise and authenticity are considered to have low perceived satisfaction. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Consumer Satisfaction, Social Media Influencers, Perceived trustworthiness, Perceived SMI, Communication Skills, Perceived SMI satisfaction Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 70-80 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/63/107 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/63 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:70-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonia Yasin Author-Workplace-Name: a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:32:"Institute of Banking and Finance";} Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Banking and Finance, BZU, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shaukat Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Alfalah Institute of Banking & Finance, BZU Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Fasiha Nargis Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Pakistan Title: The Relationship between Executive Remuneration and Organizations Efficiency Abstract: The salary structure has been a major worry for firms in recent years. This study investigated the relationship between remuneration trends for executives and organizational effectiveness. Between 2005 and 2019, we obtained secondary data from the annual reports of 25 banks. Using STATA, we assessed the hypotheses by analyzing the data. Using basic least squares regression techniques and Granger's causality test, we determined the relationship and causality between variables by analyzing the data. The results reveal that board compensation has a significant impact on the success of a firm. The study provides regulators with a comprehensive methodology for calculating CEO compensation for encouraging research and development within the organization. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Organizational efficiency, Executive pay, CEO duality, Banks Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 59-70 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/66/106 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/66 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:59-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fahad Javed Baig Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Ramzan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan. Author-Name: Nargis Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan. Author-Name: Hfiza Sobia Tufail Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Fasiha Nargis Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Pakistan Title: Religious Beliefs about Concept of Qalb (Heart) for Innovative Transformational Learning Abstract: The objective of this study was to explore the factors influencing customer reacquisition in Telecom Sector of Pakistan by using Push-Pull Mooring theory. This study used the AMOS and SPSS analysis with 375 valid samples collected from Pakistani telecom subscribers using paper and online survey. The results presented that all three factors, including Service Recovery (SR), Peer Influence (PI), and Promotional offers (PO) have positive and significant effect on Customer Reacquisition (RA). The results also show that Persuasive Advertisement (PA) have moderation effect on the relationship among customer reacquisition and service recovery, customer reacquisition and peer influence, customer reacquisition and promotional offers. Based on results, this study provided the recommendations to telecom subscribers in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Service Recovery (SR), Peer Influence (PI), Promotional offers (PO), Persuasive Advertisement (PA), Customer Reacquisition (RA), Push-Pull Mooring theory, Telecom Sector Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 46-58 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/62/105 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/62 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:46-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aneeta Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahid Yaqoob Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawlapur Title: Religious Beliefs about Concept of Qalb (Heart) for Innovative Transformational Learning Abstract: The core objective of this research effort entails the satisfaction assessment of the students of public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan during and after the forced lockdown of COVID-19 for approximate two years and faced a number of issues, challenges, and problems during the restoration of the physical mode of education. The world had to face the lockdown as governments restricted travel and public gathering, and the behavior of students and participants of the education sector received a negative impact due to issues in adopting the tech applications that facilitate education activities. The study highlighted the core factors of e-education awareness, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention to adopt the tech applications that have the tendency to influence the satisfaction level. The study uniquely contributed by assessing the mediation role of intention to adopt tech applications between e-education awareness, facilitating conditions and students’ satisfaction. The current study utilized a simple random sampling technique for data collection through a questionnaire, the Smart-PLS was used for data analysis that provided the results that support the notion of the study that e-education awareness influences the behavioral intention to adopt tech applications and students’ satisfaction, further the facilitating condition influences the intention of students to adopt the tech application, however, the facilitating condition found to be insignificant to the student’s satisfaction. The intention to adopt the tech applications significantly mediated the relationship between e-education awareness, facilitating conditions and students’ satisfaction. In future researchers may focus to alter the measurement scale of students’ satisfaction, the methodological perspective can also be focused in future research by intensive modification in measurement scale of satisfaction. The future research avenue should entail the assessment of workplace environment related variables for determining the specific phenomenon. Classification-JEL: Keywords: E-education awareness, Intention to adopt tech applications, students’ satisfaction, COVID-19 Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 35-45 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/64/104 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/64 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:35-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adeela Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Research Collaborator, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot; Principal, Syeda Ayesha Girls School, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Navid Jamil Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Director Center for Rumi and Iqbal Studies, Head Department of Education, Director Professional Development Center University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Rashid Minas Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Ali Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sialkot, Sialkot Title: Religious Beliefs about Concept of Qalb (Heart) for Innovative Transformational Learning Abstract: Human beings, famously named as spiritual beings in the knowledge age, face social and behavioral problems due to the development of information technology and scientific innovations. All the way, all these innovations make human beings busier. In comparison, the religious essence is to optimize human potential. It forms human traits. The objective of the study was to explore religious beliefs, specifically the Quranic insights about the concept of Qalb (heart) and its dynamic role for transformational learning. The Holy Quran addresses the cognition, affection, and spirituality of Qalb. Qalb's original notion could help pupils think, perceive, feel, and act differently. Qualitative research method was used and it is a kind of exploratory research. Researchers used content analysis technique to evaluate the concept of heart and its role in transformational learning. Researchers collected the secondary data for content analysis and the NVivo is also used to analyze the said data. We used primary and secondary data. The analysis indicates that the heart contributes significantly to feelings, understandings, memories, and an individual's relationship with the Divine, which molds our perspective on life, gives significance to our emotions and makes humans more adaptable to life-changing processes. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Religious beliefs, Concept of Qalb, Transformational learning Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 24-34 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/67/103 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/67 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:24-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Razzaq Athar Author-Workplace-Name: UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Bushra Zulfiqar Author-Workplace-Name: UIMS-PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Nazia Tabassum Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Pakistan Title: Ethical Leadership Impact on Employee’s Engagement in Voluntary Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Mediation Model of Green Human Resource Management Abstract: This study explores the impact of ethical leadership (EL) on Employee’s engagement in Voluntary Pro-Environmental Behavior(VPEB) through mediation of green HRM practices. With the help of convenience sampling, data collected from a sample of 260 respondents from health sector of Pakistan. Questionnaire was distributed to conduct survey. This data was then analyzed through SPSS. This study revealed positive effect of ethical leader on employee’s voluntary pro environmental Behavior. Mediation of GHRM practices is found to be significant. In the presence of ethical leadership and by implementing GHRM practices organization can have ecofriendly workforce that help organization to build an image of environmental friendly organization to their stakeholders. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Ethical Leadership (EL), Voluntary Pro-Environmental Behavior (VPEB), Green Human Resource Management(GHRM) Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 17-23 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/70/109 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/70 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:17-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fahad Javed Baig Author-Workplace-Name: PhD scholar, Institute of Business, Management & Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Rana Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Institute of Business, Management & Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Exploring the Usage Behavior of Mobile Wallet: An Empirical Study in Pakistan Abstract: The objective of this study was to explore the factors influencing the usage behavior of mobile wallet (m-wallet) in Pakistan by using technology acceptance model (TAM). This study used the PLS-SEM analysis with 408 valid samples collected from Pakistani consumers using paper and online survey. The results presented that all three factors, including perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), and intention to use (ITU) has positive and significant effect (direct and indirect) on m-wallet usage behavior. Based on results, this study provided the recommendations to m-wallet providers to expand the usage behavior of m-wallet in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Technology acceptance model (TAM); M-wallet; Usage behavior; Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 11-16 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/61/102 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/61 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:11-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nafees Ahmad Nafees Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Javed Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute (PEPRI), Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan Author-Name: Zahoor Ul Haq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute (PEPRI), Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan Title: Assessing Modified Multidimensional Poverty Index and its Demographic Correlates in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Abstract: Poverty is multidimensional concept. This study specially focuses on the poverty rate in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For this purpose, we measure multidimensional poverty by using Alikire- Foster methodology and constructed extended multi-dimensional poverty index motivated by the fact that poverty is not only related to income and expenditure but also with other capabilities and functionalities such as education, health, women empowerment, and environment. We find that the division of Bannu is the poorest division of the province. The second poorest division of the province is the Malakand division which is home to some of the geographically disconnected areas of the province. Moreover, the divisions of Peshawar and Mardan have the smallest ratio of poor people in the province. Finally, from the demographic correlates of MDPI, the dependency ratio has direct impact on the MDPI. This calls for rural areas specific policy interventions to reduce the poverty on multi dimensions level. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Multidimensional poverty, Alkire-Foster, demography, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 1-10 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/69/97 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/69 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:1-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waseem Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Author-Name: Jamil Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Humayun Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Law, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Arab Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Dean Faculty of Social Sciecnes, University of Mlalakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Title: Is Criminality a Matter of Choice? Sociological Analysis of Violently Committed Robberies: A Critique of the Pakistani Legal-Administrative System's Failure in Pakhtun Society Abstract: Is crime a matter of choice, is an arguable and debatable phrase and conception about the existence of criminality since the Rational Choice theory emerged in the 18th century. The classical criminologists argue that "human is a calculating animal", who is "choosy" and "selective" in his/her actions. The analytical quality of human enables them to assess the cost and benefit of their actions, out of which they thoughtfully choose and commit the action, which they consider lucrative and utilitarian. Such debate is framed and analyzed in this study through a qualitative framework to understand the implications and legality of Rational Choice patterns in criminality focusing on property crimes, which are violently committed especially the "robberies". The cases of violent robberies in the area under study that is a Pakhtun society are selected in which murders have taken place. Alongside, the legal-administrative structure of the area is also taken into account to understand the criminals' mindset and the role of system in terms of its failure while ensuring the protection of masses from "rationally violent criminals". The murderous robberies are conveniently selected where the incident-survivors or the co-victims are interviewed and analyzed in relation to the existing literature. The study finds the answer as "yes, criminality is a matter of choice and planning", which is discussed under the "discussion section". The overall analysis of the study is undertaken through Thematic Analysis Model for more qualitative elaboration of the issue. Classification-JEL: Keywords: crime, violence, murder, rationality/rational choice, robbery, burglary, legal and administrative system Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 119-123 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/166/243 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/169 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:119-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zahid Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Pakistan Author-Name: Jawad Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Commerce & Management Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Pakistan Author-Name: Arshad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil Scholar, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Pakistan Author-Name: Sidra Ali Author-Workplace-Name: BS Student, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Pakistan Title: Factors Affecting Students Perception towards Teaching Faculty Evaluation at University of Malakand Abstract: In the present study we identify the factors affecting students’ perception towards teaching faculty evaluation in University of Malakand. Stratified random sampling is used to identify the students. Academics faculties are considered as strata. Sample is selected by equal allocation method from each stratum. Information from the selected students is collected by a structure questionnaire. The necessary characteristics are presented by table. In order to find the significant factors affecting faculty evaluation logistic regression model is used. The result shows that good relation of students with faculty members, teaching method, and qualification of faculty members are significantly associated with faculty evaluation. Faculty should try to make good relationship with students and should focus on their teaching method. University administration should hire faculty having higher qualification. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Faculty Evaluation, teaching method, qualification of faculty members, good relation, logistic regression model Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 114-118 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/169/234 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/169 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:115-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kinza Kanwal Author-Workplace-Name: M-Phil Scholar, Riphah International University of Public Policy, Islamabad, Pakistan Author Name: Huma Rasheed Author-Workplace-Name: M-Phil Scholar, Riphah International University of Public Policy, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Aziz ur Rehman Rana Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Management Science, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Electronic Voting System in Pakistan: Benefits and comparative Analysis with Traditional Voting System Abstract: Electoral reforms are the most prominent and specific way to ensure transparency, time-saving, and accuracy of in-time results after the elections in a country with a democratic government structure. The key stakeholders for implementation and policymaking in the Government of Pakistan are reluctant to implement the new electronic voting (E-Voting) system for elections as this System is more efficient, accurate, automated, Artificial Intelligence (AI) based System, and time-saving as well as cost-saving System. It will ensure transparency, eliminate political players' unjust influence and corrupt practices during elections, and empower Pakistan's true democratic leadership style. Above all, this transformation will enable maximum voter involvement through online voting modes like mobile phones, laptops, etc. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Electoral reforms, democratic government structure, Electronic Voting (E-Voting)Artificial Intelligence (AI) based Systempolitical players, true democratic leadership style Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 94-103 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/114/153 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/114 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:94-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tahira Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdu Rahman Khalid Madni Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Reconciliation Agreements of Rahmat-ul-Ulameen Muhammad for Establishing c in the Islamic State Abstract: The defense of any country requires not only military preparation but also non-military arrangements. Out of these, reconciliation and peace agreements have the status of foundation. In history, we find mention of reconciliation and peace in the life of the Prophet (peace be upon him) even before his prophethood. When the Prophet ﷺ laid the foundations of a new Islamic society in Madinah through the unity of faith, politics and system among Muslims, he focused on organizing his relations with non-Muslims. The aim was for all humanity to enjoy the joys and blessings of peace and security and at the same time to unite Madinah and its environs in a federal unity Since the Muslims had become a permanent ummah after coming to Madinah, they also needed to organize collectively. Obviously, every organization has certain rights and obligations. Strategy of prophet Muhammad (SAW)’s reconciliation was very successful. He laid the foundation of the Sultanate Madinah with his wise measures. After the migration from Makkah, the Prophet ﷺ established an agreement of brotherhood in the house of Anas Ibn Malik among a group of ninety men, half of whom were Ansaar and half of whom were Muhajireen. Those who had left their home, property, business, wife and children, were thus compensated by this treaty. The only way to make the enemy of the Quraysh by diverting the friends of the Quraysh by various means and to make them the friends of the Muslims was the Prophet's ﷺmethod. The basis of the caliphate from the tribes around Madinah was to deviate from the support of the Quraysh. It was a great political victory. In addition to this, to encircle the enemy with its enemies, to subdue the tribes around Makkah and to help against the Quraysh, to divide the enemy, to seduce a section of the enemy, to stir up domestic rivalry within the enemy were the strategies and by using them, the Prophet ﷺsucceeded in making Madinah a state and forming a government on one million square miles. In addition, the non-Muslim polytheists, the Jewish tribes were also organized and made clear through civil opposition. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Rahmat-ul-Ulameen, Reconciliation Agreements, Reconciliation Agreements Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 84-93 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/98/136 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/98 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:84-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadia Munawar Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding Author: Department of Education, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Management & Technology, Lahore – Pakistan Author-Name: Shariqa Nasreen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Management & Technology, Lahore – Pakistan Title: Understanding Why Teachers’ Beliefs About TPACK Weaves Influence Transformative Learning: A Mediation Analysis of TPACK Based Teaching Practices Abstract: The current research study proposes that teachers’ beliefs about TPACK are positively related to TPACK-based teaching practices. Furthermore, TPACK-based teaching practices positively enhance transformation learning. The study also proposes that the teachers’ beliefs about TPACK positively influence transformative learning via TPACK-based teaching practices. The study collected survey data from 433 teaching professionals working in 12 universities including six public and six private sector universities from Punjab, Pakistan. Analyzing data using SPSS 28 and AMOS 28, the results reveal that all the proposed hypotheses were supported. The study contributes to the different streams of literature and offers valuable insights for government, policymakers, and higher education institutions’ management guiding them to implement and promote TPACK-related beliefs, TPACK-based practices, and transformative learning environments. Classification-JEL: Keywords: TPACK, teachers’ beliefs about TPACK, TPACK-based teaching practices, transformative learning, structural equation modeling Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 67-83 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/93/125 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/93 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:67-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meher-un-Nisa Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala Title: Climate Change and Women Health Nexus: Evidence from District Gujranwala Abstract: Climate change is one of the main challenges that affect human health. This study focused on the changing climate patterns and women's health in District Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. This study used logistic regression for a sample size of 350 ever-married women and the data were collected (Jan, 2019-Mar, 2019) using convenience sampling. In univariate analysis, it found that, out of 350 sampled female participants, there were 66.3% of women who have good physical health and 51.70% have their own health care decision. However, 67.40% of women’s health was affected by changing patterns of weather, 30.60% of women suffered a lot due to air pollution, 39.40% were affected by high temperature, and 2.3% by floods, 04.90% by drought, 03.40% by short & intense rains, 05.10% by dry spells and 71.70% were harmed by climate change. The results of logistic regression analysis depicted that the married women have 3.265 times more chances to have good physical health as compared to the women whose marital status is currently separate. The women affected by smoke/smog/blur vision due to the air pollution, have 3.912 times more chances to have bad physical health. The woman interviewed at the household has 1.88 times more chances to have good physical health as compared to those women who were interviewed at the workplace. This study concludes that the climate changes (increasing rate of heat, dry spells, non-forecasted rains and some other factors) affect women's health severely. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Climate Change, Weather Conditions, Physical health, Women's Health, Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 54-66 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/59/99 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/59 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:54-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Hai Rathore Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Abdullah Sahi Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The impact of Corporate Governance on voluntary disclosure of R&D expenditure of USA Pharmaceutical firms Abstract: This research examines the impact of corporate governance on voluntary disclosure of R&D expenditure of USA pharmaceutical firms. Most of the previous studies focus on relationship between corporate governance and performance of the firms but this research explores an impact of corporate governance on voluntary disclosure of R&D expenditure of USA Pharmaceutical firms’ as well as the impact of firm size, leverage, firm profitability, liquidity and firm growth on research and development expenditure of Pharmaceutical firms’ of USA. The sample of this study consists on forty three USA pharmaceutical listed firms from 2017 to 2020. In order to examine research questions, methodology is based on Generalize method of movement (GMM). Result showed that overall R&D disclosure has a significant impact with corporate governance variables including audit committee quality, managerial ownership, role duality and board independence. Furthermore research also found that firm profitability, firm size and as well as liquidity ratio have positive and significant impact on R&D development expenditure. Classification-JEL: Keywords: research and development expenditure; voluntary disclosure, corporate governanc Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 34-53 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/58/96 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/58 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:34-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Audi Author-Workplace-Name: European School of Administration and Management (ESAM)-France, University Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne-France Author-Name: Razan Al-Masri Author-Workplace-Name: European School of Administration and Management (ESAM), France, University Le Havre Normandie Author-Name: Chan Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: European School of Administration and Management (ESAM)-France, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Challenging Assumptions about Women’s Empowerment and Economic Resources and Domestic Violence among Young Married Women in India Abstract: The research has documented the extensive prevalence of spousal violence in India little is known about specific risk or protective factors. This study examines the relationships that are often observed to be social and economic resources for women and the occurrence of domestic violence. Over half (56%) of the study participants reported having ever experienced physical spousal violence; about a quarter (27%) reported violence. Based on our study and research, it is clear that India has to do some structural reforms and efforts to help women empower themselves through vocational training, employment opportunities, and social groups. Classification-JEL: Keywords: economic and social resources, gender, women’s empowerment Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 23-33 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/60/92 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/60 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:23-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kamila Suhail Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of the Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Bilal Aziz Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Pakistan Title: Impact of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance: Comparative Analysis between Private and Government Hospitals in Lahore Abstract: The international literature shows that a large number of factors influence employee’s performance such as satisfaction from the profession, work environment, compensation policies, and job stress. This survey study focuses on job satisfaction and job stress as influencing factor for the job performance. The aim of this research study is to examine the relationship between job-related stress, job satisfaction and employee performance in nursing sector of Lahore, Pakistan. Further, for this study, the hospitals were divided into two major groups; that are, Private hospitals and Government hospital. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select hospital form these two categories for data collection. Primary data was collected through close-ended questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed among 500 nurses and response rate gathered was 82.4%. Furthermore, the reliability of the questionnaire was tested through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Moreover, the data was analyzed through, correlation, regression analysis, Granger Causality test and Independent Sample T- test by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS16.0) and Eviews. The results drawn from the study shows that nurses of government hospitals are more satisfied with their job and perform better than the private hospital nurses. They also feel high level of stress due to challenge stressors that help in achieving goals timely and efficiently. Correlation analysis revealed that Job-related stress and job satisfaction are directly related to the job performance, however, job satisfaction has stronger relationship with performance. Regression analyses revealed that only job satisfaction has a significant impact on the performance of the nurses and job-related stress is not found to significantly affect job performance among nurses. Thus, job satisfaction has a higher impact on job performance than job-related stress. This study is considered to be policy oriented as it would guide the management of both private and government hospitals in Lahore in maintaining a required level of stress in the hospitals that would help to increase their employees’ (nurses) performance level; making the administration realize the necessity of nurse’s satisfaction for better performance. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, Job Performance, Correlation, Regression AnalysisJEL Codes:J28, C30 Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 16-22 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/57/88 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/57 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:16-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saba Sharif Author-Workplace-Name: Scholar, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Impact of Firm Sustainability on Firm Growth: Evidence from USA Abstract: This study is to examine the impact of firm sustainability on firm growth as an effect of implementing an ecologically and socially responsible actions: Evidence from USA. This study investigates the relationship between firm sustainability and firm growth. This study examines how firm sustainability affects the firm growth and also explore the measures that can be adopted to examining the role of firm sustainability on firm growth to study this relationship between firm sustainability and firm growth, this study utilized panel data over the period from 2002 to 2018 taken from Thomson Reuters Assets-4 Database. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) statistical method is employed to measure the relationship among variables. The study is based on Agency theory, Stakeholder theory, Value-Enhancing theory and institutional theory perspective because firm sustainability, its impacts on firm growth is so multidimensional that a single theory cannot justify the issue. The hypothesis is that high Return on Assets (ROA) will cause high firm sustainability is maintained by the empirical findings. Leverage has negative impact on ROA rating since if firm has high debt, it will focus more on financing this debt rather than investing in ROA. Market to book ratio also has a negative impact on ROA rating. Total Assets significantly and positively affects the ROA rating. Other Tangible assets significantly and positive affect the ROA rating. Salaries to assets ratio has a negative impact on ROA. Because, larger firms have more social responsibility, since their information is visible hence, they are more likely to be scrutinized by government, public and special interest groups. This find out some significant implication for the policy makers, ROA plays an important role to manage as well as ultimately provide safe environment to all the stakeholders as well as enhance the firm performance. Therefore, policy makers should follow those policies which enhance the ROA for the mutual benefits of all the stakeholder, firm, country and globe. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Sustainability, Market to Book Value, Size of Firm, Leverage, Tangible Assets, Firm GrowthJEL Codes:L20, Q56 Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 1-15 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2022 Month: August File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/56/85 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/56 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:2:p:1-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shakila Rani Author-Workplace-Name: MS English, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Samarah Nazar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Malik Zaheer Ahmed Anwar Awan Author-Workplace-Name: MS English, University of Sialkot, Headmaster Government High School Maharaja Road Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Talha Yaseen Author-Workplace-Name: MS English, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Faizan Aslam Author-Workplace-Name: MS English, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Title: To Be or Not to Be: A Socio-Psychological Study of Sascha Akhtar’s ‘Of Necessity and Wanting’ Abstract: This study investigates the roots of socio-psychological issues how an individual’s life is a combination of inner and outer turmoil, what one is capable of, and what one is trying to chase in the restrictions of society, language, culture, and values. This study focuses on the Imposter Syndrome by Suzana Imes and Pauline Rose Clance and Social Identity Theory by Henry Tajfel and John Turner to support the argument with the critique Of Necessity and Wanting published in 2020 written by Sascha Akhtar. It shows different stages of a man’s life to collect references and brings into the limelight the causes and results of socio-psychological problems, for integration. By applying both theories on the text it becomes quite clear how one moves towards personality transformation. Furthermore, this qualitative research sketches a research schema for future exploration of social vision and argues the influence that social constancy that different people can have in their community. This research is beneficial in the sense of social angle and about the emotional response of a person to the psychological occurrence. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Socio-Psychological, Of Necessity and Wanting, To Be or Not to Be Pages: 360-365 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/150/261 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/183 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:360-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Munawar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D (Economics) Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Assistant Professor (Economics) Higher Education Department, Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Asim Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Jaffar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D (Economics) Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Lecturer (Economics) Higher Education Department, Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sara Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D (Economics) Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Laila Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D (Economics) Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Lecturer (Economics) Higher Education Department, Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Navigating the Path to Increase FDI in South Asia: The Role of Economic Freedom Abstract: Scholars and policymakers have paid special attention to the link between economic freedom and FDI. This research aims to examine this relationship within the South Asian context through a panel data analysis from 2001 to 2021. A panel fixed effect model is employed to assess the influence of economic freedom on FDI and other controlling variables, such as GDP per capita, population density, inflation, government expenditure on education, and general government final consumption expenditure are also taken into consideration. The results indicate that an increase in economic freedom, GDP per capita, population density, and government consumption leads to an increase in FDI. These findings suggest that South Asian policymakers should prioritize increasing economic freedom as a means to attract more FDI. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers seeking to comprehend the factors affecting FDI and ways to increase it in their respective countries. By promoting economic freedom, a more favorable investment climate can be created, thereby attracting more FDI which may help to create jobs, and improve living standards for citizens. Classification-JEL: Keywords: FDI, Economic freedom, South Asia Pages: 350-359 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/184/260 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/183 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:350-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chan Bibi Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Qurat-ul-Ain Ashfaq Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Ghulam Ayesha Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D Scholar, Visiting Lecturer, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The Binding Force of Precedent under the Shadow of the Legal Reasoning of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) Mechanism Abstract: The Dispute Settlement Understanding mechanism works as a legal instrument to the WTO Agreement which works as a pivotal pillar in the process of the multilateral trading system. The legal credibility of the WTO Jurisprudence which has been dependent on the GATT interpretations underlying the Panels and Appellate Body reports remains controversial. The Panel and Appellate Body report following the previous decisions unless there is a good decision for deciding otherwise. This article will investigate the Panels and Appellate Body reports interpretations from a constitutional, political, and practical perspective and their impact to build a precedent under the shadow of legal reasoning. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Legal reasoning, precedent, Panel Jurisprudence, GATT,WTO, Dispute Settlement Understanding Pages: 344-349 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/183/256 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/183 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:344-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: Areesha Aziz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Author-Name: Naima Shehzadi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumaira Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business and Commerce, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan Title: Financial Development, Exports, and Industrial Pollution: Evidence from Lower and Upper Middle-Income Countries Abstract: This study aims to investigate the relationship between financial development (FD), exports, and industrial pollution by applying OLS, fixed effects (FE), random effects (RE), and GMM models for 36 upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) and 38 lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) from 1990 to 2019. The findings of the OLS indicate that financial development (FD), exports, and other factors including energy use, capital, and urban population significantly increase industrial pollution in UMICs and LMICs. The empirics of FE, RE, and GMM models also confirmed that exports, FD, and energy use have harmful effects on the environment. The study suggests that financial development should be directed toward projects and sources of energy that are favorable to the environment. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Industrial Pollution, Exports, Financial development, UMICs, LMICs Pages: 335-343 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/176/250 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/176 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:335-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waseem Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Jamil Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author-Name: Tabinda Rani Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Law, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Author-Name: Arab Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Dean Faculty of Social Sciecnes, University of Mlalakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Title: The Biological Determinism: Implications of Biological Perspective on Pakhtuns’ Criminal and Violent Instinct: A Literary and Empirical Argument Abstract: Criminality has been determined and considered as a behavioral deviation of degeneracy having diverse and dynamic patterns integrated and originated from the individual and the social structure. There exists a hot debate among the social scientists and experts in biology pertaining to the patterns behind criminality especially violence. The Lombroso's "born criminal" theory has been heavily debated and confounded by the social researchers, drawing the attention towards social forces influencing criminality. This research is an attempt to understand, diagnose and apply the patterns discussed and elaborated in biological perspective regarding formation of the criminal instincts. The study is framed under the argumentative and library research accumulated with the empirical advents, examples and social facts existing in the very society of Pakhtuns. The study finds that the principles of biological theory especially Lombrosian and Sheldon’s approach have marked existence in creation of violent masculinities among Pakhtuns. The article provides an insight about the basic principles of biological theory, along-with criticism of such perspective and contrarily implications of its principles on Pakhtuns’ men. Classification-JEL: Keywords: crime, violence, biology, physical structure, stature & body type, physiognomy and phrenology, Pakhtun-men Pages: 331-334 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/168/245 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/168 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:331-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shahid Manzoor Shah Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: A Survey on Financial Inclusion: Theoretical and Empirical Literature Review Abstract: Recently, policymakers and researchers have shifted their attention toward financial inclusion to control poverty, the black economy, tax collection, and financial development. Empirical and Theoretical literature shows that financial inclusion has become a fundamental requirement for economic development. This study provides a detailed literature review covering recent development in financial inclusion among different nations as well as in different reigns. This study highlights the major factors which influence financial inclusion i.e., financial literacy, financial innovations, financial regulation, financial stability, income, information communication technology, gender differences, cost of financial services, economic conditions, and political situations. These indicators are different across countries which becomes the major reason for variations in financial inclusion among countries. This study also highlights some demand-side and supply-side factors of financial inclusion. This study suggests that availability, accessibility, and usage are the major dimensions of financial inclusion which are measured by saving, lending, no of ATMs, no of bank branches, and no. of bank accounts. The study also has several dimensions of financial inclusion for future research Classification-JEL: Keywords: financial inclusion, financial technology, financial stability, financial institutions Pages: 310-330 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/172/242 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/172 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:310-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islambad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Arslan Ali Raza Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islambad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ishaq Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islambad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Wareesa Sharif Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islambad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Salman Irshad Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islambad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Real-Time Extraction and Annotation of Social Media Contents for Predicting National Consumer Confidence Index Abstract: The advent of web enabled technologies has given birth to new communication platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and blogsites. Online users belonging from variant geographical backgrounds share their opinion, sentiments, and appraisals about number of real-world entities on the social media platforms. These opinion bearing contents have great importance to observer and analysts. These opinionative contents can benefit in the prediction of consumer confidence index (CCI) which is referenced by businesses, governments, and other institutions when they make strategic decision. Social media channels and microblogging sites can have a high volume of data on consumer confidence, analyzing such contents can significantly improve the impact and accuracy of CCI but unavailability of consolidated application for the extraction of user generated content is restricting the further process. However, this study aims to conduct an implementation based comparative literature review to unfold the most valuable mechanisms of text extraction, normalization, and annotation of social media contents from Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, and blogging sites for effective prediction of the CCI. A case study of NACOP (Pakistani National Consumer Confidence Predictor) proposed by Ashraf et al. (2022) about the data of purchasing behavior, consumer price, Job/Employment and personal finance is presented to explore the data extraction tools for the Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, and blogging sites. The experimental evaluation revealed that Facepager, Tagv6, Netvizz, and web scrapper are the optimum extraction APIs for Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Blogsites respectively. The study has significant implications to theory and practice. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Consumer Confidence Index, Data Extraction, Data Normalization, NACOP, Preprocessing, Sentiment analysis, Social Media Analytics, Facepager, Tagv6, Netvizz, and Web Scrapper Pages: 292-309 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/110/241 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/110 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:292-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tariq Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Grand Asian University (GAUS), Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Khizra Rana Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Rent Seeking Policy, Institutions and Corruption in Specific Countries of the World Abstract: Rent seeking policies generate wealth without increasing the real income of a country. These policies are closely linked with the performance of institutions. In the presences of low performing institutions rent seeking policies and corruption only flourish. This phenomenon is common in developing countries. In order to evaluate the association between rent seeking policy, institution and corruption, Panel data technique is applied in the study. The time span of the study is 2001-2020. Rent seeking policies might lower the performance of institutions and this further increase corruption. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Rent Seeking Policies, Corruption, Panel Data, Institutions Pages: 283-291 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/171/239 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/171 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:283-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iram Sharif Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. in English (Applied Linguistics) Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Asia Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar English Linguistics University of Jamshoro; Senior Lecturer in English Department at Institute of Southern Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shafiq Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of English, Department of English, Emerson University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Anila Shakil Author-Workplace-Name: Master of Science in Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Existence of Foreign Language Anxiety in Major and Non-Major English Graduates of South Punjab Abstract: Foreign language anxiety could be a hurdle in gaining the advanced knowledge and the communicative competencies. Graduate students have to go through the phases of national and international development through their development skills. The English language is an essential key of communication and advanced knowledge skills. Graduate students cannot perform better, if they have foreign language anxiety. Present study is conducted to understand the comparatively, existence of foreign language anxiety in major and non-major English graduate students studying in the institutes of Southern Punjab. Foreign Language Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) by Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1986) is adopted to measure the anxiety of the graduate students. This scale consists of 33 different questions while the data is collected from the sample of 200 graduate students studying in different institutes of Southern Punjab. Obtained data is analyzed in SPSS version 25 and tabulation is made in Microsoft Excel 2016. The results of the study show that there is an existence of foreign language anxiety in graduate students. Comparatively, male students are more prey of anxiety as compared to females. The results also show that, even non-major English students have anxiety, but they are seemed to be more willing and motivated to learning English as a foreign language, compared to major English graduate students. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Language Anxiety, EFL, Motivation, Graduate Student Pages: 274-282 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/170/236 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/170 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:274-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hajra Shaheen Author-Workplace-Name: Dy. Deo school education department, government of the Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Rafique Author-Workplace-Name: SSS (Islamic Education) School Education Department Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farkhanda Jabeen Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Dept of Education, Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ateeq Ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Education Scholar, AIOU Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Exploring ESL Learners’ Anxiety towards Silent Letters in Pronunciation: A Case Study of Undergraduates of University of Sialkot, Pakistan Abstract: The study was designed to explore the classroom management and evaluation techniques of secondary school teachers. The purpose of the study was to find any gaps between theoretical framework of education classroom management and evaluation methods employed by the secondary school teachers in district Toba Tek Singh. The design of the study was explanatory sequential mixed method. It was comprised of first quantitative and second qualitative phases. In first phase of the study quantitative survey was administered to 250 randomly selected teachers from the total population of 3723 secondary teachers in the district. The instrument of the study for this phase was a questionnaire developed on three-point Likert Scale format. In the second qualitative phase structured interviews were conducted from five randomly selected participants of the study. The results pointed out that the classroom management and evaluation methods within the classroom are not according to the theoretical framework of behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism. Classification-JEL: Keywords: teaching practices, classroom management, mixed methods, sequential explanatory, evaluation Pages: 269-273 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/157/221 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/157 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:269-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Kamran Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil English Applied Linguistics, Department of English, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Saniha Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Chenab, Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Tayaba Nafsi Author-Workplace-Name: MS English Scholar, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Imran Nazeer Author-Workplace-Name: MS English Scholar, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Exploring ESL Learners’ Anxiety towards Silent Letters in Pronunciation: A Case Study of Undergraduates of University of Sialkot, Pakistan Abstract: Learning a second language gives learners aesthetic pleasure, but at the same time, learners face various problems in the Teaching/ learning process, especially when pronouncing silent letters. This research mainly focused on the problems and anxiety ESL learners face in acquiring English as a Second Language at the undergraduate level. All participants are from the English Department of the University of Sialkot, Pakistan and have been exposed to learning English as a second language for two to four years. A sample of 14 English language undergraduates was selected by simple random sampling. Data is collected through notes in which the students were given the silent letters used to occur in English words and were asked to read aloud. Direct observational testing was the focus of data collection. After that, a semi-structured interview developed by Hassan in 2014 that included six items was conducted. As this study was qualitative, the researcher applied the qualitative method to analyze the data for this purpose. Findings show that mother tongue, age, practice, lack of exposure to the second language and lack of motivation are the major factors that cause anxiety among ESL learners at the university of Sialkot. The present study's findings could be fruitful for English language learners in terms of implementing novel methods to cope with pronunciation issues in a Second Language. Classification-JEL: Keywords: ESL learners, anxiety, pronunciation, silent letters Pages: 263-268 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/156/220 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/156 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:263-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sidra Shahzadi Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Shamim Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Bilal Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: BS English, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad - Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Brain Based Learning to Develop English Skills among Secondary School Students at District Sialkot Abstract: Brain-based learning (BBL) means you accept how the brain works and then organize information based on these rules to learn something useful. The study's main goal was to find out how important brain-based learning is in how high school students learn languages, especially how they learn English. This research was purely descriptive. All high school students in the Sialkot district were included in the study. Simple random sampling was used to pick 300 students (150 males and 150 females) from the population under investigation. The study relied on a self-designed questionnaire comprised of six scales and 24 items. Researchers went to the population sites to collect the data in person. Statistical tests like the minimum, maximum, mean score, standard deviation, and t-test were used to examine the study's goals. Brain-based learning makes learning vocabulary easier for male students, according to the study, while it makes female students feel more at ease. Also, there is a big difference between how well male and female students speak English. In a brain-based learning classroom, male students are more aware and active when speaking English than female students are. Thus, the researchers concluded that brain-based learning is an active method for teaching a foreign/second language, in this case, English, and that male students are more adaptable to learning English vocabulary and speaking due to the prevailing brain-based learning environment in the classroom. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Brain-based learning, English skills, Secondary school students Pages: 257-262 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/153/219 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/153 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:257-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Munir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ishaque Fani Author-Workplace-Name: Chairman, Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Deradicalization Programs and Counter-Terrorism Abstract: The study of terrorism is important because terrorism poses a serious physical threat to the security of citizens and to the open society. Radicalization is a process through which people become increasingly motivated to use violent means against members of an out-group or symbolic targets to achieve behavioral change and political goals. De-radicalization is a process in which people reject the ideology they once embraced. Findings of study suggest that deradicalization comprises on multiple methods and techniques to fight against terrorism. Reduction of manpower is perceived the effective and sound strategy of deradicalization for eradicating terrorism. A successful deradicalization program potential eliminates the strength of terrorist organization. Ample of studies reveal that outcomes through deradicalization programs are not satisfactory worldwide and there is no scientific way to deal with radicalization. Successful deradicalization depends upon an understanding of radicalization itself. The reduction of manpower within terrorist or violent extremist organizations is one of the more important and one of the first effects that deradicalization programmes have on the fight against terrorism. Every deradicalization process that is completed without failure results in the elimination of one potential member of an extremist group in the years to come. World still lacks a national counter-radicalization policy that could serve as a holistic framework for the reintegration and rehabilitation of former militants. Hence all deradicalization projects must follow international best practices with full transparency. Classification-JEL: Keywords: :Deradicalization,Counter-Terrorism Pages: 253-256 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/155/225 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/155 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:253-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dilshad Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Bilal Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Kiran Sarwar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Bilal Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Government revenue and Expenditure Nexus: Empirical Evidence of Pakistan Abstract: Fiscal policy plays a significant role to acquire price stability, employment opportunities, and output increase. This study has examined co-integration and casual association in components of revenue and expenditure of Pakistan to develop appropriate fiscal policy. This research work focused on two models as a current expenditure (CE) was applied as the dependent variable in model 1 while in model 2, development expenditure (DE) was considered as the dependent variable. In both models, government revenue components such as shortest tax (DT), indirect tax (IDT), and non-tax income (NTR) were applied as independent variables. Secondary time series data from 1979 to 2020 was applied in this research work to check the stationarity of data unit root tests of Philips Peron (PP) and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) employed. Granger causality and Auto regressive distributive lag (ARDL) approach were applied for the empirical estimation of the study. ARDL bound test shows that co-integration exists in both models. The ARDL approach outcomes indicated as non-tax income, indirect tax, and direct tax have significant a relationship with current expenditure in the long run. Direct and indirect taxes have a significant relationship with development expenditure in the long run. Granger causality test estimates indicated as in both model shortest tax, indirect tax, and non-tax income has no causal relationship with current expenditure and development expenditure. In conclusion, estimates of this research supported the institutional separation hypothesis. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Current expenditure, Direct tax, Fiscal policy, Indirect tax, ARD Pages: 246-252 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/149/216 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/149 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:246-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rida Ashraf Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Ruby Usman Author-Workplace-Name: Adjunct lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Iqra university, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Tehseen Azhar Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, DHA Suffa University, Pakistan Title: Impact of Perceive CSR, Transformational Leadership and Perceived Organizational Support on Organizational Identification and Pro environmental Behavior of Employees in Pharmaceutical Industry of Pakistan Abstract: As the awareness of environmental sustainability taking place in the present time, organizations are also following this trend by influencing the behavior of their employees through different factors. In this study perceived corporate social responsibility, transformational leadership, perceived organizational support and organizational identification are used as the predictor for influencing pro environmental behavior among employees working in Pharmaceutical sector of Pakistan. Data was collected from 233 respondents working in Pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan. This study found that employees exhibit more pro-environmental behavior and becomes highly identified with their organization when perceives support from their organization also when the employee perceives that their organization is responsible toward their social environment. This study also identified that transformational leadership plays an important role in influencing pro environmental behavior and organizational identification among employees. The aim of this study is to analyze the gap that transformational leadership influences pro environmental behavior of employees through intervening role of organizational identification. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Transformational leadership, perceived corporate social responsibility, perceived organizational support, and Organizational identification and employee pro environmental behavior Pages: 227-236 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/146/249 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/146 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:227-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamshed Ali Author-Workplace-Name: IB&M University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rab Nawaz Lodhi Author-Workplace-Name: Halley College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Irfan Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Shahid Tufail Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Effects of Brand Attributes on Word of Mouth: Mediating Role of Brand Trust and Brand Love Abstract: These days, firms are facing intense competition and rising customer expectations in dynamic market conditions. This needs to develop bonding relationships with consumers to get good word of mouth in the market. Despite of literature, there is still gap to underline the empirical relationships of relationship quality, brand trust, brand love and word of mouth in a developing country perspective. Therefore, current study is aimed to empirically analyze the relationship of brand attributes (i.e. brand quality, price perception and brand prestige), and word of mouth while investigating the mediating effect of brand trust, brand love and moderating role of country of origin and switching cost. Non probability sampling technique was followed to collect data from 380 respondents in Pakistan. Structure equation modeling (SEM) was applied using Smart PLS version 3.0 to test proposed hypotheses. Our results revealed that branding attributes have vital role to get word of mouth with double mediation of brand trust and brand love. However, the paths from brand quality, price perception, and brand prestige to word of mouth were not moderated significantly by country of origin and switching cost. The study has implications for policy makers and practitioners to pay more attention on brand quality, price perception, brand prestige, brand trust and brand love rather than on country of origin and switching cost to generate word of mouth in the market. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Brand Trust, Brand Love, Switching Costs, Brand attributes, PLS-SEM Pages: 213-226 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/145/210 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/145 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:213-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hamid Ali Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Arshad Mehmood Qamar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Memoona Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Exploring Happiness Level of Teachers working in Private Educational Institutions in Islamabad: A Case Study of Beacon House School System Abstract: The purpose of research study was to explore the "happiness level of teachers" at Beaconhouse Metropolitan Campus, Islamabad. It was a study to find out the comparison of happiness with different variables on the basis of demographic characteristics. It has been concluded from research that the quality of human resource and environment of an organization depends on happy mental state and feelings of workers. It is important for schools to measure how happy mental state is responsible for quality education and learning and also how much educational institutes expects happiness among teachers. The study aims at finding out the happiness level of teachers of BMC and of developing an action plan for developing a better happy workplace. Both descriptive and referential statistics were used for data analysis. The sample study included all male and female teachers of Beaconhouse with the random sampling, sample size (n=100). The data was collected by using Oxford Questionnaire for Happiness (Hills, (2002). Data collected was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Chi-square. The ultimate goal of research was realization of teachers' sense of happiness, which is an inevitable requirement of meaningful education. The objective of research study was to measure happiness level of teachers working in BMC for developing teachers’ motivational program and again measuring this happiness level after some interval using same tool in order to see the impact of motivational program on teacher’s happiness level. The result shows general happiness score of teachers is above average which exhibit most of the teachers are happy with no significant relation between happiness level of teachers on the basis of demographic characteristics. As most of the variables of study have shown no significant relationship, therefore future study might be conducted on other variables such as impact of Parental relationship, working environment, managerial style on happiness level of teachers. Classification-JEL: Keywords: happiness level,performance, well-being Pages: 205-212 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/151/208 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/151 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:205-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zahoor Elahi Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Shaista Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Hassan Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Parental Involvement for Students’ Academic Motivation at Secondary School Level Abstract: The influence that parents have in their children's academic progress has long been recognized as critical. Parental involvement is a strategic essential to both conventional and modern methods of face-to-face education, including public/private schools and home schooling. The current study seeks to determine if this relationship exists in Pakistani schools, a country with significant educational challenges. The purpose of this study is to determine parental involvement and its influence on student academic motivation. In this study quantitative research approach is used. Survey by Questionnaire is conducted by utilizing reliable and valid instrument for parental Involvement mission. It comprises of parent’s views about how to improve their children's schooling by using the factors which affecting the parental Involvement: Parental Belief, Family Environment, Parental Skills and Knowledge, Socio Economic status of Parents, Parental Attitude, Parental Level of Education, Family Motivation and Parent's Perceptions of General Invitations for Involvement from the School. A Simple Random sampling technique applied to select schools from district Sialkot. The students selected from high schools. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Factor analysis techniques used for the analysis of the data.. The result of this study shows high level of parental Involvement in children education will shows the high level of academic motivation among students at secondary school level. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Parental involvement, Academicachievement, Secondary school level Pages: 193-204 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/143/204 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/143 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:193-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hassan Akhtar Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Namra Munir Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Zahoor Elahi Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Female Teachers Job Satisfaction and Working Conditions at Boys Primary School Abstract: Teachers should be encouraged by the higher authorities through incentives and reasonable pay packages. In this respect, facilities should be provided by the government. The objective of the study was; to find out female teachers’ job satisfaction towards working condition at their institution. The study was descriptive in nature. The simple random technique was used to select respondents from the population and a sample of 335 were selected from district Sialkot. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data. After collection of data through questionnaire, it was analyzed using simple descriptive analysis and sparkline technique. The study found that female teachers have inconsistent responses, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree to the statement, "It is not easy for female teachers to visit the office of a male head on their own." While it is also found that female teachers appreciate the attitude of their head teachers. The study concluded that working conditions at the primary level need to be improved for female teachers to work efficiently. The study concluded that head teachers' professional attitude improves female teachers' ways of working and their outlook toward professionalism. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Female Teacher, Job Satisfaction, Working Conditions Pages: 186-192 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/142/205 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/142 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:186-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faheem Ahmad Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantt, Pakistan Author-Name: Tahir Saeed Author-Workplace-Name: Head of Department, Department of Leadership and Management Studies, National Defense University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Umer Quddoos Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: S.M. Ali Zaidi Author-Workplace-Name: MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, SZABIST, Islamabad, Pakistan Nishat Taslin Mohona Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Banking and Insurance University of Chittagong, Bangladesh Title: The Effect of Transformational Leadership Style on Emotional Engagement of Salespersons and its Downstream Effect on Creative Performance: Role of Meaningfulness in Work Abstract: Even though there is an immense level of research related to the effects of the transformational leadership style of managers, the role of meaningfulness in work as a mediator between this specific style and the emotional engagement of salespersons has yet to be cross-examined in previous literature. To understand how this mediating mechanism leads to emotional engagement, which ultimately leads to the creative performance of salespersons, we advanced a conceptual model using Social Exchange Theory (SET) and examined the data from a sample of 315 salespersons; results from the multivariate analysis show that the relationship between transformational leadership style and emotional engagement is partially mediated by salespersons’ perceptions of meaningfulness in work. The study also offers insights into one of the essential consequences, i.e., creative performance. The results also provide broad implications for managers and researchers in boosting emotional engagement and improving creative salespersons' performances. The study is one of the exceptional efforts to provide evidence regarding the role of meaning in work in the context of a relationship between transformational leadership style and the emotional engagement of salespersons. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Meaningfulness in Work, Emotional Engagement, and Creative Performance Pages: 163-172 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/134/202 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/134 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:173-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Salman Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Phd Scholar, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Faizan Ul Haq Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nabeel Khan Author-Workplace-Name: MBA (Bi-Majors), Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Determinants of Consumer Behavioral Intension towards Clothing Brand in Pakistan: The Role of Brand Personality Appeal Abstract: This study is regarding to Brand Personality Appeal (BPA) and what is the impact of simplicity, emotionality, aggressiveness, activity and responsibility on consumer’s attitude and intention. The main determination is to find out the impact of these variables on brand personality appeal. The data was collected with the sample size of 361 which includes 153 male respondents and 208 female respondents. The tests utilized to interpret the data are Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of a Moment Structures (AMOS). In addition, the research is conduct on the basis of brand personality appeal (BPA) because brand personality plays a significant role for customer loyalty and also impact the consumer’s attitude towards the brand because the brand image is like a human personality and both are built over the period of time. Our main variable of the study is activity, responsibility, aggressiveness, emotionality and simplicity. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Brand personality, brand personality appeal, consumer attitude, and behavioral intension Pages: 163-172 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/138/199 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/138 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:163-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salman Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Business Admininstration, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Jibran Khan Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil, Department of Education, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Asadullah Lakho Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Admininstration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan Title: Implementation of Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Brand love and Its Outcomes. Abstract: Brand love is considered an influential development for building the customer-brand relationship. The customers are most likely to experience the brand love and this kind of behavior can bring significant advantages for the brands. In this research, 350 respondents participated. This research is carried out with the intention of providing insights about "How the theory planned behavior can be used to understand the brand love, its consequences with their willingness to pay the premium price, level of brand loyalty and enhanced word of mouth?" The predestined objective of this study is to implement the "Theory of Planned Behavior" with respect to brand love. In addition, this study is related to the exploration of the consequences of brand love and moderating role associated with the brand loyalty, willingness to pay the premium price and word of mouth. The exploratory research design is used. In a preliminary study, quantitative methods are specifically used in the study, where statistical data will be used for obtaining results. In this study, data is specifically integrated with the PLS method for analyzing the collected data. Overall results related to planned behavior aspects indicated that there exist statistically significant association between affordability and brand love (P value=0.030), Propensity of anthropomorphize and brand love (P value=0.001) and Subjective Norm and Brand Love (P value=0.006). It is also identified that brand love has statistically significant impact on brand loyalty (P value=0.000) and word of mouth (P value=0.012). Classification-JEL: Keywords: brand, attitude, norms, affordability Pages: 152-137 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/137/198 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/137 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:152-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Jaffar Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D (Economics) Scholar, University of Education, Lahore; Lecturer (Economics) Higher Education Department, Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Munawar Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D (Economics) Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Assistant Professor (Economics) Higher Education Department, Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Salman Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D (Economics) Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name:Sara Shahid Author-Workplace-Name: Ph.D (Economics) Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Asim Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Environment Relationship: A Panel Data Analysis of South Asian Countries Abstract: This study examines the linkage among CO2 emissions, GDP per capita and renewable energy consumption in South Asian region by applying fixed effect model. The study utilized panel data in case of 8 South Asian countries to check the impact of GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption, population density and foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO2 emissions from 2006 to 2020. The estimated results indicated that with a rise in GDP per capita of South Asian countries, CO2 emissions in the region are increasing. However we found a non-linear linkage between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita which validates the inverted U-shaped relationship between these variables. Usage of renewable energy is playing its role in mitigating CO2 emissions in South Asia. Population density and FDI are also responsible for polluting the environment by increasing CO2 emissions. It is recommended to policy makers of South-Asian countries to better invest in the renewable energy sources that tend to mitigate the effect of CO2 emissions on environment. Classification-JEL: Keywords: CO2 emissions, Renewable Energy Consumption, Environmental Kuznets Curve Pages: 143-151 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/128/201 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/128 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:143-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laila Khalid Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Scholar/ Researcher, Pakistan Author-Name: Syeda Beenish Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Special Education, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khaula Minhas Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Exploring Barriers in the Provision of Decent Employment for Persons with Disabilities: A Qualitative Study Abstract: Unemployment has remained a very serious issue for persons with disabilities in developing and under-developed countries. A very small number of individuals with disabilities have an access to employment in the country. This qualitative research paper aims at exploring the barriers in the provision of decent employment for PWDs in Pakistan. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted constituting purposively selected eight stakeholders. Thematic analysis was employed for data analysis. Key barriers identified were unavailability of accurate and reliable data while making policy; weak monitoring of the policy execution; non-productive transition planning in the educational institutions; insufficient vocational training and passive role and shortage of vocational training centers; lack of demand-driven skill training; infrastructure; transportation barriers and negative attitudes of the employers towards disability. It has been recommended that an effective ecosystem to be formed to support employment for PWDs and all existing laws for their empowerment may be implemented in true letter and spirit Classification-JEL: Keywords: Barriers, decent employment, persons with disabilities, provision Pages: 137-142 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/130/186 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/130 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:137-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asad Abbas Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus and PhD Student, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) Paradigm: A VAR and VECM-based Granger Causality Analysis Abstract: This study has focused on Pakistan’s manufacturing sector through the lens of the structure, conduct and performance (SCP) model over the period of 2004-2018. Three types of analyses i.e., SCP paradigm in a VAR framework, SCP paradigm in a Granger causality analysis through VAR framework and SCP paradigm in a VECM framework have been conducted. The pairwise Granger causality shows that there is bi-directional causality between structure and performance, conduct and performance and conduct and structure. The block exogeneity Wald test suggests that one-way causality is in the SCP paradigm. Three-panel cointegration tests i.e., Kao residual cointegration test, Johansen Fisher Panel cointegration test and Pedroni Residual Cointegration test confirm the existence of the long run relationship. VECM-based Granger causality exhibits the long run and short run causality in the SCP approach. The study suggests that all the stakeholders of SCP must formulate their policies by recognizing their mutual interdependence. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Concentration, Price-cost margin, Conjectural Variations Pages: 125-136 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/152/212 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/152 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:125-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Mohammad Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: European School of Administration and Management (ESAM)-France; Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: Proprietorship Structure and Firm Performance in the Context of Tunneling: An Empirical Analysis of Non-Financial Firms in Pakistan Abstract: This study has investigated the majority shareholder's practice to use minority shareholders’ wealth without their consent which influence the performance of firms in Pakistan from 2009 to 2020. The firm performance has been taken as an explained variable, whereas ownership concentration, inside ownership, firm size, leverage, and investment growth are considered explanatory variables. Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, Hausman test, and random effect model have been used for empirical analysis. The study used a sample of 24 firms with a total of 288 observations to look at how ownership concentration, inside ownership, leverage, and sales growth affect firm performance. The ownership concentration, firm size, and investment growth have a positive and significant impact on firm performance, whereas inside ownership and leverage have a negative and significant influence on the performance of selected non-financial firms. The larger the gap between ownership and control, the more likely it is that company resources will be tunneled. So, it has been suggested to the securities and exchange commission of Pakistan to frame strict rules and regulations to stop the role of inside ownership because it influences firm performance adversely. Classification-JEL: Keywords: firm performance, insider ownership, tunneling Pages: 115-124 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/136/187 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/136 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:115-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Niaz Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: School Education Department Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Mamoona Mushtaq Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Education Department, Govt of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Amber Mubeen (PhD) Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor of Mass Communication, Punjab Higher Education Department, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Rabia Jameel Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Psychology, Riphah Institute of Clinical and Professional Psychology, RIPHAH International University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Demographic and Individual Determinants of Academic Achievement of the Students in 9th Grade Abstract: The current research was carried out to explore the relationship of demographic variables with academic achievement in boys and girls using 1000 students (boys = 500, girls = 500) with age range 13 to16 years (M = 13.87, SD = 1.73) of 9th grade using stratified random sampling technique from different public high schools. A valid achievement test was prepared to measure academic achievement. Descriptive statistics, correlation, regression analysis, and independent samples t-test were carried out for data analyses. The findings suggest that academic achievement has a significant positive correlation with demographic variables of gender, father’s education, and profession, mother’s education and profession, monthly income, and study hours. Gender, parental education, and monthly income of family turned out to be the significant predictors of the academic achievement of 9th grade students. Girls outperformed boy’s academic achievement on all subjects except mathematics in grade 9. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Academic Achievement, Demographic Determinants,Individual Determinants, Income, Gender Pages: 108-114 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/133/192 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/133 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:108-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waqas Shair Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan, PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tatheer Zahra Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Tayyab Author-Workplace-Name: HOD, School of Economics & Finance, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Neelam Kubra Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, Quiad-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Title: The Impact of the Digital Divide on Wage Gaps among Individuals in Pakistan Abstract: The revolution in information and communications technology (ICT) has brought about a significant improvement in connectivity all over the world and has permeated most facets of contemporary human life. The digital revolution is already underway and will be the fourth major shift in the industrial sector. Despite the fact that Pakistan has achieved considerable strides in the field of information technology over the past several years, the country still ranks 135th out of 144 in terms of its access to the internet. This low level of usage of information and communications technology is a potential source of the wage gap between individuals. In order to achieve this goal, this study conducts research on the impact of the digital divide on the wage gap that exists among individuals in Pakistan. The use of information and communications technology is a synthesis of several digital abilities. For the purpose of empirical analysis, data obtained from the PSLM – HIES survey (2018-2019) was utilized. The quantile regression model serves as the foundation for the empirical results. According to the estimations provided by the quantile regression, the difference in individual wages may be well explained by factors like ICT usage capacities and socioeconomic, demographic, and regional factors. The findings of the study suggest that individuals who know the use of all digital skills earn more than those who do not know the use of any skill. The highest differences in earnings are observed at the upper quantile (90th percentile) of the digitally skilled individual versus the unskilled or low-skilled. The differences in wages were observed across the level of education, occupation, area, province, age, and disability of individuals. The study's findings are related to target 10.4 of the SDGs to ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequality in outcomes. The study proposes some policy measures to bridge the wage gap through ICT penetration Classification-JEL: Keywords: Wage gap, Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities, Quantile Regression Pages: 97-107 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/129/178 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/129 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:97-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jawaad Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: MS in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Lahore School of Professional Studies, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Farah Latif Naz Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Wali Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Aziz Ul Nisa Author-Workplace-Name: MS in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Lahore School of Professional Studies, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Asad Ullah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: MS in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Lahore School of Professional Studies, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Role of Self-Efficacy in Emotional Intelligence and Career Adaptability Challenges among PhD Scholars Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine if PhD scholars' sense of general self-efficacy (GSE) influences the relationships between career adaptability challenges and emotional intelligence (EI). For this study, 240 Pakistani PhD candidates between the ages of 26 and 40 were selected at random using a cross-sectional design and simple random sampling. The emotional intelligence, general self-efficacy, and career adaptability challenges were evaluated using instruments. The strongest correlation was between GSE and the careers adaptability (r =.59, p<.01). In addition to GSE, emotional intelligence is the most significant predictor of career adaptability challenges (r =.58, p<.01) GSE was found to significantly mediate the effects of emotional intelligence on career adaptation issues. These results indicate that the emotional intelligence of PhD students is strongly associated with their career flexibility, a crucial factor in determining how productive workers are and how easily scholars can find employment. The study will assist PhD candidates in employing their emotional intelligence in their academic and professional endeavors. In the future, we must conduct more qualitative research to determine what factors make it difficult for people to choose a career path. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, Ph.D. scholars, Emotional Intelligence, Career Adaptability Challenges, Pakistani Universities Pages: 81-87 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/127/175 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/127 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:81-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gohar Masood Qureshi Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Law, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Faiza Choudhary Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Law, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Department of Law, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Title: 18th Amendment: A Tool to Cut the Roots of Strong Federation Abstract: This Research paper will explore the side effects of 18th Constitutional Amendment, 18th constitutional amendment is regarded as “Magna carta’ of Pakistan but in reality, it is just as a needed amendment made by a political party to cater and help that specific party to gain its political goals as that party knew that gaining power is in federation will not be possible again but Sindh was as near to them as a palm of their own hand so to grab power with its full bloom in the province of Sindh was the original goal gained by the said Amendment. This qualitative research will point out areas where 18th Amendment is hurting the Federation and ultimately becoming the threat which could shake the roots of the Federation. In the end it contains some suggestion to fulfill the deficiencies. Classification-JEL: Keywords:18thconstitutional amendment, the flaws in 18thamendment, harmful for federation of Pakistan, a political trump card to gain absolute power, power corrupts, and an absolute power corrupts absolutely Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 78-80 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/125/173 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/125 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:78-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr Shahid Yaqub Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zafarullah Author-Workplace-Name: Research Scholar/ Rescue office 1122, Bahawalpur, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences,The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Author-Name: Jahanzaib Safdar Butt Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Department of Commerce, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Author-Name: Hassan Mujtaba Nawaz Saleem Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Department of Business Finance, Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences,The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Title: Road Traffic Accidents and Emergency Health Services of Rescue 1122: A Case Study of Bahawalpur CityAnxiety-Reducing Strategies in the Classroom Abstract: The nineteenth reason on the list of leading causes of death worldwide is road traffic accidents (RTA). Every year, road traffic accidents cost the global economy $518 billion in lost revenue, with developing countries footing the bill for 65 billion dollars. As per World Health Organization (WHO), RTAs kill 1.25 million people and injure 20 to 40 million people worldwide. The present study aims to gain a comprehensive picture of the city of Bahawalpur's traffic accident statistics from 2017-21. Data were collected for this study from Rescue-1122. Each accident site was geocoded, and the data were enhanced, filtered, and organized. Hotspot analysis could help us better understand the causes of road traffic accidents in Bahawalpur. There were 41744 RTAs throughout five years. There were 42313 victims, 82% of whom were men and 18% of whom were women. The motorbike was the most frequently involved vehicle type," accounting for 21% of all collisions involving people between 21 to 30. A high number of accidents occurred in the eastern part of the city at all times due to the dense road network, congested infrastructure, and increased population. More accidents occur between 08:00 am to 04:00 pm on Sunday to Wednesday during the week and in March and October than in any other period due to good visibility. Due to this, the number of road traffic accidents has increased slightly over the years. The accessibility analysis shows that Rescue 1122 key centers offer services to 326,750 people living within 5 to 15 minutes of travel time and 252,000 people living between 15 to 30 minutes of journey time. Due to many populations relying on their services, Rescue 1122 must boost its emergency health services to help those injured in traffic accidents. Classification-JEL: Keywords: RTAs, Hotspot Analysis, Emergency Health Services, Bahawalpur, Rescue-1122 Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 61-77 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/121/169 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/121 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:61-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdus Samad Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor/Chairman, Department of English, Kohsar University Murree, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Barishna Qasim Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Salma Begum Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of English, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan Title: A Qualitative Study of Pakistani University EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of their Students’ Speaking-Anxiety and their Anxiety-Reducing Strategies in the Classroom Abstract: According to Arnold & Brown (1999:8), a student's, "anxiety is quite possibly the affective factor that most pervasively obstructs the learning process". In the same line, Zheng (2008:1) concluded that speaking in English class "can sometimes be a traumatic experience" for some students because of language anxiety. Studies have highlighted a number of sources of anxiety. However, the majority of anxiety studies report language teachers as a major contributor to their students’ anxiety. Trang et al., (2013) reported that there might be discrepancies between students’ and teachers’ views about the role and effects of anxiety. Hence, it underscores the need to examine teachers’ views about the role of anxiety in a language class. However, Ohata (2005) highlights that far too little attention has been paid to this topic. Alghothani (2010) stresses that since teachers play a vital role in affecting students’ anxiety, their own awareness of students’ anxiety together with teachers’ views about its role should be examined. The present study aims to fill this gap by exploring Pakistani University EFL teachers’ perceptions of their students’ speaking-anxiety (SA) along with the strategies used by teachers to reduce it. The study employed semi-structured interviews to collect data from five universities in Pakistan. Interviews with 14 Pakistani EFL teachers were conducted. The data were analysed qualitatively following steps (data reduction, data display and conclusion) suggested by Miles and Huberman (1994). The findings indicate that most of the teachers were not fully aware of SA and its potentially debilitating effects on language learning. As a consequence, they did not take students’ SA into account when they were teaching. Finally, implications and suggestions for teachers and educational/language policy-makers are discussed. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Anxiety, Language Anxiety, Pakistan, Speaking Anxiety, Fear of Negative Evaluation Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 50-60 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/122/168 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/122 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:50-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdulsalam Bouaisha Author-Workplace-Name: Altinbas University, Department of Electrical and Computer engineering, Istanbul, Turkey Author-Name: Salima Abozho Author-Workplace-Name: Altinbas University, Department of Electrical and Computer engineering, Istanbul, Turkey Author-Name: Asma Al-Hdar Author-Workplace-Name: Altinbas University, Department of Electrical and Computer engineering, Istanbul, Turkey Author-Name: Abdullahi Ibrahim Author-Workplace-Name: Altinbas University, Department of Electrical and Computer engineering, Istanbul, Turkey Title: Implementing the ACO Algorithm and Fog Nodes for Efficient Resource and Energy Allocation in Cloud Computing Abstract: Even if it takes place inside the context of a service, the user is the one who is accountable for the trip that the information takes to and from the cloud. The cloud administrator, on the other hand, is the one who is responsible for supplying the required computing resources. According to the findings of the research, this is still the case in spite of the fact that the trip takes place. We suggest using swarm intelligence in conjunction with fog nodes in order to transfer data to and from the cloud via the path that is determined to be the most efficient. This is due to the fact that the process of resource providing calls for a strategy that consists of numerous levels, with each layer representing a different type of resource that may be delivered in a number of different ways. Classification-JEL: Keywords: ACO, Swarm intelligence, Fog nodes, Cloud computing Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 46-49 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/46/167 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/46 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:46-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Musa Kazim Author-Workplace-Name: Macquarie University Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Adnan Adil Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Author-Name: Sheharbano Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Maria Idress Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oklahoma, United States of America Title: Moderating Role of Death Attitude in the Relationship between Existential Vacuum and Spiritual Wellbeing Abstract: The primary goal of the present research was to examine the moderating role of death attitude between existential vacuum and spiritual wellbeing in a purposive sample of N = 300 students of University of Sargodha. Existential vacuum subscale derived from Life Attitudes Profile (LAP; Reker & Peacock, 1981), Spiritual Wellbeing Scale (Darvyri et al., 2014), and Death Attitudes Profile (DAP; Wong, Reker, & Gesser, 1994) were used to measure existential vacuum, spiritual wellbeing, and death attitude, respectively. Moderation analyses were undertaken through PROCESS macro for SPSS (Hayes, 2013) and it suggested that death attitude weakened the negative relationship between existential vacuum and spiritual wellbeing. This suggested the buffering role of death attitude against the negative influence of existential vacuum on spiritual wellbeing. In other words, for individuals who have more positive attitude towards death, the negative effect of existential vacuum on spiritual wellbeing is weaker as compared to their counterparts who have less positive attitude towards death. Implications of the present study along with its limitations were discussed and recommendations for future research were suggested. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Existential vacuum, spiritual wellbeing, attitude towards death Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 40-45 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/120/166 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/120 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:40-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheharbano Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Musa Kazim Author-Workplace-Name: Macquarie University Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Maria Idress Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oklahoma, United States of America Author-Name: Dr. Ali Raza Author-Workplace-Name: District Headquarters Hospital, Vehari, Pakistan Title: Impact of Harassment on Work Basic Need Satisfaction of Women Working in Media Houses Abstract: The primary goal of the present research was to examine the Sexual harassment and its effects on work basic need satisfaction among women employees of media houses. Current study explored the role of workplace environment in relationship with harassment and work basic need satisfaction. Further the study explored the demographic differences across association between non-verbal harassment and work basic need satisfaction. Descriptive research design was used for present study. Sample drawn from G Power was comprised of (N=150) from the media houses of Multan and Lahore. Purposive sampling technique was used and convenient sampling was used to recruit data. Data was collected by using by using survey method through Work Harassment scale (Björkqvist & Österman, 1998), Work Basic Need Satisfaction Scale (Deci et al., 2001). After coding data was entered and then analyzed with the help of SPSS software. Findings showed that there is significant relationship of the sexual harassment and work basic need satisfaction. As per to hierarchy theory of needs by Maslow if the safety needs of employee are considered only then they can have satisfaction. Process theory described it well how the process of behavior is energized, directed, sustained, and stopped in a certain workplace environment. Moreover, Preliminary Analysis revealed that there is no significant difference of marital status of harassment and work basic needs satisfaction. Implications of the present study along with its limitations were discussed and recommendations for future research were suggested. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Sexual Harassment, Media houses, Job satisfaction, working women Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 35-39 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/119/165 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/119 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:35-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamshaid ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Department of Economics GC University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Khalil Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Department of Economics Govt. Islamia College Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Jawaria Arif Author-Workplace-Name: Research scholar, Department of Economics GC University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy in BRICS Countries: A Comparative Response with the USA Abstract: The main objective of this study is to analyze the monetary transmission mechanism in key emerging market economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). For this purpose, we have estimated benchmark VAR models with money aggregation. The time series quarterly data from 2009Q1 to 2019Q4 used for the variables include real GDP, consumer price index, short-term interest rate, money supply aggregation M2, and the real effective exchange rate. We also examined the dynamic responses of various macroeconomic variables to the policy shocks. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows: As a result of a temporary rise in the short-term interest rate, the response of output is diversified across countries. Overall, the interest rate increase hurts output. In Brazil, Russia, and India we observed a temporary fall in output that converges to baseline afterward, while it continues to show negative divergence in the case of China and South Africa. The real appreciation of the exchange rate in BRICS countries is found. Prices respond sluggishly to the monetary policy shock in countries of the BRICS association and only start to fall significantly several quarters after GDP. The comparative analysis shows that the effect of the monetary policy shock on the output in the USA is much slower as compared to the economies of BRICS. The impact on prices is also found to be slower in the US as compared to the BRICS countries. In other words, prices are found to be more sluggish in the US. Classification-JEL: Keywords: GDP growth, Inflation, Interest rate, Board Money, Exchange rate Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 23-34 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL:https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/117/163 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/117 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:23-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zuha Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Clinical Psychologist, Rehman Medical Institute (RMI), Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Farid Ullah Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Endeavour Fellow, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia Author-Name: Wali Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Fazlur Rahman Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Hamid Nawaz Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan Title: A Study of the Psychological Factors Resulting in High and Low Academic Performance of Public Sector University Students Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the causes of psychological factors of high and low academic performance of public sector university students of District Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Previous literature was reviewed to examine the issue and design the research tools. To explore the causes, major efforts in this research were made to determine the factors of students’ low academic performance. Using Convenience sampling technique, a sample of 556 university students studying at the bachelor's level (4 Years Degree Program) were selected from the public sector universities of District Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan for this study. Questionnaires were developed in light of the objectives of the study and responses were collected from the selected sample accordingly. The study’s findings showed that high achievers are less likely to attend tuitions and have a clearer vision for their futures than low achievers. The t-test results showed that high achievers have a higher internal academic locus of control, higher levels of self-esteem, lower levels of examination anxiety, and a more positive outlook on learning than low achievers. The analysis revealed a statistically significant beneficial relationship between academic success, study habits, motivation, and self-esteem. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Academic Success; Psychological factors; High Achievers; Low Achievers; Academic Performance Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 14-22 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/83/161 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/83 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:14-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Asif Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: University of Education, Vehari Campus Author-Name: Naveed Zainab Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sialkot, Sialkot Author-Name: Muhammad Qasim Ali Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Students Social Development Through Peer Interaction at Early Childhood Level Abstract: The study explored students’ social development through peer interaction at early childhood level in district Vehari. The major objective of the study is; to find out students social development through peer interaction at early childhood education. All teachers who are teaching to early childhood classes at primary schools in district Vehari were the population of the study. A sample of four hundred primary school teachers were selected from the population of the study. Frequency, mean score and standard deviation were used as statistical techniques. Data was collected through questionnaire and it has fifteen items in total. After analyzing data it was found that students enjoy school with friends because they understand their peers’ feelings and also express their feeling to their classmates. It is also found that students do socialize with their classmates at early childhood level. The study concludes that students enjoy school with friends due to early childhood environment while early childhood experience boosts academic enthusiasm and supports of classmates. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Social development, peer interaction, early childhood education Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 8-13 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/116/159 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/116 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:8-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asmat Ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Saba Shaukat Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Bilal Tariq Author-Workplace-Name: COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan Title: Household Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Out of Pocket Educational Expenditure in Pakistan Abstract: The present study conducted to empirically investigate the role of household’s socio-demographic factors in household’s head decision making in case of OOP (Out of Pocket) educational expenditures in Pakistan. The unit record data from Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey 2007-08, ROUND-IV was used for this purpose. Descriptive as well as multiple regression model was used to analyze the data. The results of the descriptive statistic revealed that the overall mean OOP educational in Punjab province was three time higher than the Baluchistan province. In case of OOP educational expenditure model, we found that all the independent variables have positive and significant impact on OOP educational expenditures. 1) The male as well as the head belong to urban areas were spending more on average as compared to female and rural household’s head in Pakistan. 2) Education of head and education of spouse have also found significant positive contributors in OOP educational expenditure. 3) As expected, income and distance from home to educational institution contribute positive increases in educational expenditure as both are increases. An addition to the currently enroll students contributed positively toward the OOP educational expenditures. In policy point of prospective, the educationist policy makers make policies to financial compensate the household’s side in educational expenditures on side and improve the quality of existing educational institution on other side. Classification-JEL: Keywords: OOP (Out of Pocket) educational expenditures, household heads, Pakistan PSLM (Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey), heads education, spouse education, Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 1-7 Volume: 8 Issue: 4 Year: 2022 Month: December File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/95/157 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/95 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:4:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asma Maqsood Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, Communication Studies, Queen Marry College, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Sumera Batool Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding author, Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Nimra Zaffer Author-Workplace-Name: M. Phil Scholar, School of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Title: Consumption Patterns of South Korean Content: Cross-Cultural Acceptance of Romance and Beauty among Pakistani Youth Abstract: This study aims to observe the consumption patterns of Korean media content among Pakistani youth. The objective of this quantitative study was to explore the consumption patterns of Korean content among youth; to investigate whether the consumption of Korean media content is creating acceptance for its beauty standards and leading to the normalization of cross-cultural romance among youth. Using the Survey technique, data was collected by sample (N=450) — respondents aged 15-29 who watched Korean content. A pilot study 100 samples size was conducted to check the reliability. The Cronbach's Alpha value 0.812 showed satisfactory reliability. The results disclosed that Korean content is popular among Pakistani youth; furthermore, Korean beauty standards are accepted, and Korean romance is normalized among the Pakistani youth. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Korean beauty, Korean romance, Korean content, hegemony, consumption pattern, globalization Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 329-338 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/104/142 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/104 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:329-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ghulam Mustafa Ahmdani Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Title: Developing a Research Instrument to Measure Conflict Resolution Skill among Elementary School Students Abstract: Conflict resolution is an important skill for elementary school students to lead a successful life. A valid and reliable tool is necessary to measure conflict resolution. The objective of the present study was to develop a valid and reliable research instrument to measure the skill of conflict resolution among elementary school students. The process of developing the instrument consisted of review of related literature, preparation of table of specification and assessment of validity and reliability. The validity and reliability were found in an acceptable range. A valid and reliable research instrument was developed, which can be used to measure conflict resolution skill of elementary school students in Pakistan. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Conflict Resolution, Communication, Social skill, Elementary Students, Measurement Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 324-328 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/103/141 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/103 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:324-328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabia Fatima Author-Workplace-Name: Bs English, University of Education Jauharabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Aurangzaib Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Education, Jauharabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Nadeem Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Education, Jauharabad Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Ahmad Nawaz Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, University of Lahore, Sargodha campus, Pakistan Title: Making and Breaking Boundaries: A CDA of Robert Frost’s ‘Mending Wall’ with Reference to Social Conflict Abstract: This research endeavors to analyze the impression of making and breaking of boundaries in Frost’s poem Mending Wall (1914) from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Conflicts and disputes prevail where two persons part of a social circle live together. For the removal of such social barrier and in the development of lasting relations, it is necessary to ignore the disagreements among themselves and respect the privacy of the other members of the society. Social privacy and respect are feasible when the ideology of severance is abided by the members and certain physical boundaries are made by removing mental barriers of disagreement over the issue to have the acceptable relation in a social group to avoid the social conflicts in the future. This study at first discusses the ideology of Frost presented in poem mentioned above by employing the Norman Fairclough’s approach to the CDA. In this analytical research qualitative methodology and close reading textual analysis is used to interpret and derive the meanings for the existing clash of thoughts. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Conflict, Making and breaking boundaries, CDA, Social Conflict, Disagreement Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 315-323 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/102/140 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/102 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:315-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zeeshan Mukhtar Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Science, KFUEIT, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Messum Ali Kazmi Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Assistant Director Higher Education Department, Pakistan Author-Name: Wali Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences ,Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Naveed Jamil Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Science, KFUEIT, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashif Javed Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Science, KFUEIT, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan Title: The Effect of Employee Diversity on Organizational Performance in Textile Industry Abstract: A diverse workforce is made up of people of many different identities, backgrounds, etc., who all work well together. Both the pros and cons of having a diverse workforce help each other. You can't say that one aspect of diversity has the same effect on all the others, because each aspect of diversity can have different effects and results inside the organization. The goal of this paper is to look at the research done on the link between a diverse workforce and businesses and workers who are productive. We looked at a number of empirical publications based on the researcher's pre-set criteria. The research looked at what had already been written about workforce diversity and the effectiveness of organizations and their staff. This study was done with the help of quantitative methods. We also got information by asking questions whose answers we already knew. In this study, the top five textile factories in Punjab are the population of interest. As a sample, researchers in the textile industry in Punjab would talk to 545 workers. A questionnaire was used to find out information. The theoretical framework set up by reading the relevant literature was used to come up with the questions. The results of this research show that there is a paradoxical relationship between the performances of organizations. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Employee Diversity,Organizational Performance, Workforce Diversity, Gender, Age, Cultural Diversity Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 307-314 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/84/139 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/84 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:307-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Munir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Syed Hammad Nabi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Yumna Shakeel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Understanding Deradicalization Programs in Pakistan: Recommendations for Policy and Practice Abstract: Over the last fifteen years, Pakistan has become a hub for radical Islamist militant groups. Despite the rising militancy and increased terrorist attacks, however, the country has yet to implement a comprehensive deradicalization strategy. Lack of access to mainstream education, poverty, and weak legal and political institutions are major contributors to a growing league of young jihadi recruits. Most of the deradicalization programs are led by the military, are concentrated in the Swat valley, and has little connection to scattered efforts by police and civil administration elsewhere in the country. Although the Pakistani army and civil society institutions have taken steps to counter violent militant ideologies, the government has yet to step up to the plate. Most of the deradicalization programs, in Pakistan and elsewhere, focus on the importance of economic incentives and alternative livelihoods. Ideological counter-messaging and efforts to prevent recruits from reconnecting with militant networks are also elements of successful programs. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Deradicalization,Pakistan, Ideological counter-messaging Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 303-306 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/81/138 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/81 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:303-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naheeda Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant professor, Department of Law, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Pakistan Title: Crimes Related to Cryptocurrency and Regulations to Combat Crypto Crimes Abstract: In recent years, cryptocurrencies' economic application and speculative value have soared. Cryptocurrency is being used as a means of trade, even in Pakistan. The government does not legalize it, but it is traded like many other states. Globally it causes fraudulent investment schemes. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, as the dot-com boom of the 1990s. Even though these organizations lacked a product, business plan, and profit potential, the stock market was eager to invest heavily in internet-related companies. A few years later, a dot-com catastrophe ended an era of unjustified and speculative online firms. The gold rush occurred much earlier. In the 1800s, people worldwide sought their fortune in the U.S., Canada, and Australia. They rapidly understood that mining a significant gold stake was dangerous and unlikely to succeed. In 2021, cryptocurrencies will become the dominant form of money. 2021 was the landmark year. Bitcoin became the new gold rush and caused online fraud, known as cryptocurrency fraud. We will examine cryptocurrency, crimes, laws, and regulations to combat crypto crimes. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Stock market, Law and regulations, Crypto crime, Economy Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 289-302 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/87/137 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/87 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:289-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sana Talib Malik Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Raheem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Disaster Management & Development Studies, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Author-Name: Wali Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Shahzadi Khand Author-Workplace-Name: Government Girls Higher Secondary School Pacca Chang, Pakistan Author-Name: Sarwat Sultana Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Education and Leadership Management, Ex Academic Head, Progressive Education Network (PEN) , Pakistan Title: Impact of Classroom Management on Students’ Behavior and Learning: An Empirical Study of Secondary School Teachers in Taluka Faiz Gunj, District Khairpur, Pakistan Abstract: The purpose of this research was to determine if there was a correlation between classroom management strategies and student engagement and achievement. Taluka Faiz Gunj's secondary institutions were the focus of the research. Teachers need effective classroom management strategies if they want their classrooms to be safe and orderly learning environments for their students. It is crucial to ensure that students have easy access to the resources they need to do their schoolwork. This study focused on secondary school educators as its participants. Random sampling was used to select 130 people to participate. A questionnaire was used for the survey. Schools were visited in person to collect data. SPSS was utilized for analysis of the collected data. Data analysis output is displayed. Demographic breakdowns of the sample are presented and analyzed. The correlation analysis revealed a connection between the two variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient between effective classroom management and low secondary school dropout rates is .810. Strong correlation between independent and dependent variables. This showed that a more organized and productive classroom environment can have a positive impact on student behavior and achievement. As a result, we have accomplished our study's aims. The research suggested that teachers should use counselling and guiding techniques to help kids with behavioral problems. For violent behavior, corporal punishment of students is inappropriate. Counseling procedures should investigate the causes of aggressive conduct and address them. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Classroom management; Student’s behavior; Student’s learning Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 281-288 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/99/134 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/99 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:281-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zahid Khan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics University of Malakand, Pakistan Author-Name: Asadullah Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics University of Malakand Author-Name: Muhammad Ismail Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics University of Malakand Author-Name: Jawad Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Commerce & Management Sciences , University of Malakand Author-Name: Muhammad Azeem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics University of Malakand Title: The Impact of Salary Job Security and Workload on Teachers Satisfaction in Private Schools Abstract: This study determined the effect of salary, job security, and workload on teachers’ satisfaction in Private Schools in Tehsil Adenzai, District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Cluster random sampling technique is applied for selection of representative sample from the population. In order to identify the significant factor influencing the satisfaction level of teachers, logistic regression model is used. The result shows that the salary, job security, and workload have significant impact on job satisfaction level of teachers. It is recommended that private schools should ensure job security to teachers, avoid heavy workload, and should hire trained teachers. Classification-JEL: Keywords: salary,job security, workload, job satisfaction, logistic regression model Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 278-280 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/92/133 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/92 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:278-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarwat Sultana Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Education and Leadership Management, Pakistan Author-Name: Abdul Raheem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Disaster Management & Development Studies, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Wali Muhammad Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan Author-Name: Armando D. Del Mundo Author-Workplace-Name: Quality Assurance Officer/ IT Laboratory Instructor, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Salalah, Oman Author-Name: Syed Zubair Haider Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Title: Flipped Classroom Approach and University Student’s Academic Performance Abstract: A cutting-edge approach to higher education, the flipped classroom meets the demands of university students while simultaneously fostering their capacity for higher-order reasoning and problem-resolving. This study explored the influence of the flipped classroom technique on student educational achievement to better identify students' prospects in blended learning circumstances. Statistics were gathered via structured questionnaire surveys given to various students in three departments at the Balochistan and Quaid-i-Azam universities, Pakistan (Management Sciences, Computer Science, and Education). 250 university students from both urban and rural backgrounds completed the survey, which had two sections: demographics and measurement items. The measurement items used a 5-point Likert tier with 29 queries fluctuating from "1, strongly disagree," to "5, strongly agree." Employing a flipped-class structure in schooling technology was advantageous and frequently showed improved student academic accomplishment when compared to the conventional lecture-based strategy. According to statistical data, students fared better when doing their homework and assignments during class meetings and discussions as well as their video lectures at home. Students preferred flipped learning to regular lectures. The flipped classroom is a fantastic teaching method that has a significant positive impact on student academic learning consequences. Additionally, because the flipped classroom approach can increase students' motivation and academic success, students respond favourably to it. The flipped classroom approach is also compatible with the expanding use of adaptive learning and educational technology in the classroom. The use of technology and the primary teaching technique in the educational process can therefore have a favourable effect on students' academic achievement. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Flipped Classroom, Academic Performance, educational achievement Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 272-277 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/97/132 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/97 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:272-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tahmina Shahzadi Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Minhaj University, Lahore Pakistan Author-Name: Shafqat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tariq Mahmood Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding Author, Headmaster, Govt. High School Chicherwali, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Sabir Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Impact of Corrective Feedback for Students’ Homework on Their Learning Achievement Abstract: Impact of homework on learners learning level in the subject of English was the main theme of the study. The motivation behind this research was to examine the actual impact of homework i.e. either students improve or only rely on homework completion. At elementary level normally English subject is considered more difficult than other subjects that’s why study was conducted on English subject. This study was of experimental where manipulation was done by assigning homework and giving them feedback. For this study pre-test post-test control group was adopted. 60 students were taken from Govt. High school Chicherwali, district Sialkot randomly from class 8th and further divided into two groups i.e. experimental and control group. An instrument comprised of 40 MCQs was developed and got validated from experts. Pretest was taken from every one of the experimental and control group students. A treatment of 60 days was completed keeping in view the single blind experimental method. After the educating, a post-test was taken from both groups independently. After the posttest, information was tabulated and analyzed by using t-test to investigate the problem. Results depicted that homework affected the achievement level of students very positively. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Corrective feedback, Students’ homework, Learning achievement Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 265-271 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/96/130 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/96 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:265-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamshaid ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor Department of Economics GC University Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tasneem Zafar Author-Workplace-Name: Chief Instructor (Economics and Public Finance) Civil Services Academy, Pakistan Author-Name: Shabbir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management & Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore Author-Name: Aftab Anwar Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management & Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore Title: In Search of Common Currency Anchor for ASEAN+3+3 Countries Abstract: This study examines the monetary credibility of ASEAN+3+3 countries (APSCs) against three potential anchors i.e. China, Japan and USA. The time-varying credibility index is based on Capital Assets Price Model (CAPM) methodology which is estimated with Kalman Filter Algorithm (KFA). In multivariate Markov regime switching (MRS) models, the credibility index is made dependent on macro-fundamentals with asymmetric effects in two regimes. In other multivariate MRS models the time-varying transition probabilities (TVTPs) are influenced by macro-fundamentals and cause switching between the two credibility regimes (high and low). The noteworthy results are found against USA vis-à-vis against China and Japan. We conclude that USA could relatively be an ideal choice of anchor for APSCs. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Credibility, CAPM, Kalman Filter, Markov Regime Switching Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 237-264 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/85/129 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/85 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:237-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadaf Tallia Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7584-6682 Author-Name: Muhammad Haroon Hafeez Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: An Empirical Investigation of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Social Capital, Entrepreneurial Motivation and Value Creation: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Intention Abstract: In the present world, SMEs mostly face trouble meeting the challenges of today's globally competitive marketplace as they lack sufficient versatility, technology, entrepreneurial knowledge and entrepreneurial intention throughout the business life cycle. This paper proposes a theoretical and practical framework based on a literature review and primary data analysis to understand and develop an entrepreneurial culture in Pakistani SMEs. The aim is to clarify the concept of entrepreneurial intention (EI) through a conceptual model developed by proposing antecedents of entrepreneurial intention (EI) in an integrated framework examining their impact on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to boost organisational value creation. This research paper contributes to TPB by proposing thoughtful hypotheses based on empirical results. Using PLS-SEM, our theoretical model is tested on a sample of 301 entrepreneurs in the Sports and Textile sector of Pakistani SMEs. Data is collected from the managers/owners of those entrepreneurial firms already existing in the market to gain better insights into the development of organisational value creation through EI. The results revealed that the best predictors for EI are antecedents like entrepreneurial orientation, social capital and entrepreneurial motivation that impact attitudes, subjective norms and PBC, respectively, of TPB to enhance EI. In addition, results confirmed that EI mediated the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, social capital and entrepreneurial motivation for improving organisational value creation. In conclusion, the factors identified in this research study can act as a prime variable for management implications to achieve SMEs' longevity. The study also discussed theoretical and practical implications and research limitations. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Entrepreneurial Intention, Entrepreneurial Motivation, Entrepreneurial Orientation, Social Capital, Value Creation, SMEs Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 227-236 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/86/127 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/86 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:227-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zainab Iftikhar Author-Workplace-Name: Qila Ahmed Abad, District Narowal, Pakistan Author-Name: Shafqat Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Tariq Mahmood, PhD Author-Workplace-Name: Corresponding Author, Headmaster, Govt. High School Chicherwali, Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Safia Rehmat Ullah, PhD Author-Workplace-Name: Government Girls High School Sham Ki Bhattian, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Anila Author-Workplace-Name: The City Public School, Pasrur, Sialkot, Pakistan Title: Effectiveness of Students’ Self-Efficacy Level as Motivational Factor for the Learning Achievement of Secondary Grader Students Abstract: Focus point of this study was to know the effect of students' self-efficacy on their learning accomplishment. To address the targeted focus point it was mentioned that there was no impact of self-efficacy on students' learning in school education. Information was collected from four hundred (400) students which were selected from district Narowal randomly. A poll of questions on five-point Likert scale was utilized for information collection. The gathered information was sorted and analyzed through SPSS programming by utilizing ANOVA investigation. On the basis of information, it was reasoned that there was reasonable distinction among various self-efficacy level and learning level in science subjects in all the learners of secondary class. On further clarification, it was found that male students with various self-efficacy level performed quite differently from one another regarding their learning level in science subjects. In the same way, level of self-efficacy of female students resulted a high difference on their learning level. Keeping in view the facts and figures it was suggested that science educators ought to be directed and prepared to keep up with elevated degree of self-efficacy among students for better execution of teaching learning process. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Self-Efficacy, Science Motivation, Teaching Learning Process Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 221-226 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/94/126 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/94 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:221-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muhammad Akram Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan Author-Name: Madiha Riaz Author-Workplace-Name: Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Title: Assessing the Impact of Green Finance on Environmental Sustainability Abstract: The research is conducted on five regions and will have a significant contribution by proving the evidence that green finance has a considerable impact on environmental sustainability. Green finance is evaluated by variables including; GDP, investment in renewable energy sources, research and development for environment friendly projects, renewable electricity output share in total electricity mix and public-private-partnership investment in renewable energy projects. The research revealed that increase in production of energy from renewable sources, increase in research and development and the evolution of public-privatepartnership investment in renewable energy causes decrease in CO2 emission. It is evidenced that green finance in renewable energy sources is necessary to achieve environmental sustainability. There is strong need to increase the green finance in renewable sources to target the vindication of global CO2 emissions. There should be cross-border trade of renewable energy in the regions/countries to mitigate CO2 emissions in the whole world. The research paper ranked regions on the basis of environmental sustainability that may help out the researchers and decision makers to entice foreign direct and private investment in such regions. Classification-JEL: Keywords: green finance; environmental sustainability; public-private-partnership; renewable electricity output Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 196-220 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/91/124 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/91 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:196-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saba Shaukat Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Asmat ullah Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics Gomal Univeristy DIK KPK , Pakistan Author-Name: Fasiha Nargis Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Pakistan Author-Name: Aqsa Iqbal Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan Author-Name: Umer Gulzar Author-Workplace-Name: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan Title: Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditures in Pakistan: A Provincial Comparative Analysis Abstract: The basic aim of the present study is to empirically investigate the role of socio-demographic factors over the household’s out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures based on provincial comparative analysis. The micro-level cross-sectional data from PSLM (2015-16) was used for the study. Descriptive as well as quantitative analyses were performed to achieve the objectives. In the case of descriptive analysis, we used the Mean approach, while the multiple regression model was estimated using the Ordinary Least Square Method in the case of empirical investigation of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures in Pakistan. The results of the descriptive analysis show that there was no difference in mean health expenditures pattern based on the gender of the household head. Further, mean health expenditures were increasing with the increase in the education of both male-headed as well as female-headed households in Pakistan. The result of multiple regression indicates that age, Income, and gender of the household head were found significant and positive determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditures in all provinces. Further, the education of the household head significantly and positively affected out-of-pocket health expenditure in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Punjab, while the education of the spouse was found significant with a positive sign in all cases except in the case of Baluchistan. Additionally, the Industry/type of work of the household head also found significant positive determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditures in KP, Punjab, and Sindh while the industry/ type of work of the household head was found insignificant in the case of Baluchistan province. Based on the findings of the present study, the central authority of Pakistan general and Baluchistan decision-making/planers authority. From the above conclusion, it is suggested to central and provincial authorities provide the incentive to the industrialist in terms of eliminating war & terror, and providing soft loans and stability in government, therefore, the industry plays its role to improve the health condition of Baluchistan province. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Out of Pocket, Socio-demographic, Mean comparison, Multiple regression, Pakistan Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 189-195 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/68/123 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/68 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:189-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Imran Nazeer Author-Workplace-Name: MPhil Scholar, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Kashmala Azam Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Aspire College Jauharabad, Pkaistan Author-Name: Ali Furqan Syed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, University of Sialkot, Pakistan Author-Name: Ayaz Noorani Author-Workplace-Name: Sr. Instructor/ Academic Director, IHRM, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Title: Analyzing Errors in Written Summary of Research Article: A Case Study of BS English Students at University of Gujrat, Pakistan Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore, analyze, and find out the frequency of the grammatical, syntactical, and lexical errors committed by the students of the University of Gujrat in a written summary of a research article. The researcher tried to find out the frequency of errors that occurred by the male and the female students. A one-page summary of a research article written by the BS English students of the University of Gujrat was taken as the population of this study and a total of 30 summaries were chosen as a sample with the help of a systematic random sampling method. The collected data was analyzed with the help of Corder’s Model of Error Analysis. The written summaries were checked by the researcher and the errors were analyzed. This research finds out seven types of errors occurred by the participants. Male students made fewer errors as compared to female students. This study recommends that the students should try to get help from computer software or online software to eradicate their errors and they should try to eradicate the structural errors on a priority basis. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Error Analysis, Grammatical, Syntactical and lexical errors, Corder’s Model Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 182-188 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/38/122 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/38 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:182-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr. Tahir Sadiq Author-Workplace-Name: PhD ISL. STD. NUML Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Dr. Muhammad Muddasar Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Govt. Graduate College for Boys, Diga, Gujrat, Pakistan Author-Name: Arslan Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer, Pakistan Studies/History, University of Narowal, Pakistan Title: An Analytical Study of the Past and Present of Deeni Madaris: The Transition and Transection Abstract: Owning ambitiousness madaris were reputable in history. Where the complicated questions of Greek philosophy were answered in this assumption that never raised again and new group of Ulamah was formed in holistic Islamic outline. Whole development of Islamic world was happened due to these Madaris. The change of time was as transformed so Madaris could not preserve their steps with age. By comparison of this teaching to time, it seems true to say that the teaching of Madaris is such fossil that the coffle of people’s intellect had crossed it more than hundred years ago. The directions of era and Madris were totally changed whereas the adaptation was dire need through Islamisation of knowledge. To have a same pace of era, minimum some special subjects of sciences are essential to be annexed within Islamic perspective, in the curriculum of Madaris. It is prerequisite to diametrically change their priorities, Madrais should come on the agreement from internal disagreements. To restoring their historical traditions Madaris should prove, that the Holy Quran is the main source of all type of knowledge. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Islamic perspectives,past,present,pace of time Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 176-181 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/90/121 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/90 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:176-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehak Ejaz Author-Workplace-Name: M.Phil. Economics, Department of Economics, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Rana Zafar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics, Government Civil Lines College, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Neelam Asghar Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Title: Overseas Labour Migration, Remittances, International Trade and Economic Growth Nexus in Pakistan Abstract: Foreign remittances are a source of capital inflows from foreign workers to their families or other individuals in their home countries. In many countries, remittances constitute a significant portion of a nation’s economic growth. The study evaluates the effect of remittances, overseas migration, and international trade on the economic growth of Pakistan by using the ARDL technique. Data for this study have been taken from 1972 to 2020. The results indicate that labour migration, employment, remittances, and trade have a positive and significant influence on economic growth. The study suggests that households may utilize remittances in productive ways and government may devise such policies that enhance trade. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Overseas Labour Migration, Remittances, International Trade, Economic Growth Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 166-175 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/74/117 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/74 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:166-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hamad Dilawar Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Student, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Zahir Faridi Author-Workplace-Name: Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Title: Population and Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan: An Aggregated and Disaggregated Analysis Abstract: A high Population growth rate is always considered a big problem in developing countries. The present study aims to simultaneously work on population and poverty in Pakistan over the period 1975 to 2015 by using the ARDL technique. The main results of the poverty model demonstrate that there is a positive association between poverty headcount ratio, population, taxes, GDP, and unemployment while an increase in trade openness, foreign direct investment, and literacy rate would decrease the poverty level. On the other hand, findings on the determinants of population explore that the effect of an increase in the inflation rate and literacy rate is negative on the population growth rate while the unemployment rate, remittances, foreign direct investment, and taxes indicate a positive relationship with the population growth rate. Findings of population dynamics and poverty encapsulate that a high birth rate increases poverty while a high fertility rate and death rates reduce the poverty in Pakistan. The study has suggested that poverty alleviation programs may target such areas which are deprived of social economic and educational betterment along with health facilities provision. The budget for the education and health sectors of Pakistan may be increased with special importance given to the rural areas. Classification-JEL: R23, I32 Keywords: Birth Rate, Fertility Rate, Life Expectancy, Labor Force Participation Rate, Poverty headcount Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 151-165 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/72/116 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/72 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:151-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aatzaz Hassan Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Education Officer, District Education, Punjab School Education Department, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan Author-Name: Rana Zafar Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Lecturerin Economics,Department of Economics, Government Civil Lines College, Multan, Pakistan Author-Name: Neelam Asghar Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Visiting Lecturer, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan Title: An Efficiency Analysis of Public and Private Elementary Schools in Dera Ghazi Khan Abstract: The study aims to compute the efficiency scores of the public and private elementary schools and to find out the differences in the efficiency scores, in Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil, a junction of four provinces of Pakistan. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique has been used in this study. The CCR results for the public and private schools have been found as 0.73 and 0.74 while the BCC efficiency scores for the public and private schools are recorded as 0.89 and 0.92. The scores calculated via both the models used for the study have given the same results. Private schools are more efficient than their public counterparts. The study, therefore, upholds the dominant paradigm that private schools are more efficient than public schools. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Technical efficiency,Scale efficiency,Data Envelopment Analysis, Public and Private Elementary Schools Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 135-150 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/73/115 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/73 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:135-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naveed Hayat Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lower Mall, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Muhammad Imran Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Assistant Professor, School of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Author-Name: Shabbir Ahmad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lower Mall, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Adnan Ali Shahzad Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Jamshaid ur Rehman Author-Workplace-Name: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Effect of Mobile Phone Use on the Students’ Budget, Social Behavior and Academic Performance: A Case Study of Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan Abstract: Among the common communication devices mobile phones are quite popular in the university students. However, Parents, guardians, and teachers are worried that students are spending too much money and time on using mobile phone and have not enough time to study and participate in social activities. This study attempts to analyze the effect of mobile phone use on the students’ budget, social behavior and academic performance by taking Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan as a case study. The study also evaluates the mobile phone addiction behavior of the students. Varimax rotation matrix is applied using data collected from 365 students through questionnaire. Results show that a female student, an engaged or divorced student, the student enrolled in Master program, and the student whose father is semi-government employee spent half of their part-time job income or pocket money on mobile phone. Besides, the students give less time to calling and sending less texts to family and friends while they give more time to calling and sending more texts to partner and other peoples. Results of the Varimax rotation matrix reveal that the students always use mobile phone for entertainment and they are often use mobile phone for making calls, sending text massages, getting news, and for connecting to social media. Furthermore, the use of mobile phone reduced the students’ communication and travel costs as well as the use of mobile phone internet reduced their book purchasing costs. Finally, the use of mobile phone has both negative and positive impacts on the students’ social behavior and on their academic performance. However, the negative impacts of using mobile phone on the students’ academic performance and on their social behavior outweighs its positive impacts. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Mobile phone usage, Mobile phone addiction, Students, Budget, Social behavior, Academic performance, Varimaxr rotation matrix Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 122-134 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/71/114 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/71 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:122-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ismail Senturk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Turkey Author-Name: Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Author-Name: Syeda Mehak Ali Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Title: Financial Development and Innovation Led-Growth: A Case of Selected Developing Countries Abstract: To achieve higher economic growth is a main target of all economies throughout the world. Higher economic growth is determined by numerous factors and further it generates multiplier socioeconomics impact for the masses. This study has examined the role of financial development and innovation in deciding the level of economic growth in the case of developing countries for 2000-2020. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Model has been applied to examine the long-run and short-run coefficients of the model. The causality of the variables has been checked with the help of the Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel Causality test. The results show that the availability of physical resources, labor force participation and technological changes have significantly positive impact on economic growth of developing countries. R&D has a negative and significant impact on economic growth whereas financial development has a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth. The outcomes of the study show that there is no causal relationship between gross fixed capital formation and economic growth. A bidirectional causality is running between total labor force participation and economic growth, between financial development and economic growth. The results show that there is unidirectional causality is running from technological changes to economic growth, from R&D to economic growth of developing countries. The study recommends that developing countries can attain an improved level of economic growth, by raising gross fixed capital formation. Classification-JEL: Keywords: economic growth, financial development, innovation, technological changes Journal: Journal of Policy Research (JPR) Pages: 81-97 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 Year: 2022 Month: September File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/80/110 File-Format: Application/pdf File-URL: https://jprpk.com/index.php/jpr/article/view/80 File-Format: text/html Handle: RePEc:rfh:jprjor:v:8:y:2022:i:3:p:81-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: İsmail Şenturk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Turkey Author-Name: Amjad Ali Author-Workplace-Name: European School of Administration and Management (ESAM)-France; Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Pakistan Title: The Relationship between Institutional Quality and Welfare: Panel-SUR Analysis on BRICS-T Countries Abstract: In this study, the relationship between institutional quality and welfare has been tried to be examined in BRICS-T countries. For this purpose, the World Bank Worldwide Governance Index was used as an indicator of institutional quality, and its effect on economic growth, which is an indicator of welfare, was examined for the period 2002-2020. It has been determined that there is cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity in the slope coefficients in the panel. As a result of the panel cointegration test of Westerlund and Edgerton (2007), it has been concluded that there is cointegration between the variables. Panel-SUR has been preferred as the coefficient estimation method. This method yields effective results when N